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1.
蒸散发与水分利用效率是农田生态系统碳水循环的重要衡量指标。本研究利用涡度相关技术对紫色土坡耕地生态系统进行连续观测,获取2014—2018年碳水通量数据,分析紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下的雨养坡耕地农田生态系统蒸散发和水分利用效率变化特征及其对主要环境因子的响应规律。结果表明:紫色土坡耕地农田生态系统蒸散发日变化规律呈单峰型趋势,最大值均在14:00前后出现;一年中8月日蒸散发最高,1月最低;夏季日变化幅度最大,春季次之,冬季和秋季变化较为平缓。叶面积指数、温度为影响紫色土坡耕地蒸散发的最主要因子,其次为饱和水汽压差。水分利用效率在9:00—17:00期间基本呈先下降后回升的变化规律,冬季水分利用效率为全年最高;叶面积指数、CO2通量为影响水分利用效率的主要因子,其次为温度,相对湿度、饱和水汽压差等水分条件也显著影响了水分利用效率。年际差异分析结果表明,紫色土坡耕地夏季玉米生长盛期的水分利用效率对降雨响应更为敏感,同时冬季土壤水分为冬季蒸散发和水分利用效率的关键影响因子。未来仍需对紫色土坡耕地农田生态系统生长盛期蒸散发与水分利用效率动态进行深入研究,从而为探明当地主要作物应对春夏季季节性干旱威胁的系统性策略提供科学依据。  相似文献   

2.
Nitrogen (N) addition enhances primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects of N fertilization and/or deposition on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) are not fully understood. The effects of N on NEE were investigated in two experimental cheatgrass ecosystems in Ecologically Controlled Enclosed Lysimeter Laboratories (EcoCELLs), Reno, Nevada. In this experiment, no N fertilization was added to the two EcoCELLs in the first year and two different N fertilization regimes were applied in the second year. N fertilizer was applied once to one EcoCELL (pulse fertilization, PF), and the same total amount of N in biweekly increments to the other EcoCell (gradual fertilization, GF). NEE, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and canopy green leaf area index (LAI) were continuously measured in the two EcoCELLs during the pretreatment and N-fertilized years. Plant N content and biomass were measured at the end of the growing season in each year. Radiation-use efficiency (RUECO2) was calculated as the ratio of gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) to the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). The responses of NEE to IPAR were used to estimate the maximum ecosystem photosynthetic capacity (Fmax). N fertilization stimulated canopy LAI, plant N content, Fmax, RUECO2, NEE and biomass in both methods of N supply applications. PF led to higher LAI, Fmax and NEE than GF, but both had a similar RUECO2 during the early growing season. GF maintained higher LAI, Fmax, RUECO2 and NEE than PF during the late growing season. At the ecosystem level, N fertilization stimulated daily NEE directly by increasing canopy LAI, plant N content, shoot/root ratio and the maximum ecosystem photosynthetic capacity, and increased the seasonally accumulated NEE indirectly by extending the growing season. PF differed significantly from GF in its effects on NEE and RUECO2, possibly due to differential rates and timing of N availability. Our study suggested that these changes in the canopy RUECO2 and growing season under N fertilization or N deposition regimes should be considered in modeling studies of ecosystem C sequestration.  相似文献   

3.
Eddy-covariance measurements of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) and estimates of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were obtained in a 2-4 year old Eucalyptus plantation during two years with very different winter rainfall. In the first (drier) year the annual NEE, GEP and RE were lower than the sums in the second (normal) year, and conversely the total respiratory costs of assimilated carbon were higher in the dry year than in the normal year.Although the net primary production (NPP) in the first year was 23% lower than that of the second year, the decrease in the carbon use efficiency (CUE = NPP/GEP) was 11% and autotrophic respiration utilized more resources in the first, dry year than in the second, normal year. The time variations in NEE were followed by NPP, because in these young Eucalyptus plantations NEE is very largely dominated by NPP, and heterotrophic respiration plays only a relatively minor role.During the dry season a pronounced hysteresis was observed in the relationship between NEE and photosynthetically active radiation, and NEE fluxes were inversely proportional to humidity saturation deficit values greater than 0.8 kPa. Nighttime fluxes of CO2 during calm conditions when the friction velocity (u*) was below the threshold (0.25 m s−1) were estimated based on a Q10 temperature-dependence relationship adjusted separately for different classes of soil moisture content, which regulated the temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration.  相似文献   

