黄土丘陵区植被次生演替灌木初期土壤物理性质特征

研究了黄土丘陵区植被次生演替草灌过渡灌木初期的土壤物理性质特征.结果表明:当植被次生演替进展到草灌过渡灌木初期,除土壤含水量外,土壤容重、孔隙度、稳定入渗和水稳性团聚体都好于对照白羊草地,表明灌木树种定居的土壤物理条件一般要高于草本群落.植被演替的过程是植被与土壤相互作用复杂变化的过程,它们的相互反馈也是生态恢复的重要标志.随着植物群落的变化土壤也发生着不同程度变化.其中,土壤物理性质各个因子之间的变化是相互影响和相互联系的.土壤稳定入渗速率与土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度和土壤团聚体之间有显著的相关关系;土壤毛管孔隙度与土壤非毛管孔隙度线性显著负相关;土壤容重与土壤总孔隙度极显著负相关.     

退化草地恢复生态对土壤物理性状的影响——以藏北公路沿线车辆碾压干扰矮嵩草草甸为例

通过对西藏那曲地区碾压干扰矮嵩草草甸群落不同恢复演替阶段土壤物理性状调查,分析不同演替阶段土壤颗粒组成、土壤容重和孔隙度,对其物理特性进行研究。结果表明:植被恢复有效改善了土壤的物理性质,提高了土壤对侵蚀动力的抵抗能力;退化草地恢复演替阶段与土壤物理性状变化具有明显的相关性联系,植被恢复与演替有效改善了土壤的物理性质,提高了土壤对侵蚀动力的抵抗能力。(1)碾压使土壤暴露,致使侵蚀作用加剧,松散、不黏结的砂粒和粉粒流失量较大,而粒径小于0.02 mm和黏结性较强的粘粒流失量相对较少而表现出百分比相对增加;碾压改变原有土壤的正常质地层次构造,对公路沿线的土壤物理性质产生不良影响,促使土地进一步退化。(2)随着恢复进程,表层土壤总孔隙度增大,土壤容重减小,与演替阶段均极显著相关;随着土壤的通气性和渗透、排水率的改善,土壤有效水分增加。     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区森林演替对土壤肥力影响的评价

以黄土高原半干旱区森林群落为研究对象,从土壤物理、化学和生物化学因子出发,利用模糊数学和因子分析方法对甘肃兴隆山植物群落演替过程土壤肥力的变化特征进行了综合评价.结果表明:4类林分土壤综合质量由高到低依次是落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、灌木林、针叶林.证明随着森林群落演替进展.土壤肥力呈降低趋势.解决当前该Ⅸ针叶林土壤退化的主要措施是利用人为干扰来控制生态演替,以维持地力平衡和提高林地生产力.     

退化草地恢复生态对土壤物理性状的影响——以藏北公路沿线车辆碾压干扰矮嵩草草句为例

通过对西藏那曲地区碾压干扰矮嵩草草甸群落不同恢复演替阶段土壤物理性状调查，分析不同演替阶段土壤颗粒组成、土壤容重和孔隙度，对其物理特性进行研究。结果表明：植被恢复有效改善了土壤的物理性质，提高了土壤对侵蚀动力的抵抗能力；退化草地恢复演替阶段与土壤物理性状变化具有明显的相关性联系，植被恢复与演替有效改善了土壤的物理性质，提高了土壤对侵蚀动力的抵抗能力。（1）碾压使土壤暴露，致使侵蚀作用加剧，松散、不黏结的砂粒和粉粒流失量较大，而粒径小于0．02mm和黏结性较强的粘粒流失量相对较少而表现出百分比相对增加；碾压改变原有土壤的正常质地层次构造，对公路沿线的土壤物理性质产生不良影响，促使土地进一步退化。（2）随着恢复进程，表层土壤总孔隙度增大，土壤容重减小，与演替阶段均极显著相关；随着土壤的通气性和渗透、排水率的改善，土壤有效水分增加。     

六盘山森林土壤种子库与植被演替过程

以六盘山森林植被为研究对象,通过20多年的森林土壤种子库变化与植被演替过程的试验研究,分析了8种森林群落类型的不同生长年限、生长坡位、枯枝落叶层和土壤深度对土壤种子库形成过程的影响。结果表明:六盘山森林群落不同生长坡位,土壤种子库的储量坡中部>坡下部>坡上部;不同层次土壤种子库,枯枝落叶层远高于0-15 cm深土层,8种森林群落类型排序为华北落叶松林>油松林>华山松林>辽东栎林>山杨林>白桦林>灌丛>草地;土壤种子库储量高峰期,不同群落有显著差异,华山松林和油松林在林龄的30~40年,华北落叶松林在20年,辽东栎林、山杨林、白桦林在15~20年,灌丛和草地在10~20年,其森林群落生长年限与土壤种子库储量变化趋势呈拟合曲线,符合指数方程,相关性极为显著;土壤种子库物种组成丰富,草本和灌木植物远高于乔木树种,乔木树种仅有3~5种,但多数为外来入侵种,而在每一类型中出现频率最高的草地植物多为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎树种。因此,在六盘山林区植被自然更新与合理演替的驱动种和先锋种草地植物为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎,其次是华北落叶松、油松和华山松。     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林群落演替对土壤化学性质影响的累积效应研究

