安徽省宁国市土壤和农产品硒地球化学特征及影响因素

以安徽省宁国市全域表层土壤和主要农产品为研究对象,系统采集了6 278件土壤样品和216件农作物样品,研究了土壤全硒含量的分布特征及其主要影响因素,分析了土壤有效硒含量特征和农产品硒含量特征。结果表明:宁国市土壤全硒含量平均值为0.645 mg/kg,富硒土壤样点数和面积占比分别为57.45%、70.30%。土壤硒含量主要受成土母质控制,震旦系和寒武系下统发育土壤硒含量显著高于其他成土母质;不同土地利用方式对土壤硒含量有一定的影响,园地和林地土壤比水田、旱地土壤更易富集硒元素;土壤硒含量与有机质、重金属元素含量存在显著的正相关关系(P0.01),与土壤p H没有显著相关性。土壤有效硒含量平均值为0.023 mg/kg,水稻、山核桃、茶叶中硒含量平均值分别为0.065、0.022、0.074 mg/kg,水稻、山核桃富硒率高达24.04%和54.88%,富硒山核桃具有广阔的开发前景。     

浔郁平原不同作物的硒富集特征及其影响因素

作物中的硒含量是影响食物链硒水平的关键因素。以浔郁平原土地质量地球化学评价项目中的农作物调查结果和多年定位试验结果为基础,探究不同作物对土壤硒的富集特征及其影响因素。结果表明:浔郁平原的覃塘、港南、桂平市和平南县等4个县(市、区)的水稻富硒率均高于86%。花生、黄豆、玉米和水稻的天然富硒率最高,富硒率依次为100%、100%、100%和89%。水稻根、茎、籽粒的生物富集系数依次下降,分别为0.663、0.130和0.108,水稻籽粒的生物富集系数远高于龙眼、荔枝和甘蔗。根系土与水稻籽粒硒含量的相关系数为0.660,远高于龙眼和荔枝。港南区作物硒与土壤pH相关系数为0.342,在碱性土壤中甘蔗茎的硒含量(0.012 1 mg/kg)最高,在酸性土壤中水稻的硒含量(0.0653mg/kg)最高。本研究中,以种子为可食部分的作物其天然富硒率较高,土壤硒含量和土壤酸碱性对水稻籽粒硒含量影响较大。     

桂东南地区兴业县富Se土壤地球化学特征及来源浅析

对广西兴业县1/5万土地质量地球化学评价表层土壤样的硒含量进行分析。结果表明,调查区土壤硒量变幅为0.08~12.59 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为0.59 mg·kg~(-1),高于全国土壤平均硒含量,富硒土壤资源丰富。成土母质以泥盆系、石炭系和二叠系形成的土壤硒含量相对较高,土壤类型中砖红壤性红壤和石灰岩土硒含量相对较高,土地利用类型中园地、林地及草地等土壤硒含量相对较高,而农耕地中水田及旱地土壤硒含量则相对较低。土壤富硒主要来源于原富硒成土母质,其含量分布特征主要受自然地质背景的影响。     

青海东部农田土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素

植物中硒被认为是人体摄入硒的主要来源,而且大多数植物是从土壤中吸收硒。因此,不同地区土壤硒含量的高低直接影响到该地区食物中的硒含量。本研究以青海省平安地区农田土壤为研究对象,用原子荧光光谱法进行了土壤全硒含量和形态及价态的测定,对平安地区农田土壤全硒含量分布特征及其与成土母质、土壤类型的关系进行了研究。结果表明,平安地区土壤全硒含量变化范围为0.089~0.782 mg/kg,平均值为0.418 mg/kg,其中58%的土壤属于富硒土壤范畴。研究区域耕种淡栗钙土全硒含量最高,平均值为0.574 mg/kg;而灌淤黄土全硒含量最低,平均值为0.293 mg/kg。成土母质中,古近–新近系西宁群红色泥岩中硒含量最高,平均值为0.82 mg/kg。平安地区富硒土壤中硒的富集主要来源于古近–新近系西宁群红色泥岩风化。土壤中硒的赋存形态主要以有机结合态为主,铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量最少。可溶态硒和可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒均以六价硒为主要赋存价态。平安地区富硒土壤中硒含量适宜,供硒潜力较大,且该地区受外界环境污染较少,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

广东省揭西县土壤硒的分布特征及影响因素研究

以揭西县土壤为研究对象,系统采集了332个表层土壤样品(0～20 cm)和86个深层土壤样品( 150 cm)。运用Pearson相关分析、回归分析、地统计分析和GIS技术相结合的方法研究了揭西县土壤中全硒的分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,揭西县土壤全硒含量变幅为0.16～1.61 mg/kg,平均值为0.53 mg/kg,总体上以富硒土壤为主,不存在硒不足和硒过剩土壤。不同成土母质中,凝灰岩、花岗岩和页岩发育的土壤全硒含量较高,砂岩发育的土壤全硒含量较低。不同土地利用方式中,未利用地土壤全硒含量最高,其次是农用耕地,建设用地土壤全硒含量最低。Pearson相关分析和回归分析表明,土壤全硒含量与pH呈极显著负相关关系,与铁铝氧化物含量、有机碳含量及海拔高度呈极显著正相关关系。影响揭西县土壤全硒含量的主要因素是成土母质、土壤pH、有机碳、铁铝含量、海拔以及土地利用方式。     

