不同引发剂处理对水分胁迫下小麦发芽及幼苗生理特性的影响

为了解不同引发处理对水分胁迫下小麦萌发特性的生理机制差异,以半冬性小麦品种周麦18为试验材料,分别用H2O、0.25μM茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)、20%聚乙二醇(PEG)、0.25μM Me JA+20%PEG引发处理6、12、18、24 h,然后在浓度为15%的PEG溶液中进行发芽试验,并测定幼苗生理指标。结果表明,4种引发剂处理均能显著提高小麦种子在水分胁迫下的发芽特性,促进幼苗生长,其中H2O和Me JA均在引发处理12 h效果最好,而PEG和Me JA+PEG均在引发处理18 h效果最好。在最佳引发时间条件下,4种引发处理均能显著降低小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量,加速小麦种子内部碳水化合物代谢,提高渗透调节物质含量;同时,显著提高酶促抗氧化系统的活性,有利于水分胁迫下小麦的生长。因此,适当的引发处理能增强水分胁迫下小麦种子的萌发能力,维持膜系统的稳定性,增强渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,保证生物量的积累。本研究结果为旱地小麦栽培提供了理论依据。     

种子引发对小麦抗盐及抗旱特性影响综述

小麦是我国北方重要粮食作物,在农业生产中经常受到干旱和盐分胁迫影响,造成减产。种子引发是在种子萌发前用天然或人工合成试剂对种子进行处理,从而提高植物抗逆性的一种简单而有效的方法。在干旱或高盐条件下,利用引发剂对小麦种子引发后,种子萌发提前,幼苗生长发育代谢增强,抗逆境相关生理指标提升,作物抗旱耐盐能力增强,最终产量及质量得到提高。本文阐述了水、有机物、植物激素、生物活性物质、生物、氧化物、无机信号物质等不同种类引发剂对小麦种子引发的作用机理和效果。并总结了种子引发的主要作用机制,如:减少植株对Na~+的吸收,增加对K~+、Ca~(2+)的吸收,减少盐分对生长造成的阻碍;促进可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的合成和积累,细胞内维持高渗透压,有利于根系吸水;诱使胁迫条件下细胞内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶的合成增多、活性增强,有效清除活性氧,维持细胞内氧平衡;调节植物内源激素合成与运输从而使激素水平处于更加适应胁迫条件的平衡状态等。并讨论了引发剂与植物逆境生理研究之间相互补充、相互促进的关系,展望了种子引发在农业方面的发展及应用前景。     

外源水杨酸缓解低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发和早期幼苗生长伤害的生理机制

为探讨低温胁迫下外源水杨酸(SA)对植物种子萌发和早期幼苗生长影响的生理机制,本研究以先玉335玉米品种为试验材料,用0.05 mmol·L~(-1)的SA水溶液和去离子水(对照,记作CK)对种子进行浸种处理,研究外源SA对低温胁迫下种子发芽、种胚淀粉酶、氧化损伤水平、抗氧化酶、抗氧化物质和渗透调节物质等的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,SA处理玉米种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗干重和鲜重分别显著提高了5.57%、7.20%、23.76%、15.49%和28.52%。SA处理的玉米种胚淀粉酶活性显著提高,在种子萌发第2、第6、第8、第10天比CK提高了28.6%、15.1%、9.6%和16.9%;而超氧阴离子(O_2~)和丙二醛(MDA)含量经SA处理后显著下降。SA处理提高了种胚抗氧化酶的活性,在种子萌发第2、第4、第6和第8天时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性比CK分别提高了36.6%、25.9%、43.6%和46.3%;过氧化物酶(POD)活性在种子萌发12 d时比CK提高了9.0%;和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在第4、第6、第8天时比CK分别提高了13.0%、5.7%和17.0%。此外,SA处理还提高了种胚抗氧化物质还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和渗透调节物质脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量。综上所述,SA可以通过改善渗透调节能力和加速淀粉转化来缓解低温胁迫诱导的氧化损伤。本研究结果为探究SA调控低温胁迫下种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的机制开拓了新视野。     

