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1.
毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质分析   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
采用空间代替时间的方法,对毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质变化进行了分析.结果表明,沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质呈规律性变化,随沙漠化程度的加剧,土壤黏粒含量、含水量、有机质、有机碳和全氮含量减少,土壤砂粒含量、容重和C/N增加,土壤质量下降;相关性分析结果表明,容重和C/N比与各指标呈负相关关系,其余各指标间呈正相关关系,其中容重与有机质、全氮含量之间以及有机质与全氮含量之间存在极显著相关性,黏粒含量与含水量、容重、有机质和全氮含量之间存在显著相关性,含水量与容重、有机质和全氮含量之间也存在显著相关性,说明沙漠化过程中土壤各组分之间存在着密切的内在联系.  相似文献   

2.
荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤无机碳和有机碳的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
以空间代替时间的方法,通过对宁夏荒漠草原不同沙漠化阶段土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)的研究,探讨荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤SIC、SOC及不同粒径组分土壤SIC、SOC分布特征的影响。结果表明:(1)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SIC和SOC含量呈下降趋势。半固定沙地和流动沙地各粒径组分土壤SIC含量均表现为黏粉粒无机碳(CSIC)细砂粒无机碳(FIC)粗砂粒无机碳(CIC),而SOC含量均表现为细砂粒有机碳(FOC)粗砂粒有机碳(COC)黏粉粒有机碳(CSOC)。(2)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—30cm土层土壤无机碳(SICD)、土壤有机碳(SOCD)和土壤总碳(STCD)密度均表现为荒漠草原固定沙地半固定沙地流动沙地。固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地土壤SOCD、SICD分别比荒漠草原降低了18.5%,57.7%,60.5%和6.7%,35.9%,47.0%。(3)0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SOC和SIC含量、全土SOC含量与0—30cm土层SOC和SIC均呈显著正相关关系,其中土壤粗砂粒有机碳和粗砂粒无机碳对SOC影响最大,而土壤黏粉粒有机碳和黏粉粒无机碳与全土SIC含量呈显著负相关关系。因此,沙漠化防治对于减少荒漠草原土壤碳损失极为重要。  相似文献   

3.
渭北旱塬区不同坡向土地利用类型对土壤性质的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为了研究不同坡向土地利用类型对土壤性质的影响,以渭北旱塬区5种土地利用类型(不同坡向)为研究对象,系统分析该区不同坡向土地利用类型剖面土壤物理、化学和生物性质的差异。结果表明:(1)除土壤pH和土壤颗粒组成外,5种土地利用类型土壤含水量、总孔隙度、有机质、全氮、微生物量碳和氮含量总体随土层加深呈下降趋势,土壤容重则相反。(2)0-30cm土层,阳坡农用地土壤含水量、黏粒含量和pH最高,粉粒和全氮含量最低;人工草地砂粒和全氮含量最高,黏粒含量最低;人工林地土壤总孔隙度、土壤有机质、微生物量碳和氮含量最高,土壤含水量、土壤容重和pH最低;天然草地土壤容重和粉粒含量最高,总孔隙度和砂粒含量最低;退耕地有机质、微生物量碳和氮含量最低。阴坡农用地土壤含水量、粉粒含量和pH最高,黏粒和全氮含量最低;人工草地土壤容重、黏粒和微生物量氮含量最高,土壤总孔隙度、粉粒、砂粒和有机质含量最低;人工林地有机质含量和微生物量碳含量最高;天然草地土壤总孔隙度、砂粒和全氮含量最高,土壤容重和pH最低;退耕地土壤含水量、微生物量碳和氮含量最低。(3)5种土地利用类型中,土壤容重、细黏粒、粗黏粒、细粉粒、粗砂粒、土壤pH和有机质(退耕地除外)表现为阳坡阴坡,土壤含水量(退耕地和农用地除外)、总孔隙度、粗粉粒、细砂粒、土壤质地粗化度、全氮(人工草地除外)、土壤微生物量碳和氮含量则为阴坡阳坡。  相似文献   