比较研究了南亚热带鼎湖山森林群落演替序列中马尾松林、针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林表层(0～20cm)土壤pH值、有机质、全N、速效K、交换性Ca和Mg、有效P、B、Mo、Cu、Fe、Zn和易还原Mn等营养元素的含量及其相关关系,结果表明:马尾松林土壤pH值显著高于其它两森林土壤;随着群落的进展演替,养分在土壤中的累积(Ca除外)呈不断增加的趋势,即马尾松林<针阔叶混交林<季风常绿阔叶林;不同指标的累积呈现出持续增加(有机质、交换性Mg、有效B、Mo、Cu、Fe和易还原Mn)、持续递减(交换性Ca)、先增加再减少(有效P)和先减少再增加(pH值、总N和有效Zn)的4种变化形式;土壤养分元素的相关对对数以马尾松林最多。植物对土壤性质的影响累积效应显著,森林群落的进展演替过程是土壤养分不断积累的过程,土壤有效养分元素来源也趋多元化。     

不同退化阶段松嫩草地土壤对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

在环境条件和人为因素的双重影响下,松嫩羊草草地发生了不同程度的退化演替。种子萌发和幼苗生长是植物生长和定植的关键生育期。为了明确不同退化草地土壤对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,选取羊草(Leymus chinensis)群落、碱茅(Puccinellia distans)群落、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)群落和碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)群落作为4个草地退化演替阶段,研究了不同退化演替阶段的土壤对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长特性的影响,探讨了不同退化阶段土壤理化性质与羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的关系。结果表明:随着植被群落从羊草群落到虎尾草群落的退化演替进行,土壤p H值和电导率逐渐升高后趋于稳定,土壤碱化度越来越高,碱蓬群落土壤碱化度显著高于羊草群落;草地退化导致土壤养分含量逐渐减少,碱蓬群落土壤速效氮含量显著低于羊草群落。羊草种子在羊草群落土壤中的发芽率最高,随着土壤退化程度的加剧,羊草种子发芽率显著降低,羊草幼苗生长受到的抑制作用增强,退化土壤对羊草幼苗根长的生长抑制要比对幼苗苗长生长的抑制强。表明在一定程度上,羊草草地退化伴随着土壤盐碱化的发展,且随着土壤退化程度加剧,羊草萌发成苗受到的抑制作用越来越大。     

黄河三角洲退化湿地土壤养分、微生物与土壤酶特性及其关系分析

为了揭示黄河三角洲湿地退化与土壤的关系,为湿地生态修复和有效利用湿地资源提供理论依据,对黄河三角洲退化湿地不同演替阶段的土壤酶活性、土壤养分和土壤微生物特性及土壤酶与养分和微生物的关系进行分析。结果表明:随着湿地由白茅群落到光板地的逆向演替,土壤脲酶、蛋白酶活性呈逐渐下降趋势,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化规律与其相似;不同演替阶段土壤酶活性表现出差异性,各种酶之间蛋白酶活性最高;土壤养分质量含量基本都随着湿地逆向演替的进行而递减,不同演替阶段土壤养分质量分数差异显著;退化湿地土壤中各种微生物数量存在明显差异性,在土壤微生物群落中,细菌数量所占比例最大,在各类微生物中占绝对优势,其次为放线菌,真菌数量最少;白茅群落阶段细菌和真菌数量最多,柽柳群落阶段放线菌数量最多;土壤酶与土壤养分、土壤微生物存在密切正相关关系;细菌与脲酶和过氧化氢酶有密切关系,真菌与脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶都具有显著的相关性。     