聚乙二醇引发对盐胁迫下棉种萌发及生理特性的影响

为提高棉花在盐胁迫下的出苗率,争取全苗、壮苗,以棉花种子为试验材料,使用蒸馏水和5%、10%、15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)进行6、12、24 h引发,根据发芽势(GP)和发芽率(GR)筛选出最适引发条件。后续以未引发种子为对照,使用筛选出的最佳引发条件进行引发,分别于4个NaCl浓度(0、50、100、150 mmol·L^-1)下进行萌发,研究种子引发对盐胁迫下棉种萌发和生理特性的影响。结果表明,使用5% PEG-6000引发12 h为最佳引发条件,并且在后续的NaCl胁迫下同样表现突出。在不同浓度的NaCl胁迫下,引发后种子的GP、GR、发芽指数(GI)和活力指数(Ⅵ)均较未引发出现了显著提高。对萌发7 d棉种形态特征的研究发现,下胚轴长度和根长在不同浓度的NaCl胁迫下分别提高了17.95%~30.37%和12.93%~74.96%。种子生理指标的测定结果表明,经过引发的棉种萌发7 d其根系活力提高了6.84%~39.32%;萌发2、4、6 d,种子超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性与未引发种子相比同样出现了较大幅度的提升;而种子内部的H₂O₂、丙二醛(MDA)含量却降低,说明PEG引发可以通过增强种子内部抗氧化酶活性和缓解膜脂过氧化程度来提高棉种的耐盐能力。本研究为提高棉花在盐胁迫下的出苗率提供了简单、有效的方法。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探究外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以国能4号甜高粱为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0.05、0.1和0.2 mmol·L^-1)硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理1.6%NaCl胁迫下的种子和幼苗,统计种子发芽数,测定幼苗叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等生理生化指标。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制了甜高粱种子的萌发,种子发芽指标(种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数)显著降低,1.6%NaCl是甜高粱种子萌发的敏感盐浓度;喷施不同浓度SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜高粱种子的发芽率及幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低叶片MDA含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,其中0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理效果最佳。0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理下,与单独盐浓度处理相比,甜高粱种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别增加了29.51%、39.21%和38.91%;幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别提高了230.00%、184.38%、214.13%、17.00%、8.78%和40.63%;MDA含量降低了34.01%;SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性分别增强了33.38%、55.75%、23.17%和116.46%。综上,盐胁迫下适宜浓度的SNP处理,可提高甜高粱幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,清除体内活性氧,从而促进幼苗生长,增强植株抗盐性。本研究结果为提高甜高粱耐盐性及揭示其耐盐机制提供了理论依据。     

种子引发对水分胁迫下大豆幼苗生理特性的影响

试验研究了种子引发处理对弱抗旱"晋豆19号"和强抗旱"晋大53号"两个大豆品种种子膜透性、可溶性蛋白含量、种子发芽指标的影响及在干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗生理特性的变化.结果表明:种子引发处理使两个大豆品种种子的膜透性显著降低,可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,且不同程度地提高了两个品种的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数;幼苗在水分胁迫加重时(6～9 h),与未引发处理比,引发处理下两个品种幼苗叶片膜透性减小,MDA含量降低,SOD、POD活性和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量升高.表明对种子进行引发处理,通过提高幼苗保护酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量,增强了大豆幼苗的耐旱性.试验还表明,引发处理对弱抗旱品种"晋豆19号"产生的耐早效应优于强抗旱品种"晋大53号".     