4.
焉耆盆地白刺灌丛沙堆土壤理化性质   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对焉耆盆地白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段和沙堆间低地土壤理化性质进行分析。结果显示:(1)白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段土壤粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量均高于沙堆间低地,而土壤砂粒含量和pH值低于沙堆间低地;从白刺灌丛沙堆发育到稳定阶段,土壤砂粒含量和pH值逐渐降到最小值,而粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量达到最高值,从白刺灌丛沙堆稳定到活化阶段,土壤砂粒含量和pH值急剧增加,而粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量大幅度下降;(2)从整个剖面来看,由于白刺灌丛沙堆侵蚀和堆积的差异,随着深度的增加砂粒含量先减后增,而pH值、粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量先增后减;0—15cm土层砂粒含量最高,而15—45cm土层最低;0—15cm土层pH值、粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量最低,而15—45cm土层最高;(3)白刺灌丛沙堆发育和活化阶段强烈的吹蚀不利于有机质的积累,白刺灌丛沙堆稳定后为降尘截存、凋落物积累和微生物的繁殖提供有力的保障,表层黏粒得以截存和地衣状薄层结皮形成,增加土壤的有机质和养分含量。  相似文献   

5.
山地煤矿开采对土壤理化性质的影响   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
为研究山地煤矿开采对土壤理化性质的影响,进而为干旱半干旱地区的矿山生态修复工作提供理论依据,运用土壤学基本理论和方法,测定并计算了新疆西沟煤矿废弃矿山体和周边未受扰动山体土壤的机械组成、容重、孔隙度、含水量、pH值、有机质和养分等指标。方差分析结果表明:与对照山体相比,废弃矿山体土壤粘粒含量明显减少,尤其是表层(0-10cm)土体处;废弃矿山体坡顶和坡中土壤容重和孔隙度没有明显变化,而山体底部土壤容重明显降低,孔隙度明显增大;废弃矿山体0-20cm土层土壤容重和孔隙度无明显变化,而20-30cm土层土壤容重明显降低,孔隙度明显增大;废弃矿山体表层土壤含水量明显降低;废弃矿山体土壤均发生了不同程度的碱化;土壤有机质含量均不同程度地减少;0-30cm土层土壤全氮、全磷和全钾含量无明显变化。  相似文献   

6.
高寒草原是青藏高原广泛分布的植被类型。本文以念青唐古拉山东南坡高寒草原生态系统为对象,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对影响高寒草原生态系统表层(0~20cm)土壤活性有机碳分布的因素进行了研究。结果表明:念青唐古拉山东南坡高寒草原生态系统表层(0~20cm)土壤活性有机碳平均含量为2.61±0.31g·kg?1;影响表层土壤活性有机碳分布的地形因子是海拔和坡度,植被因子是0~10cm、10~20cm土层地下生物量,物理因子是0~10cm、10~20cm土壤含水量和0~20cm土壤容重,化学因子是土壤全钾含量。其中0~10cm、10~20cm土壤含水量和0~20cm土壤容重影响达显著水平。在海拔4421~4598m范围内,随着海拔升高,表层土壤活性有机碳含量表现出增加→减少→增加→减少的分布特征。  相似文献   

7.
黄淮海平原旱作农田土壤有机质含量的空间分异特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
任频频  黄峰  李保国 《土壤学报》2022,59(2):440-450
基于空间自相关理论,探讨黄淮海平原旱作农田土壤有机质含量的空间分布结构,以及有机质与土壤黏粒含量和容重的空间相关关系。结果表明:黄淮海旱作农田土壤不同土层有机质含量区域均值分别为20.11±6.46(0~10 cm),14.76±5.11(10~20 cm),9.96±4.14(20~30 cm),8.03±3.45(30~40 cm)g·kg-1,分别处在三级至五级水平;0~20 cm各土层中,高值区域主要分布在太行山山前平原、山东引黄灌区等传统农业生产地带,以及河南南部和安徽北部的砂姜黑土区。随着土层深度的增加,有机质含量的空间分布结构趋于明显,10~40 cm各土层中,河北平原和鲁西北地区呈现LL(低-低)/HL(高-低)型分布特征;河南和安徽地区主要为HH(高-高)/LH(低-高)型,但不同土层的具体分布差异较大。有机质含量与黏粒含量之间存在显著的数理相关关系,与容重之间关系并不明显;有机质/黏粒含量和有机质/容重的双变量局部空间自相关类型中,LL/HL型主要分布在河北平原和鲁西北地区,其中HL型在0~20cm各土层中集中分布在太行山山前平原和山东引黄灌区...  相似文献   