4.
草地和大气间碳通量的观测有助于理解草原生态系统的碳循环及其控制机理。利用涡度相关技术观测了克氏针茅草原生态系统与大气之间的净生态系统碳交换(NEE)、生态系统初级生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(Rec)o的变化,探讨了2008年生长季内土壤温度和水分对克氏针茅草原生态系统NEE、GEP和Reco的影响。结果表明,2008年生长季内,克氏针茅草原日尺度上NEE和GEP都出现了3个峰,二者之间有极显著的相关性,Reco则呈现倒"U"型变化规律。克氏针茅草原土壤温度与NEE、GEP呈二次曲线的关系,而与Reco呈指数关系,土壤水分的增加会提高克氏针茅草原生态系统的固碳能力、初级生产力及呼吸作用。土壤温度和水分是影响克氏针茅草原生态系统碳收支的重要因子。  相似文献   

5.
华北平原灌溉麦田水分利用效率的SEM多因素影响研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
水分利用效率(WUE)常被嵌入到多种生态系统模型中,用于评估生态系统对气候变化的响应。然而,自然条件下多种因素不仅直接影响WUE,还通过影响冠层结构等间接影响WUE,其中的影响机制仍不明晰。为了明确多种因素对冬小麦WUE的协同影响,本研究基于2015年(温暖湿润年)和2016年(温暖干旱年)涡度相关系统观测的小麦关键生育期(返青、拔节、抽穗、灌浆)的数据,分析了WUE的变化,并借助结构方程模型(SEM),以叶面积指数(LAI)为中间变量,分析了多种因素[净辐射(R_n)、空气温度(T_a)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、风速(WS)、土壤含水量(SWC)]对WUE的影响机制。结果表明,2015年平均WUE为1.52g(C)·kg~(-1)(H_2O),2016年平均WUE为1.22g(C)·kg~(-1)(H_2O)。不管在温暖湿润年还是温暖干旱年, T_a、LAI和VPD均是影响WUE的主要因素。WUE随LAI增加而增加, Ta增加也有助于提高WUE,而当温度相近时, VPD增加会降低WUE。T_a、LAI和VPD对WUE的影响在温暖湿润年和温暖干旱年重要性程度不同,温暖湿润年最重要的影响因素为LAI,温暖干旱年为T_a; VPD在温暖湿润年既直接影响WUE,同时又通过影响LAI的变化间接作用于WUE,但在温暖干旱年仅具有直接影响。R_n在温暖干旱年和温暖湿润年表现也不相同:在温暖湿润年对WUE具有显著的影响,在温暖干旱年影响不显著,这与温暖湿润年降雨量大及降雨频次高有关。显然,模拟WUE时考虑不同年份气象条件会使结果更为准确。WS未对WUE产生显著的影响,潜在原因可能是其对冠层上部接收辐射充足的叶片影响较大,而对冠层内部叶片无显著影响。农田生态系统不同生育阶段对辐射、温度等的耐受性及响应方式不同,SEM可以将LAI设置为中间变量以综合这种阶段性的变化,因此,对于冠层结构季节变幅大的生态系统, SEM是研究其环境控制机制的有力工具。这些研究结果可为今后精确模拟生态系统WUE以及预测WUE对气候变化的响应提供科学依据。  相似文献   

6.
Sporadic rain events that occur during summer play an important role in the initiation of biological activity of semi-arid grasslands.To understand how ecosystem processes of a buffel grass(Cenchrus ciliaris L.)-dominated grassland respond to summer rain events,an LI 6 400 gas exchange system was used to measure the leaf gas exchange and plant canopy chambers were used to measure net ecosystem CO2exchange(NEE) and ecosystem respiration(Reco), which were made sequentially during periods before rain(dry) and after rain(wet). Gross ecosystem photosynthesis(GEP) was estimated from NEE and Reco fluxes, and light use efficiency parameters were estimated using a rectangular hyperbola model. Prior to the monsoon rain, grassland biomass was non-green and dry exhibiting positive NEE(carbon source) and low GEP values during which the soil water became increasingly scarce. An initial rain pulse(60 mm) increased the NEE from pre-monsoon levels to negative NEE(carbon gain) with markedly higher GEP and increased green biomass. The leaf photosynthesis and leaf stomatal conductance were also improved substantially. The maximum net CO2uptake(i.e.,negative NEE) was sustained in the subsequent period due to multiple rain events. As a result, the grassland acted as a net carbon sink for 20 d after first rain. With cessation of rain(drying cycle), net CO2 uptake was reduced to lower values. High sensitivity of this grassland to rain suggests that any decrease in precipitation in summer may likely affect the carbon sequestration of the semiarid ecosystem.  相似文献   

