表面风速和模拟降水对奶牛粪便堆放过程中N2O排放的影响

奶牛场粪便的自然堆放过程中会造成大量的温室气体排放,排放过程和排放量受表面风速和自然降水等环境因素的影响显著。该文针对中国常用的奶牛粪便管理方式,采用动态箱法研究了不同表面风速(0.5、0.8、1.2、1.6 m/s)和模拟降水(降水量9.9 mm)对奶牛粪便自然堆放过程中典型的温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,在0.5~1.2 m/s风速范围内,奶牛粪便自然堆放过程中的N2O排放量随风速升高逐渐增加,1.2 m/s达到最大值,且不同风速下N2O的排放量存在显著差异。模拟降水后N2O排放量在短时间内急剧升高,之后迅速下降至降水前的排放水平,整个过程持续约10 h。由于降低了二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的排放,与降水前一天相比2次降水分别降低了12.9%和10.9%的温室气体排放量。     

静态箱法测定旱地农田温室气体时密闭时间的研究

应用自动观测装置对华北平原冬小麦田典型天气条件下密闭箱内气体排放通量进行了连续测定,分析了不同气体排放通量的变化过程,研究了密闭时间对其产生的影响.结果表明：测定CO2的密闭时间应不超过25min,测定N2O的密闭时间以15～30min为宜,测定CH4的密闭时间应在30min以内.此结果对静态箱法测定农田温室气体具有重要的参考价值.     

规模奶牛养殖室外运动场春季温室气体与氨气排放特性

舍外运动场是中国传统奶牛养殖场的组成部分,同时也是温室气体和氨气(NH_3)的重要排放源。由于开放式生产设施污染气体排放的监测难度大,目前中国还普遍缺少奶牛运动场温室气体和NH_3排放通量的直接监测数据。该试验采用梯度法对北京地区春季典型开放式奶牛运动场的甲烷(CH_4)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)、二氧化碳(CO_2)等温室气体和NH_3浓度及其排放通量进行了监测分析,讨论了排放特征和关键影响因素,为获取中国北方地区奶牛运动场温室气体和NH_3的排放通量提供了基础数据支撑。测试运动场饲养了52头荷斯坦奶牛,年均单产约8 t,头均占地面积为20.77 m~2。结果表明,该奶牛运动场春季CH_4、N_2O和CO_2的排放通量为155.59、3.60和4 869.37 mg/(m~2·h),分别占温室气体排放总量的42.79%、9.37%和47.83%;NH_3的排放通量为66.27 mg/(m~2·h);排放峰值一般出现在运动场清粪之后。环境温度与CH_4、N_2O和NH_3排放量呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05),同时风速在一定范围内会促进CH_4、N_2O和NH_3的排放。奶牛场清粪活动不仅会加快污染气体的排放通量,还会影响温度和风速对气体排放通量的作用效果。     

团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统晒塘阶段温室气体排放通量分析

为探讨团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统晒塘阶段温室气体的排放规律及综合增温潜势,采用静态暗箱——气相色谱法对团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统晒塘阶段温室气体(CO2,CH4,N2O)的排放进行原位测定。结果显示,团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统晒塘阶段均表现为CO2,CH4和N2O的排放源,其中CO2排放通量达(86.72±12.46)g/m2,CH4排放量达(2.01±0.34)g/m2,N2O排放量达(7.44±0.98)mg/m2;在100 a的时间尺度上,团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统在晒塘阶段综合增温潜势为(157.28±24.31)g/m2,团头鲂池塘养殖生态系统温室气体减排空间较大。     