种子引发剂氯化胆碱和吲哚丁酸钾对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为探讨种子引发剂对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响机制,以杂交稻湘两优900和常规稻黄华占为材料,研究引发剂氯化胆碱(CC)和吲哚丁酸钾(IBAK)对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长、光合特性、抗氧化代谢及渗透调节的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制水稻幼苗生长,3.0 mg·L^-1CC和1.0 mg·L^-1IBAK为缓解盐胁迫对水稻幼苗生长抑制的适宜引发浓度,添加引发剂CC的湘两优900根干重显著增加9.64%,而添加引发剂CC和IBAK的黄华占根系总长度、叶面积、地上干重、根干重、壮苗指数分别显著增加24.78%和14.39%、43.06%和36.33%、11.45%和7.43%、34.60%和28.62%、41.89%和33.55%。引发剂CC和IBAK处理可显著提高盐胁迫下两品种水稻叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶绿素含量;激活超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性;同时增加抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量;抑制活性氧积累,降...     

卫星搭载处理对辣椒萌发过程中抗氧化酶活性的影响

测定经卫星搭载后的辣椒种子萌发过程中抗氧化酶的活性。结果表明:辣椒种子经卫星搭载处理后,其发芽势和发芽率分别比对照提高了3.5%和5.3%;在萌发过程中,可溶性蛋白质MDA含量低于地面对照,但SOD活性高于对照;卫星搭载的种子在萌发13d的幼苗体内SOD、G-POD、APX和CAT活性分别较对照提高了14.29%、25.23%、1.84%和21.52%。表明卫星搭载处理提高了辣椒种子和幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性,对萌发初期保护膜系统的修复具有重要的意义。     

黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素对不同抗性黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗胁迫作用研究

利用黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素处理不同抗性品种黄瓜,研究粗毒素对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:粗毒素对不同抗性的黄瓜胚根生长和侧根分化均有抑制作用,且随处理浓度增加,抑制作用愈加明显,但粗毒素对感病品种的抑制作用强于抗病品种。粗毒素胁迫使黄瓜胚根的细胞膜透性、MDA含量、可溶性糖含量增加,其中感病品种的细胞膜透性和MDA含量高于抗病品种,但可溶性糖含量低于抗病品种。在粗毒素处理36 h内,抗感品种黄瓜幼苗的PAL、PPO和POD酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中PAL和PPO的峰值出现在粗毒素处理12 h,而POD的峰值出现在粗毒素处理24 h,抗病品种的3种酶活性峰值高于感病品种。表明抗病品种对黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素胁迫的抵抗能力强于感病品种。     

籼稻2个杂种F1种子活力和劣变处理后生化性状的比较

为明确杂交稻种子在储藏过程中品种间抗老化能力的差异,采用人工老化方法研究了杂交籼稻“汕优63”F1;和“特优559”F1种子活力,比较了2品种劣变后9个生化性状的变化。结果表明：种子活力,SOD、POD、CAT、脱氢酶活性,可溶性蛋白含量随种子老化而降低,种子浸出液电导率、可溶性糖和MDA含量随种子老化增加。劣变后“特优559”的SOD、POD、CAT、脱氢酶活性降低程度及可溶性糖和MDA含量增加程度比“汕优63”低,说明“特优559”抗老化能力比“汕优63”强。SOD、POD、CAT、脱氢酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量与种子活力极显著正相关,电导率、可溶性糖、MDA含量与种子活力极显著负相关。     

Seed priming enhances germination and seedling growth of barley under conditions of P and Zn deficiency

Low‐input production of barley on the predominantly calcareous soils in most countries of West Asia and North Africa is affected by drought and a low availability of P and Zn. Especially during the early growth stages, P and Zn deficiencies retard seedling growth, rendering the young plantlets particularly sensitive to the frequently encountered dry spells. Seed priming (soaking in water and drying back to storage moisture until use) has been shown to improve crop establishment and, in some instances, to increase crop yields. While increased seedling vigor will improve barley establishment, possible benefits are likely to be limited when P and Zn are deficient. A promising variation of the priming concept is the seed treatment with solutions containing the limiting nutrient. A series of experiments was conducted in a phytotron in 2003 to develop a nutrient‐priming approach to foster the establishment of barley under marginal growing conditions. Seeds of the traditional barley cultivar Arabi aswad were soaked for 0–48 hours in water and for 12 hours in solutions containing 5–500 mM P, Zn, and P+Zn, and dried back to 12% moisture until further use. Seeds were incubated at 10°C, and germination was evaluated over a 6‐ to 8‐day period. Additionally, growth and nutrient uptake of 4‐week‐old seedlings, grown at 25% and 100% field capacity in a typical Xerosol from Syria were evaluated. Water priming for 12 hours with subsequent seed storage of up to 9 weeks increased germination rate from 65% to 95%, and advanced germination by up to 3 days compared to unprimed seeds. Addition of 10 mM Zn and 50 mM P to the priming solution increased the P and Zn content of the seeds without affecting germination. It furthermore significantly stimulated growth and P and Zn uptake by 4‐week‐old seedlings and improved the water use efficiency of drought‐stressed plants by 44% above that of unprimed seeds.     