宜章县耕地土壤硒含量空间分布特征及成因

弄清宜章县耕地土壤硒含量及其空间分布和影响因素，对掌握区域内耕地富硒程度、开发特色富硒农产品和保障人体健康具有重大意义。采用网格布点、野外调查采样、分析测定、GS+半方差函数模型、克里金插值研究了宜章县耕地土壤硒含量及其空间分布特征；结合SPSS软件进行相关性分析和方差分析，揭示了土壤硒含量的影响因素。研究结果表明，（1）宜章县耕层土壤硒含量平均值0.64mg/kg，变幅为0.13~2.80mg/kg，变异系数为44.57%，属中等变异程度，耕地土壤富硒面积占比达到97.8%，；（2）土壤硒含量呈聚集性分布，中部有一条自东北向南从玉溪镇经梅田镇、浆水镇、长村乡、一六镇、笆篱镇、天塘乡的中高富硒带，块金效应值为0.505，说明宜章县土壤硒空间自相关性程度为中等，土壤硒含量受空间结构因素（自然因素）和随机因素（人为因素）共同影响；（3）不同成土母质发育的土壤硒含量差异较大，板页岩发育的耕地土壤硒含量最高，平均硒含量达到0.76mg/kg；（4）不同土壤类型对硒含量有明显影响，潮土和黑色石灰土的土壤硒平均含量最高，均达到了0.68mg/kg，紫色土和黄壤硒含量较低，平均硒含量分别只有0.54mg/kg和0.53mg/kg；（5）相关分析表明:土壤硒含量与pH呈显著负相关，与有机质、锰、铜、锌和CEC显著正相关；在富硒农产品开发时，需考虑土壤硒含量分布特征，并结合相应土壤管理、科学施肥、农艺措施等进行。     

云南耕地土壤硒含量空间分布及其影响因素研究

为了解云南耕地土壤硒含量状况,采集了640个云南代表性耕地表层土壤样品,对土壤硒含量空间分布特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:(1)云南省耕地土壤硒总量变幅在0.05～7.12 mg/kg,平均含量为0.51 mg/kg,达到富硒水平;(2)不同成土母质发育的土壤硒含量差异较大,基型结晶盐类的玄武岩等发育的土壤硒含量最高,平均为0.77 mg/kg;(3)土壤类型对硒的含量影响明显,其中棕壤硒含量平均为1.24mg/kg,显著高于其他土壤类型,石灰(岩)土硒含量最低仅为0.21mg/kg;从行政区看位于滇东的曲靖市和昭通市土壤硒平均含量明显高于其他州市;(4)相关分析表明,土壤硒含量与土壤p H之间的相关性均没有达到显著水平;而土壤硒含量与土壤有机质呈极显著的正相关性(r=0.110,P 0.001),说明有机质影响土壤硒的含量。     

重庆市江津区李市镇土壤硒资源初探

通过测试分析发现,重庆市江津区李市镇土壤硒含量在0.0697~0.5814 mg/kg,平均值为0.2905mg/kg。该镇土壤硒含量总体处于中硒偏高硒水平,其中高硒土壤占8.0%,中硒土壤占83.5%,低硒土壤占8.5%。土壤硒呈片状分布,中硒土壤布局整个区域,高硒、低硒土壤集中独立成片。成土母岩、土壤pH、土壤有机质、土壤质地是影响李市镇硒含量水平、分布的重要因素。提出建议:(1)充分利用三叠系须家河组发育的冷沙黄泥土壤,大力发展茶叶种植。(2)在有利条件下,充分利用水稻土优势,极力打造富硒水稻基地,发展富硒大米产业链。     

重庆市江津区李市镇土壤硒资源初探

通过测试分析发现,重庆市江津区李市镇土壤硒含量在0.0697~0.5814 mg/kg,平均值为0.2905mg/kg。该镇土壤硒含量总体处于中硒偏高硒水平,其中高硒土壤占8.0%,中硒土壤占83.5%,低硒土壤占8.5%。土壤硒呈片状分布,中硒土壤布局整个区域,高硒、低硒土壤集中独立成片。成土母岩、土壤pH、土壤有机质、土壤质地是影响李市镇硒含量水平、分布的重要因素。提出建议:(1)充分利用三叠系须家河组发育的冷沙黄泥土壤,大力发展茶叶种植。(2)在有利条件下,充分利用水稻土优势,极力打造富硒水稻基地,发展富硒大米产业链。     

土壤硒富集空间分布特征及影响因素研究

以揭阳市土壤为对象,系统采集了表层土壤样(0～20 cm)1 330个和深层土壤样(150～200 cm)331个,并利用相关性分析、回归分析、方差分析及GIS空间分析技术等方法对土壤硒的含量分布、富集特征及影响因素进行了系统的分析。结果表明,揭阳市表层土壤Se含量处于0.02～2.01 mg/kg之间,几何平均值为0.48 mg/kg,是中国土壤Se平均含量的1.66倍。揭阳市土壤总体呈足硒及富硒特征,不存在硒过剩,极少区域土壤呈硒缺乏特征,表层与深层土壤表现基本一致,富硒土壤主要分布于普宁市、惠来县及北部边缘。表层土壤中Se富集面积达到52.03%,但在空间上分布零散,这可能与母质、土壤类型等因素有关。强富集区域集中分布于花岗岩与粉砂岩为母质的土壤区,而大部分由第四纪冲积物形成的土壤无富集。方差分析表明:不同母质、土壤类型及土地利用方式对土壤Se的含量及富集水平均造成不同程度的影响,其中影响揭阳市表层土壤Se含量的主要因素为成土母质。除此之外,土壤理化性质及海拔也是影响揭阳市表层土壤Se富集的重要因素。回归分析表明表层土壤Se与pH值呈极显著的负相关,并且分别与有机碳、Fe_2O_3及Al_2O_3呈极显著线性正相关。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.