施肥对山核桃林地土壤N2O排放的影响

【目的】N2O是重要的温室气体,其增温潜势是CO2的298倍,而且破坏臭氧层。森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,占全球陆地面积的33%,森林土壤N2O排放对全球气候变化有重大的影响。山核桃（Carya cathayensis）是非常重要的经济林,是山核桃主产区农民的主要经济来源。近年来,农民采取施用无机肥和有机肥等措施来提高山核桃产量,但施肥对山核桃林地土壤N2O排放的影响尚不清楚,本文以不施肥作为对照（CK）,研究单施有机肥(Organic fertilizer, OF)、单施化肥(Inorgnaic fertilizer, IF)、 有机无机肥配施(Organic fertilizer and Inorgnaic fertilizer, OIF)对山核桃林地土壤N2O气体排放的影响。【方法】 利用静态箱-气相色谱法对山核桃林地土壤N2O排放通量进行了为期1年的测定。采样箱为组合式,即由底座、顶箱组成,均用PVC板做成,面积为30 cm30 cm,高度为30 cm。气体样品采集频率基本为每月1次,采集气体时,将采集箱插入底座凹槽（凹槽内径和深度均为5 cm）中,用蒸馏水密封,分别于关箱后0、 10、 20、 30 min采集,用注射器抽样60 mL置于气袋,带回实验室用岛津GC-2014气相色谱仪进行测定,检测器为电子捕获检测器（ECD）,检测器温度为250℃。【结果】 山核桃林地不同施肥土壤N2O排放通量均呈现明显的季节性变化,以夏季最高、冬季最低。土壤N2O的排放通量在N -0.021~ 0.161 mg/(m2 h)之间变化,不同处理土壤N2O年累积排放量依次为单施有机肥单施化肥有机无机肥配施对照,对应值分别为N 2.17、 2.01、 1.94和0.94 kg/（hm2a）。与对照相比,施肥处理显著增加N2O的排放（P0.05）,但是各施肥处理N2O排放量之间的差异不显著。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤水溶性有机碳含量和微生物量碳呈显著相关关系（P0.05）,而单施化肥和对照则无显著相关性。土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm处土壤温度均显著相关（P0.05）,而土壤N2O排放与土壤含水量间没有显著相关性。【结论】 施肥显著促进了山核桃林地土壤N2O排放,不同施肥处理之间山核桃林地土壤N2O排放无显著差异。添加有机肥引起土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物碳的增加可能是有机肥增加山核桃林地土壤N2O排放速率的主要原因之一。     

成都平原水稻—油菜轮作系统油菜季N_2O排放通量的研究

利用静态箱—气相色谱法测定了成都平原2004年11月至2005年5月水稻—油菜轮作系统油菜季N2O排放通量。结果表明,油菜地N2O排放通量在0.018 mg m-2h-1~0.521 mg m-2h-1之间波动,其平均通量为0.168 mg m-2h-。在油菜整个生长周期内,地下5?土壤温度与N2O排放通量之间呈指数函数关系。土壤湿度与N2O排放通量之间呈负相关。油菜地土壤N2O排放受温度、水分等因素协同作用的影响。     

基于同位素特征的华北平原菜地N2O排放监测中取样时间的探讨

【目的】为了长期监测土壤释放N2O的通量和同位素变化规律,了解产生N2O的微生物过程,提高对N2O排放量和排放系数估计的准确性,需要对N2O的日变化规律做深入研究,以便获得具有代表性的取样时间点及密闭时间。【方法】采用田间原位试验对华北平原的莴苣菜地进行了N2O排放监测,选取N2O排放高峰期即施肥灌溉后5~6 d为监测时间段,采用静态气体箱收集土壤释放的N2O气体,结合气相色谱和质谱技术测定N2O的含量及其同位素值(δ15N-N2O,δ18O-N2O和SP)。试验设2种取样间隔,即2 h和10 min,分别对N2O日变化规律和密闭时间进行研究。【结果】 1)在莴苣菜地N2O排放高峰期内,N2O通量日变化范围为34.65~131.45 μg/(m2·h),最大和最小的通量分别发生在13: 00和次日5: 00,9: 00的N2O通量为83.66 μg/(m2·h),与日通量平均值82.81 μg/(m2·h)相接近。N2O通量产生日变化的原因与土壤温度有关,相关分析表明,N2O通量与地下5 cm处土壤温度呈显著正相关(R2=0.82, P＜0.01),而与土壤充水孔隙度(WFPS)无显著相关性。2)24 h内,δ15Nbulk-N2O和δ18O-N2O随着时间呈现先降低后增加的变化趋势,变化范围分别为－31.22‰~－11.09‰和－7.45‰~-0.68‰; SP值随时间呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,变化范围为16.13‰~26.41‰。N2O各个同位素值随时间的变化表明产生N2O的微生物过程随之变化,但SP值在9: 00~17: 00较稳定,变化范围为23.26‰~26.21‰,极显著高于其他时刻(P＜0.01),表明硝化作用在这一时间段内对N2O的产生起主导作用。3)扣箱40 min后, N2O含量、 δ15N-N2O和SP值都达到稳定状态,因此选取40 min作为单次观测N2O含量和同位素变化的密闭时间。4)24 h内N2O通量加权SP值为22.54‰。根据前人总结的规律,本研究中N2O主要由细菌硝化作用产生,且估计60.92%的N2O来自于细菌硝化作用, 39.08%的N2O来自于反硝化作用。【结论】华北平原莴苣菜地的N2O通量和同位素值具有较大的日变化,综合N2O通量和同位素值,建议选取9: 00作为观测莴苣菜地N2O排放通量和同位素特征值变化规律的时刻,建议静态气体箱密闭时间为40 min。     