超干处理两种落叶松种子的生理生化特征研究

采用硅胶干燥法, 将两种落叶松种子含水量由自然含水量降至5%以下, 测定不同含水量种子老化前后的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、相对电导率、脱氢酶和异柠檬酸裂解酶活性。结果表明: 长白落叶松种子含水量降至3.02%时, 种子各发芽指标在老化前后保持在较高水平, 且老化前的活力指数及老化后的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数显著高于自然干燥种子; 在此含水量下, 老化后种子脱氢酶和异柠檬酸裂解酶活性显著高于自然干燥种子, 相对电导率比后者低, 说明长白落叶松种子以含水量为3.02%时储藏较为适宜。兴安落叶松种子含水量为2.63%时, 各发芽指标均高于自然干燥种子, 且老化前除发芽势外各发芽指标及老化后各发芽指标差异显著; 此含水量下, 老化后种子脱氢酶和异柠檬酸裂解酶活性显著高于自然干燥种子, 相对电导率比后者低, 比其他含水量种子表现出更强的抗老化能力, 说明兴安落叶松种子较适宜在2.63%含水量下储藏。     

Zinc priming promotes seed germination and seedling vigor of rice

The present study evaluated effects of seed zinc (Zn) priming at concentrations from 0 to 25 mM ZnSO₄ on seedling vigor and viability in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Zinc priming substantially increased Zn concentration in the husk, but not in brown rice. The movement of primed Zn from the husk into the inner layers of rice seed during germination was suggested by Zn concentration declining in the husk coinciding with the increase in brown rice over time (r = –0.62; p < 1%), which did not happen in unprimed seed. Zinc priming significantly enhanced seedling growth and development up to 5 mM. Germination rate, root number, and dry weight were much higher than in unprimed seed, but higher Zn concentrations (10 and 25 mM) depressed seedling vigor. Priming rice seed with 2.5 mM Zn also improved the germination rate of rice in a Zn‐deficient soil, with or without soil Zn application. The results confirm that priming rice seed with Zn can improve germination and seedling vigor and for the first time show how Zn requirement of germinating rice seed and seedlings can be met by the prime Zn accumulated in the husk.     

干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为野生种驯化和种群恢复提供参考。[方法]以窄叶鲜卑花种子为实验材料,采用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫环境,研究干旱协迫强度对窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸胀速率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及幼苗生长情况的影响。[结果]随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸水过程表现出急速吸水期、缓慢上升期和吸水平稳期3个阶段;其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及苗高、根长,苗重与胁迫强度均呈负相关;当PEG浓度达30%时,种子萌发完全被抑制。另一方面,种子群体萌动、萌发和出苗达50%所需时间随胁迫强度的增加而越发延迟,且各阶段对环境临界水势要求不同,出苗阶段最为严格,表明种子出苗过程对环境水分胁迫较为敏感,耐旱能力较弱。[结论]干旱胁迫显著抑制了窄叶鲜卑花种子的萌发和幼苗生长,也说明水分是窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发和幼苗形成的主导因素之一,在较干旱地区种植需要考虑水分的供给。     

Responses of three switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars to seed priming and differential aging conditions

