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1.
石灰岩地区侧柏容器育苗造林技术   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
对侧柏容器育苗技术进行实地试验研究表明,不同材料、不同规格的容器对苗木的生长有一定影响,而以直径3cm、高10cm的塑料薄膜无底筒状容器为好,成本低、重量轻,可满足苗木正常生长发育的需要.大面积造林试验表明,侧柏容器苗比裸根苗造林成活率显著提高.在石灰岩地区的干旱阳坡应大力推广侧柏容器育苗造林技术.  相似文献   

2.
通过当地典型造林树种油松、侧柏在 4种营养土及对照土上的育苗试验 ,综合考虑技术及经济因素 ,选择“山坡草皮土 10 0 %”为培育当地主要造林树种的容器育苗基质。播种方法对比试验表明 ,采用先装土至容器袋上口 1 0cm ,然后点种、盖土可提高出苗率。播种深度对比试验表明 ,播深 0 5~ 1cm可提高油松、侧柏的出苗率  相似文献   

3.
针对滨海沙地常年风大、地表水分蒸发量大等恶劣的造林环境,研究耐盐保水剂对滨海沙地厚荚相思生长生理和成活率的影响,为保水剂用于滨海沙地造林提供理论依据和技术支持。结果表明:保水剂水凝胶使用量在1 000-2 000 g/株时,不会显著改善厚荚相思的生长生理指标;当使用量为3 000-4 000 g/株时,土壤能够重复多次吸收、贮藏较多的雨水,从而长时间保持较多的水分,供苗木在无雨的干旱时间利用,延缓旱情,并能够显著提高苗木叶片水势、叶片含水量、叶绿素含量,保持根系活力、根系过氧化物酶(POD)活性的相对稳定,减轻干旱对造林苗木的胁迫;与对照相比,苗木的树高、胸径、树冠分别提高0.52-0.74 m,0.6-0.8 cm和15-25 cm,造林成活率和保存率分别提高26.9%-32.2%和20.1%-36.5%。  相似文献   

4.
保水剂在节水农业中的应用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文研究了保水剂包膜涂层对大豆、小麦、绿豆等作物种子萌发成苗及保水剂蘸根对葡萄苗、山茱萸苗移栽成活率的影响,结果表明;1%保水剂包膜涂层可促进大豆、绿豆等豆类种子出苗率,使其出苗早,苗齐苗壮,抗旱能力增强,而对小麦玉米等淀粉种子的出苗无明显作用;低浓度的保水剂蘸根可提高苗木的成活率,促进其生长,增强抗旱能力,而高浓度的保水剂蘸根则降低苗木成活率,生长下降。  相似文献   

5.
油松容器苗与裸根苗造林效果调研   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
按照立地条件的不同,采用随机抽样法,对齐家川水土保持工程重点示范区南小河沟流域油松容器苗与裸根苗的造林效果进行了调查与分析。结果表明:不同立地条件下,油松容器苗造林成活率、幼树高生长量均高于裸根苗,而且不同坡位间两种苗木造林成活率差异呈现自下坡而上坡递减的规律。  相似文献   

6.
柠条直播与植苗造林效果浅析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
对柠条直播与植苗造林成活率、保存率及生长状况的定点对比观察表明:植苗造林平均成活率为94.3%,保存率为85.5%,分别较直播造林提高38.3和67.6个百分点;1~4年生植苗柠条的各生长指标均高于相应的直播柠条;1年生出圃苗的各生长指标均高于或相当于直播造林的4年生苗木。为提高柠条造林质量,加快水保林建设,应改直播为育苗栽植造林。  相似文献   

7.
对不同苗木类型和不同整地方式的马尾松幼林造林成活率、生长状况、生物量和根系特征进行测定结果表明:容器苗上山造林可明显提高造林成活率、当年抽梢长度和生物量优于裸根苗造林及小规格整地。整地方式对造林第1 a的马尾松幼林有一定影响,而在第3 a则对幼林的树高、抽梢长度起着明显促进作用。因此,在建造马尾松速生丰产原料林时,应大力推广容器育苗,克服当前裸根苗造林成活率低的问题,同时也应注意采用适当的整地方式,为后期生长提供有利的土壤营养空间。但容器苗造林的根系易产生一些扭结现象,在育苗过程中,应注意容器的大小、形状、材料和育苗周期的控制。  相似文献   

8.
山东干旱瘠薄山地造林新技术试验   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
 在山东干旱瘠薄山地,应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗、乔灌藤科学配置、鱼鳞坑整地、水平阶整地、梯田整地、灌草覆盖、保水剂和常规技术(穴状整地)8种造林技术,对9个树种的造林成活率、栽植初期新梢生长量和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)苗造林成本进行比较分析。结果表明:应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗等7种技术与常规技术(穴状整地,对照)相比较,9个树种的平均成活率提高2.612.7百分点,栽植当年平均新梢生长量增加5.936.3百分点,应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗技术造林成本降低9.3百分点,其他6种技术比常规技术(穴状整地,对照)的造林成本增加6.2158.4百分点。应用平衡根系无纺布容器育苗作为新的造林技术,在8种造林技术中,不仅造林成活率最高,在造林之初的新梢生长量亦最大,而且造林成本最低。  相似文献   

9.
通过对油松在黄土高原干旱及半干旱区造林现状的广泛调查 ,分析了以前油松造林成活率低的原因 ,确定了“造林所用苗木年龄、苗木离土时间、穴植株数及造林地坡向”是影响油松造林成活率的 4个主要因素 ,在此基础上 ,进行了 4因素 3水平的造林正交试验。通过试验 ,找出了在黄土高原干旱及半干旱地区影响油松造林成活率的主导因子及主要因素 ;总结出了“组织造林专业队 ,保证苗木离土在 48h以内进行栽植、用 3年生裸根打浆苗、选择阴坡及半阴坡地类、每穴栽植 3株”的油松造林技术措施。  相似文献   

10.
容器育苗造林具有节水抗旱、成活率高的优势,在容器苗根系可形成自带基质,其不仅不会松散脱落,而且具有较高的肥力,在苗木起苗、运输时能在最大程度上保护苗木根系的完整性。造林时将完整的根系植入造林地,可为苗木生长提供较好的过渡期,且造林后会有较长的缓冲抗旱期,大大延长了造林季节,提高了干旱地区、瘠薄石质山地、沙滩荒地的造林成活率。基于此,主要针对容器苗造林的技术要点进行探讨。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

16.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

19.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

20.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

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