7.
揭示水稻生态系统水分利用效率(WaterUseEfficiency,WUE)的变化规律,有助于动态评价稻田水碳循环过程和农业用水效益。该研究利用涡度相关法得到中国长江中下游双季稻田的3年通量数据,研究生态系统尺度的稻田WUE季节变化规律及其年际差异,揭示生态系统夜间呼吸消耗对稻田水分利用的影响,阐明WUE与净生态系统生产力(Net Ecosystem Productivity,NEP)和ET的关系。结果表明:双季稻WUE季节尺度变化特征与NEP基本一致,呈现出先增大、后减小的趋势,表明其季节变化由NEP主导,取决于作物自身以生育期为尺度的生长发育规律。早、晚稻日均WUE均在拔节孕穗期达到峰值,且在生长中期均维持较高水平,日均WUE分别达到5.8、5.5g/kg。早、晚稻全生育期WUE均值分别为(3.3±0.3)、(3.4±0.4) g/kg,生态系统夜间呼吸消耗使WUE下降40%以上。不同稻季WUE的年际差异达到9.2%~12.4%,其中抽穗开花期差异最大。不同纬度的稻田WUE存在差异,该研究得到的中国长江中下游稻田WUE高于菲律宾、巴西等热带地区稻田,但低于中国东北辽河三角洲稻田,与小麦、玉米等农田生态系统相比,稻田WUE也较低。研究结果可为评价中国长江中下游稻作区农业用水效率以及优化水碳管理模式提供依据。  相似文献   

8.
Pasture and afforestation are land-use types of major importance in the tropics, yet, most flux tower studies have been conducted in mature tropical forests. As deforestation in the tropics is expected to continue, it is critical to improve our understanding of alternative land-use types, and the impact of interactions between land use and climate on ecosystem carbon dynamics. Thus, we measured net ecosystem CO2 fluxes of a pasture and an adjacent tropical afforestation (native tree species plantation) in Sardinilla, Panama from 2007 to 2009. The objectives of our paired site study were: (1) to assess seasonal and inter-annual variations in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of pasture and afforestation, (2) to identify the environmental controls of net ecosystem CO2 fluxes, and (3) to constrain eddy covariance derived total ecosystem respiration (TER) with chamber-based soil respiration (RSoil) measurements. We observed distinct seasonal variations in NEE that were more pronounced in the pasture compared to the afforestation, reflecting changes in plant and microbial activities. The land conversion from pasture to afforestation increased the potential for carbon uptake by trees vs. grasses throughout most of the year. RSoil contributed about 50% to TER, with only small differences between ecosystems or seasons. Radiation and soil moisture were the main environmental controls of CO2 fluxes while temperature had no effect on NEE. The pasture ecosystem was more strongly affected by soil water limitations during the dry season, probably due to the shallower root system of grasses compared to trees. Thus, it seems likely that predicted increases in precipitation variability will impact seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes in Central Panama, in particular of pasture ecosystems.  相似文献   

9.
草地生态系统碳通量的驱动机制研究是碳循环研究的重要方面。利用涡度相关技术观测了克氏针茅草原生态系统的净生态系统碳交换(NEE)、生态系统初级生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(Reco)的变化,探讨了2010年生长季内温度对该系统NEE、GEP和Reco的影响。结果表明,2010年生长季内,克氏针茅草原日尺度上NEE和GEP只出现了1个明显的吸收峰,Reco则呈现倒"U"型变化规律。克氏针茅草原空气温度与NEE、GEP和Reco呈极显著相关关系,气温日较差对该系统碳通量的影响程度较小;土壤温度与NEE、GEP和Reco之间也呈极显著相关关系,土壤温度的增加会同时提高克氏针茅草原生态系统的固碳能力、初级生产力及呼吸作用。空气温度和土壤温度都是影响克氏针茅草原生态系统碳收支的重要驱动因子。  相似文献   

10.
遥感分析中亚地区生态系统水分利用效率对干旱的响应   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
生态系统水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)是碳水循环中的重要参数。全球干旱在未来几十年将会持续增加,干旱对生态系统WUE的影响研究成为了区域及全球尺度上的研究热点与难点。该文研究中亚地区生态系统WUE对干旱的响应。以中亚5国及中国新疆为研究区,利用基于中分辨率成像光谱仪的总初级生产力产品和蒸散产品计算2000—2014年生态系统尺度上的WUE,使用归一化植被指数和陆地表面温度计算温度植被干旱指数分析干旱区生态系统WUE与干旱的关系。结果表明,WUE对干旱的响应在不同地区和植被类型中表现出一定的差异;当干旱发生时,干旱区生态系统WUE对干旱通常表现出负面响应,同时干旱对生态系统WUE有滞后影响;干旱事件结束后,生态系统WUE与干旱指数呈现正相关关系;另外,干旱区生态系统WUE对干湿环境突变敏感,当环境从干旱转向湿润,郁闭灌木林,农田,森林,草地,稀疏灌木林WUE分别增加了30.03%,49.57%,18.39%,54.71%,49.28%,WUE的快速增长表明了干旱区生态系统有较强的恢复力稳定性。  相似文献   

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