黄河三角洲植被群落和土壤酶活性对湿地退化的响应

在黄河三角洲地区,由于油田开发、人类活动增多以及环境变化,滨海湿地发生了局部退化.为了探讨湿地退化的机制,在该地区选择典型湿地进行了植被调查和土壤性状分析.结果表明,植被基本是由白茅→柽柳→碱蓬→到光板地进行演替的.在湿地演替过程中.光板地、碱蓬群落、柽柳群落土壤有机质含量与白茅群落相比,分别降低了81.0%,67.4%,59.5%,全氮含量则分别降低了61.1%,59.6%,41.2%,速效P含量分别降低了19.5%,7.9%和4.7%.同样,演替不同阶段的土壤酶活性从白茅群落→光板地,脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性也逐渐降低,盐分含量则逐渐提高.这说明植被的演变与湿地退化几乎是同步响应的.土壤盐碱化,加快了植物群落的退化演替,植物的退化又反作用于土壤,使土壤的理化性状向着不利于植物生长的方向转化,二者相辅相成,紧密联系.土壤水盐运动是盐渍土演变过程的核心,也是影响湿地植被演替的重要因素.     

Factors Affccting Change of Microbial Community During Plant Residue Decomposition: A Review

植物残体是土壤有机质的重要来源,研究分解植物残体的微生物群落结构及其演替规律日益受到重视.本文综述了影响植物残体分解过程中微生物群落结构和功能变化的3个主要因素;植物残体的性质、土壤和气候环境因素、农艺措施,这些因素通过影响微生物本身的活性和植物残体分解过程中化学组成的变化从而导致微生物群落的变化,同时植物残体腐解过程中微生物群落存在明显的演替现象.以上因素的影响并不是孤立的,而是相互联系和制约的.未来针对野外田问条件下植物残体的分解过程,仍需深入研究关键微生物群落的演替规律以及不同影响因素的交互作用机制.     

首都圈典型区土地退化的原因分析

 根据野外工作,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,探讨以防止风蚀为目的的首都圈的范围及主要特征,着重分析首都圈典型地区土地退化的机制、分布状况和防治的季节。结果表明,土地退化的主要原因是近年持续干旱少雨,土地利用的强度过大,以及在干旱季节里没有适当的防护措施等。建议采用适宜于首都圈的封育和垄耕等防治措施。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Minerals in the three-component combination of agrochernozems in the Kamennaya Steppe

Properties and mineralogy of fine fractions separated from agrochernozems forming a three-component noncontrasting soil combination in the Kamennaya Steppe have been characterized. The soil cover consists of zooturbated (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic, Calcaric)), migrational-mycelial (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)), and clay-illuvial (Luvic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)) agrochernozems. All the soils are deeply quasi-gleyed because of periodical groundwater rise. The mineralogy of the fraction <1μm includes irregular mica–smectite interstratifications, di- and trioctahedral hydromicas, imperfect kaolinite, and magnesium–iron chlorite. The profile distribution of these minerals slightly varies depending on the subtype of spot-forming soils. A uniform distribution of clay minerals is observed in zooturbated agrochernozem; a poorly manifested eluvial–illuvial distribution of the smectite phase is observed in the clay-illuvial agrochernozem. The fractions of fine (1–5 μm) and medium (5–10 μm) silt consist of quartz, micas, potassium feldspars, plagioclases, kaolinite, and chlorite. There is no dominant mineral, because the share of each mineral is lower than 35–45%. The silt fractions differ in the quartz-to-mica ratio. The medium silt fraction contains more quartz, and the fine silt fraction contains more micas.     

Coregionalization of trace metals in the soil in the Swiss Jura

The provenance of trace metals in soil, whether from the parent material or from pollution, is rarely known with certainty, and the metals' history must usually be pieced together from fragmentary statistical information. This is particularly true in the Swiss Jura where the concentrations of several heavy metals around La Chaux de Fonds exceed the statutory recommended thresholds for safety. The topsoil of the 14.5-km² region was sampled on a square grid at 250-m intervals with additional nesting with distances of 100 m, 40 m, 16 m and 6 m. The concentrations of seven potentially toxic metals, namely Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, were measured. Their coregionalization could be represented by a linear model consisting of a nugget component plus two spherical structures with ranges of 0.2 km and 1.3 km. The short-range component dominated the variograms of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb; the long-range component dominated those of Co and Ni; the variogram of Zn combined the two in approximately equal proportions. The coregionalization matrices contain moderate correlation among the nugget and the short-range components, notably between Cu and Pb, between Cd and Zn, and between Cr, Ni and Zn. The strongest correlations are at the long range between Co, Cr and Ni, and to a somewhat smaller degree between Zn and Co. Analysis of variance showed Co and Ni to be related to geology, and to the Argovian formation in particular. The indicator variogram of this formation has also a short-range component. The analysis also showed Cr and Cu to be related to land use (in different ways). Copper and Pb are strongly correlated to one another and distinct from the five other metals. The long-range structure is almost certainly a geological effect, whereas the one of short range probably results from both the geology and human activities.     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.     