不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田温室气体的排放特征及其增温潜势

基于甘肃农业大学在定西市李家堡镇开展的保护性耕作长期定位试验,采用CO2分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对2011年度不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤CO2和N2O的排放通量进行全年连续观测。结果表明:测定期内不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤均表现为CO2源和N2O源;免耕不覆盖有利于降低两个序列土壤的CO2排放通量,免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕不覆盖和传统耕作+秸秆还田三种保护性耕作处理不同程度的减少了两个序列土壤的N2O排放通量;两个序列下CO2的相对增温潜势最大,W→P→W序列传统耕作+秸秆还田处理对温室效应贡献最多,相反免耕不覆盖处理能相对减少温室气体排放量,从而降低温室效应;P→W→P序列传统耕作不覆盖处理对温室效应的贡献最大,传统耕作+秸秆还田处理对温室效应贡献最小,对温室气体有减排效应。     

节水灌溉对稻田N2O季节排放特征的影响

为了揭示节水灌溉对技术对稻田N2O排放的影响,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对稻田N2O排放进行了田间原位观测,分析了节水灌溉对稻田N2O季节排放特征的影响。结果表明,水稻全生育期节水灌溉稻田N2O平均排放通量为41.84 μg/(m2 ?h),较淹水灌溉稻田N2O平均排放通量增加了33.3%;节水灌溉稻田N2O排放总量为119.86 mg/m2,比淹水灌溉稻田显著增加了17.8%;节水灌溉稻田N2O排放通量呈现明显的季节变化规律,有两次较大的排放峰值,峰值主要出现在施肥后1周左右;节水灌溉稻田土壤的每次脱水过程均不同程度地加剧了N2O排放,复水后N2O排放通量有增有减但变幅不大,而淹水灌溉稻田在黄熟期落干阶段N2O排放出现反弹。由此可见,不同灌溉模式下的稻田土壤水分状况决定了N2O季节排放的差异,与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉显著增加了稻田N2O季节排放量。     

不同施肥量对设施菜地N2O排放通量的影响

为明确北京地区设施菜地的N2O排放特征,寻求既能减少N2O排放又使蔬菜增产或保持原有产量的切实有效措施,该研究采用静态箱/气相色谱法对北京地区设施菜地的黄瓜进行了全生长季N2O排放通量的观测,并分析了不同施肥量对N2O排放量、蔬菜产量和经济效益的影响。结果如下：土壤N2O排放通量的季节变化有明显的时间变异性,试验初期受基肥的影响,N2O排放量较大,随着时间的推移,土壤N2O排放量有所减少并保持稳定;试验后期由于追肥,出现一次排放高峰,且持续时间较长。各处理土壤N2O排放总量的次序是：T4（常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T3（3/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T1（1/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T2（1/2常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞Tn（鸡粪）＞T0（无肥处理）,各处理之间N2O排放量差异达到极显著水平。综合考虑施肥量、N2O排放量和黄瓜产量,研究认为T3（3/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）的施肥量比较合理,可以为合理施肥、降低农民生产成本以及估算中国农田温室气体排放量和编制温室气体排放清单提供 依据。     

Wind velocity perturbation of soil respiration measurements using closed dynamic chambers