Abstract

In switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivation, rapid and uniform germination is essential because it is one of the most promising candidates for biofuel production. Priming, a seed enhancement technique with solid carriers, can be a useful tool for improving germination characteristics of switchgrass seeds. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of priming on three non-aged and aged switchgrass cultivars of ‘Cave in rock’ ‘Dacotah’, and ‘Kanlow’. Seeds were primed with a synthetic calcium silicate (MicroCel E) and water at 30°C for five days. Seed, carrier and water proportions were 1 g, 0.5 g, and 1.5 mL, respectively. There was a 5% point (pp, Cave in rock), 8 pp (Dacotah), and 19 pp (Kanlow) increase in primed seeds compared with non-treated control seeds. Furthermore, priming decreased mean germination time by 26–36% in all seeds compared with the non-treated control. Accelerated aging was induced by storing seeds for 0, 10, and 21 days at 42°C and 95% relative humidity (RH). Germination percentage decreased and mean germination time increased with the aging. These results suggest that priming is an effective technique to improve the performance of switchgrass cultivars.     

The effect of soil fertility and harvesting stage on maize seed quality under rain-fed conditions

Abstract

Management practices during seed development are crucial for boosting seed quality and establishment. This study determined the interactive effect of soil fertility and maturity stage on maize seed quality. The cultivar SC701 were harvested at milk, dent, and physiological maturity stages and dried to <12% moisture content. Field trials were split plots replicated four times. Seed quality was evaluated using standard germination test, vigor indices and electrical conductivity test. Highly significant interactions (p?相似文献   

Use of Sieved Compost Plus Hydrogel for Solid Matrix Priming of Carrot Seeds

In this study we report the water release curve of a compost-based carrier for solid matrix priming and its effects on carrot seed germination. ‘Danvers Half Long’ and ‘Nantes Scarlet’ carrot (Daucus carota) seeds were primed for 7 d at 15°C in a carrier consisting of 5:1:5.7 sieved compost: hydrogel:distilled water (based on weight) equaling a water potential of ?1.0 MPa. Seeds were blended with carrier at 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, or 1:40 (based on weight) and compost priming was compared with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) priming procedure. Germination testing at 20-30°C (16-8 h) in darkness indicated that all compost priming treatments hastened seed germination more than PEG priming. Compost priming at 1:30 increased final germination percentage (FGP) for ‘Nantes Scarlet’ (FGP = 85%) compared to PEG primed (FGP = 72%) seeds but ‘Danvers Half Long’ FGP was similar for all treatments. For both cultivars, seeds that were compost primed had reduced G (days to 10% FGP) and G (days to 50% FGP) compared to PEG primed or nonprimed seed. For ‘Danvers Half Long’ carrot seeds, priming ratios of 1:30 reduced G values more effectively than all other treatments. For ‘Nantes Scarlet’ carrot seeds, G₁₀ and G₅₀ values were reduced similarly at all seed-to-carrier ratios. Compost primed seeds could be dried and stored for 35 d at 3 or 20-30°C (16-8 h) for ‘Danvers Half Long’ and for 35 d at 3°C for ‘Nantes Scarlet’ with no loss in priming benefit. We conclude that solid matrix priming with a compost based carrier is a satisfactory alternative to PEG priming to improve germination of carrot seed.     

亚精胺引发对水分胁迫下水稻种子活力及幼苗生理特性的影响

以抗旱性不同的水稻品种旱116和湘早籼32号为材料,分别用0.25mmol·L-1的亚精胺(Spd)和水引发处理36 h后,在浓度为0、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的PEG6000溶液中进行发芽试验,并测定幼苗生理生化指标。结果表明,Spd和水引发处理可显著提高水稻种子在水分胁迫条件下的活力,促进幼苗生长,显著提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及脯氨酸(Pro)和Spd的含量,明显降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。表明Spd和水引发处理对提高水分胁迫下水稻种子活力及增强幼苗抗旱性具有重要作用。试验还表明,引发处理对抗旱性较强的水稻品种旱116的引发效果好于抗旱性较弱的湘早籼32号,Spd的引发效果好于水。