20世纪陇南洪涝灾害特征分析

历史上发生的自然灾害可以作为今后防灾减灾的重要参考资料。通过整理统计历史文献资料,对陇南20世纪洪涝灾害的时空分布特征、区域差异性进行分析、灾害序列趋势持续性计算。结果表明:20世纪陇南共发生洪涝灾害33次,平均3.3年1次;中度灾害最多,为11次,特大灾害共发生3次;灾害多发生在1949年到1990年,月份主要集中在6、7月,连年洪涝灾害也有发生;本区内的西和为高发区,礼县、两当、武都次之;徽县、成县最少。R/S分析法计算结果表明陇南市洪涝灾害时间序列具有长期相关的特征,未来有增加的趋势。     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

Changes in soil respiration in the course of the postagrogenic succession on sandy soils in the southern taiga zone

The dynamics of the CO₂ emission from sandy soils in the course of the postagrogenic succession in the southern taiga zone were studied. We measured total emission from the soil surface and, separately, respiration from the litter and mineral soil horizons during the warm (snowless) seasons of 2010 and 2011 on differently aged fallow plots: 0 years (cropland) and 7, 23, 55, 100, and 170 years. It was demonstrated that changes in the CO₂ emission in the course of the succession have a nonlinear pattern: the emission sharply increases in the first decade, then somewhat decreases, and then gradually increases again up to the maximum values. This is explained by the dependence of the rate of the emission on the soil carbon pools (humus + litter + underground phytomass) that are also subjected to nonlinear changes. Initially, the emission is mainly due to mineralization of labile organic substances added to the plowed soils in the form of organic fertilizers. Then, in parallel with a gradual increase in the pools of litter and underground phytomass, the total pool of soil organic carbon increases, and its role in the emission becomes more pronounced. The seasonal dynamics of the soil respiration are mainly controlled by the soil temperature; the soil moistening plays an important role only during the initial meadow stage of the succession.     

下层土壤反硝化作用的研究

在夏玉米生长期间 ,采用乙炔抑制 -原状土柱培养方法研究了北京褐土下层 (15～ 6 0cm)土壤的反硝化作用 ,并探讨影响该层土壤反硝化作用的主要因素。试验结果表明 ,施氮量越高 ,反硝化量越大。随着土壤层次的加深 ,反硝化量呈直线下降 ,但在亚表层土壤 (15～ 30cm)反硝化值仍保持了较高的量 ,约相当于表层的 10 .7%～ 33.5 % ;下层土壤 (15～ 6 0cm)的总反硝化量约相当于表层土壤的 14%～ 51%。加入碳源无论对表层土壤还是下层土壤 ,其反硝化损失氮量大大增加 ,尤其是对下层土壤增加的趋势更为明显。在计算夏玉米季土壤反硝化损失氮量时 ,如果忽略下层土壤的反硝化作用 ,肯定会低估其数值     

Inferences from fluctuations in the local variogram about the assumption of stationarity in the variance

Geostatistics is commonly used to describe and predict the variation of soil properties over the landscape. However, many geostatistical methods require the assumption that our observed data are a realization of a random function which is intrinsically stationarity. Under stationarity, observations of a single realization of the random function at different positions can be treated as a form of replication. There are various ways in which a random function may breach the assumption of intrinsic stationarity and numerous geostatistical techniques have been developed that are able to cope with some forms of non-stationarity. What is currently needed is a set of diagnostic tools capable of detecting and identifying when data cannot plausibly be treated as a realization of a process which is stationary in the variance.In this paper, we propose an inferential method that can identify when stationarity in the variance cannot plausibly be assumed. The basis of our approach is to obtain a model for the random function under the assumption of intrinsic stationarity. If the global dataset can be regarded as a realization of a Gaussian process (perhaps after transformation), then the global variogram is sufficient for this purpose. By using a window-based method to locally estimate variograms, we can define some statistic of homogeneity of the sample variation of the data. This allows us to obtain a sample distribution for this statistic, under the null hypothesis of intrinsic stationarity, by generating multiple realizations of the postulation random function at the original sample points using Monte Carlo methods and recomputing the statistic for each realization. We selected as statistics the interquartile ranges of: i) the spatial dependence ratio (s), the proportion c₁ / (c₀ + c₁), ii) a distance parameter (a), which is the maximum lag over which the random function is autocorrelated for variograms like the spherical, and iii) the local variances (v; c₀ + c₁), where (c₀) is the nugget component and (c₁) the spatially structured component. We demonstrated this method using data from the large scale sampling (n = 1341 over 8248 km²) of the Florida Everglades, United States.