Soil respiration measurements performed with closed dynamic chambers are very sensitive to pressure differences inside and outside the chamber: differences as small as 1 Pa can induce errors that are of the same magnitude as the flux itself. The problem is usually solved by adding a vent to the experimental set-up. However, although this may give acceptable results in most cases, it is not effective at sites that are very exposed to wind. At the CarboEurope–IP agricultural site of Lonzée (Belgium), on bare soil, we used a vent composed of a vertical tube whose upper end was placed between two horizontal plates. Whilst this system worked properly in low-wind conditions, it led to a significant flux over-estimation (up to 300%) under strong wind conditions. We analysed the causes of this error and attributed it to a dynamic pressure effect at the vent, leading to air aspiration from within the chamber. We suggest that this is because the wind at the vent level was not the same as that experienced in the chamber, because of the large vertical wind speed gradient close to the soil. Another vent geometry was then proposed that positioned the vent at the chamber level. This new design was tested on both manual and automatically operated chambers. It was found to be efficient in windy conditions as most of the artificial correlation between soil respiration measurements and wind speed had disappeared.     

甘蔗收获机排杂风机设计与试验

为解决甘蔗联合收获机的排杂问题,设计了一种在甘蔗收获机排杂装置中使用的新型风机,并在试验台上进行了试验研究。以排杂风机出风口风速为试验指标,对风机转速、进风口方式和进风口面积进行了单因素试验。试验结果表明,风机最佳性能参数为：风机转速为1?800?r/min、进风口方式为轴向进风、进风口面积为16?475和19?119mm2、距离出风口为50?mm时,出风口风速最大。其5个测量点的风速平均值依次为：13.867、14、11.633、11.333、12.383?m/s。后期排杂试验表明,在此最佳参数下,风机排杂效果最佳。     

A re-examination of closed flux chamber methods for the measurement of trace gas emissions from soils to the atmosphere

The most widely used method for measuring the emission of a trace gas such as N₂O from soil to the atmosphere involves the accumulation of the gas under closed chambers followed by sampling and analysis (by gas chromatography or infrared methods). These chambers can affect the gas exchange, and so improved designs have been proposed. We have tested their performance. One design includes a vent tube to allow ambient pressure fluctuations to occur also inside the chamber. We tested it against a sealed version on two different grassland sites during N₂O peak emissions in spring 1997. On a welldrained soil with a fairly large air permeability vented chambers yielded fluxes as much as five times those of sealed chambers, depending on wind speed. By contrast, on a heavier and wetter soil with smaller air permeability vented chambers averaged only 88% of the fluxes observed with sealed chambers. The effects of venting cannot be explained solely on the basis of mean pressure differences inside and outside the chamber. It seems more likely that wind blowing over the vent depressurizes the chamber (Venturi effect), resulting in significant gas flow from the more permeable soil into the interior of the chamber. The opposite trend for the less permeable soil suggests that diffusion losses through the vent tube are greater than the increase in concentration due to soil gas flow. Venting can create larger errors than the ones it is supposed to overcome.     

堆肥处理蛋鸡粪时温室气体排放与影响因子关系

为了解动物废弃物(蛋鸡粪)的温室气体排放与影响因子之间的定量关系，在2001年9月25至10月24，将4种堆肥处理方式的蛋鸡粪装入密闭箱式堆肥处理系统，然后通过箱的特定出口抽取气样并测定二氧化碳(CO₂)、甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N₂O)的浓度。结合其处理系统获得的温度、湿度、风速、有机质含量等实测数据，我们可以得出：在负压通风的条件下，二氧化碳的排放通量非常大，它与温度密切相关；甲烷的排放通量数值较少，这与鸡粪内部的氧气含量有很大关系；在有氧状况下，氧化亚氮主要来源于硝化。     

Vents and seals in non-steady-state chambers used for measuring gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere

Despite decades of research to define optimal chamber design and deployment protocol for measuring gas exchange between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, controversy still surrounds the procedures for applying this method. Using a numerical simulation model we demonstrated that (i) all non‐steady‐state chambers should include a properly sized and properly located vent tube; (ii) even seemingly trivial leakiness of the seals between elements of a multiple‐component chamber results in significant risk of measurement error; (iii) a leaking seal is a poor substitute for a properly designed vent tube, because the shorter path length through the seal supports much greater diffusive gas loss per unit of conductance to mass flow; (iv) the depth to which chamber walls must be inserted to minimize gas loss by lateral diffusion is smaller than is customary in fine‐textured, wet or compact soil, but much larger than is customary in highly porous soils, and (v) repetitive sampling at the same location is not a major source of error when using non‐steady‐state chambers. Finally, we discuss problems associated with computing the flux of a gas from the non‐linear increase in its concentration in the headspace of a non‐steady‐state chamber.     