8.
冻融影响下黑土耕层剖面速效氮动态变化   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为了探明冻融过程对东北典型黑土耕层氮(N)生物有效性的影响,试验利用室内模拟方法,探究了不同冻结温度、土壤容重、含水量、冻融循环次数影响下耕层土壤剖面速效氮(AN)的时空分布规律。结果表明,经冻融循环后,土壤AN含量随土层深度增加呈现波动性下降;冻结温度越低,AN随土层深度增加下降的波动性越大,AN峰值、AN土柱平均值越低;冻结温度-15℃时整个土柱AN平均值比-10℃降低9.3%~44.6%;容重增高,AN含量降低,AN/TN值升高,土壤容重1.1 g/cm3时整个土柱AN平均值比容重1.0 g/cm3降低13.0%~18.6%,容重1.1 g/cm3整个土柱AN/TN平均值比容重1.0 g/cm3显著提升0.6~4.7倍;随着含水量的提高,低容重(1.0 g/cm3)表层(0—8 cm)AN越高,底层(20—30 cm)AN越低,而高容重(1.1 g/cm3)土柱表层(4—8 cm)AN越高,表层(0—4 cm)AN、底层(20—30 cm)AN越低;在各个变量中,pH大小与AN累积趋势呈负相关关系,含水量、TDS、电导率、冻结温度均与AN含量成正相关,是否冻融循环对AN垂直分布影响最大,其次是恒温及冻融循环次数(p<0.05)。研究结果可为黑土区冻融过程土壤N素管理、提升土壤肥力、减少N损失等问题提供理论依据和技术支撑。  相似文献   

9.
以黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞县墩滩山的退耕地为研究对象,分析了退耕地植被自然恢复过程中生物土壤结皮的特点及其对土壤水分、土壤有机质和土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)生物土壤结皮的盖度随着退耕年限的增长不断增大,结皮的厚度也渐渐增加,且稳定在0.1~0.3 cm之间;(2)有结皮样地0—40 cm土层的土壤含水量一般比对照样地的土壤含水量要低,有结皮样地和对照土壤含水量都随土层深度逐渐升高,但升高幅度逐渐变小;(3)有生物结皮的样地土壤表层0—10 cm有机质含量比对照样地有机质含量大;10—20 cm土层有生物结皮的样地比对照样地有机质含量也高,但是差异不如0—10 cm土层明显;(4)随着退耕年限的增长,土壤侵蚀量逐渐减少,与退耕初期相比,退耕10 a以上样地土壤侵蚀量可减少30%~80%。说明在退耕地植被恢复的过程中,生物结皮改善了土壤表层性质,增强了土壤抗侵蚀能力。  相似文献   

10.
为揭示贡嘎南山-拉轨岗日山南坡高寒草原生态系统表层土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素。在不同海拔高度取土样测定土壤理化指标,现场调查植物物种数、土壤类型等,研究了该区域0~20cm土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:高寒草原生态系统表层(0~20cm)土壤有机碳密度平均为5.1625±1.2786kgm-2,变异系数24.77%。在海拔4424~4804m范围内,随着海拔升高,表层(0~20cm)土壤有机碳密度表现出增加→减少增加→减少的分布特征。相关分析表明,表层土壤有机碳密度与植被盖度、30~40cm地下生物量、10~20cm土壤含水量、海拔高度、坡度、土壤有机质呈正相关关系,而与0~10cm土壤含水量、30~40cm土壤含水量、土壤pH值和土壤速效N呈负相关关系,影响表层土壤有机碳密度最关键的环境因子是30~40cm地下生物量、土壤pH值、土壤有机质和土壤速效N含量。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

16.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

17.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

18.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

19.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

20.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

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