An explanation of linear increases in gas concentration under closed chambers used to measure gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere

Earlier models describing the accumulation of gases under closed chambers are based on the assumption of a constant concentration source that does not change during the time of chamber deployment. A new model is proposed which is based on the assumption of a constant production source, and takes into account possible changes in gas concentrations at the source during chamber deployment. Using N₂O as an example, simulations have been carried out for different source strength and depth, diffusivities and air porosities. The main finding was a chamber‐induced increase in gas concentrations in the upper part of the soil profile, including the depth where the N₂O source is located. The increase started immediately after chamber closure. Nevertheless, fluxes calculated from increasing concentrations within the chamber's headspace were always less than those expected under undisturbed conditions, i.e. in the absence of a chamber. This was due to a proportion of the gas produced being stored within the soil profile while the chamber was in place. The discrepancy caused by this effect increased with increasing air‐filled porosity and decreasing height of the chamber, and a procedure for correcting chamber flux measurements accordingly is proposed. The increase in soil gas concentrations after chamber closure was confirmed in a laboratory experiment.     

柴油机双卷流燃烧系统排放特性试验

为合理评价双卷流燃烧系统的排放水平,在单缸机试验台架上对双卷流燃烧室和某国Ⅲ柴油机使用的TCD燃烧室的颗粒、NOx排放、燃油消耗率、缸内压力等进行了测量,并对燃烧放热率和缸内平均温度进行了分析。结果表明,外特性工况下,使用双卷流燃烧室可比TCD燃烧室减少颗粒排放7%～47%,缩短燃烧持续期1°～6°,降低油耗0.75%～3.05%;部分负荷工况下,由于油束贯穿度较小,缸内燃烧以空间燃烧为主,采用双卷流燃烧室时其卷流作用不明显,排放性能与TCD燃烧室相差不大。该研究可为双卷流燃烧系统在降低柴油机排放方面的应用提供指导。     

Rice yield reduction by chamber enclosure: a possible effect on enhancing methane production

Major rice growth characteristics and grain yield were compared between inside and outside of a chamber coverage area after a seasonal CH₄ and N₂O flux measurement using a closed chamber technique. Results show that only grain yield was significantly (P<0.01) reduced by chamber enclosure. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in plant height, total straw weight, spike length, and average grain weight. Temperature increase during the gas flux measurement was likely the major cause for the observed grain yield decrease by sterilizing rice reproductive organs. Methane flux rates from rice fields were likely overestimated by using closed chamber technique because decreasing grain yield by chamber enclosure may result in more plant photosynthesis products released into soils to enhance CH₄ production. Analyzing CH₄ and CO₂ emission ratio from the rice field, after cutting the above-water part of rice plants, indicated that CH₄–C emission accounted for approximately 13% of the total CO₂ and CH₄–C emission during the major rice growing season.     

吹扫式仿生嗅觉检测腔结构设计及流场性能模拟与试验

为了优选吹扫式仿生嗅觉检测腔流场结构,提高腔内流体速度分布均匀稳定性,以气体运动微分方程为基础,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent对检测腔内部流场进行了三维数值模拟,得到了设计工况条件下的气体流动特性,提出并分析比较了3种检测腔模型,同时将最优模型的模拟值与试验数据进行了对比分析。计算结果表明,检测腔结构影响腔内气体流速分布,多管道式检测腔在沿管道轴向0.035~0.049 m,气流速度变化存在平滑区,且稳定在0.018~0.268 m/s,能够满足检测工作条件,而线性排列式不存在平滑区,平行排列式平滑区速度范围仅为0.001~0.018 m/s;多管道式检测腔在流速均匀稳定性方面存在优势,气流速度最大偏差比和不均匀系数分别为0.830 6和0.292 0;同时,在数值模拟腔内气体置换时间中,3种检测腔经历时间分别为223.4、302.0和213.8 s,多管道式结构的时间数值最小说明气流响应快,工作效率高。多管道式结构模型能有效改善传感器数值检测的一致性,模型试验中传感器灵敏度检测数值标准差范围为0.153 5~0.428 3,变异系数分布在0.030 5~0.082 7。该研究可为仿生嗅觉检测腔结构的流场均匀性设计提供参考。