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1.
典型岩溶区板栗树下土壤pH值与盐基饱和度关系研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为研究岩溶区板栗树下土壤pH值的变化及其与盐基饱和度的关系,以广西隆安县典型岩溶区为研究区,分别测定了旱季与雨季洼地2年生、5年生、10年生板栗树和洼地草地、坡地灌木丛的土壤剖面pH值,土壤在20、50、80 cm深处的交换性盐基总量,交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+的含量,阳离子交换量等,并对板栗树下土壤pH值与盐基饱和度和交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+的含量作相关性分析,结果表明:板栗树下土壤pH值偏低,呈弱酸性,这可能与板栗树的种植有关;土壤pH值与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关(p<0.01,R=0.672),与交换性Ca2+呈极显著正相关(p<0.01,R=0.632),与交换性Mg2+、Na+、K+相关性不明显。  相似文献   

2.
为全面评价不同灌溉方式下设施土壤养分供应状况,以设施土壤为研究对象,采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,对连年采用沟灌、滴灌和渗灌灌溉下的设施土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、盐基离子组成及其比列进行了研究。结果表明:3种灌溉方式土壤有机质、阳离子交换量及盐基离子含量表层较高,不同灌溉方式间表层土壤有机质含量及阳离子交换量表现为渗灌高于沟灌,沟灌高于滴灌,土壤交换性盐基离子含量总体以渗灌处理最高。各灌溉方式0—60cm土层土壤盐基离子饱和度大小顺序均为Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)K~+Na~+,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)饱和度随土层深度的增加而增大,K~+、Na~+饱和度总体呈随土层加深先降低后上升的变化趋势。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)饱和度在0—30cm土层滴灌最高,30—60cm土层渗灌最高。K~+饱和度总体以渗灌为高,沟灌居中,滴灌最低。土壤Ca/K、Mg/K值总体以滴灌最高,沟灌次之、渗灌较小。从不同灌溉方式对设施土壤交换性盐基组成及比例的影响来看,采用滴灌方法不仅能省水,有效供应养分,更有利于保持养分之间的平衡,是一种较为合适的灌溉方法。  相似文献   

3.
为研究生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系,通过厌氧热解的方法于300、500和700℃下制备了玉米秸秆炭。考察了热解温度对玉米秸秆炭水溶性、交换性和盐基总量的影响。采用室内培养的方法考察了添加玉米秸秆炭对酸性土壤的改良效果。结果表明:热解温度影响玉米秸秆炭各形态盐基离子含量,玉米秸秆炭总K、总Na、总Ca、总Mg、水溶性K、水溶性Na、水溶性Ca、交换性Ca和交换性Mg含量随热解温度升高显著增加;水溶性Mg和交换性K含量随热解温度升高先增加后下降。玉米秸秆炭中的K和Na主要以水溶态存在,约40%的Ca和30%的Mg以交换态存在,约50%的Ca和70%的Mg以其他形态(主要为难溶态)存在。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高酸性土壤pH和降低土壤交换性Al3+含量,提高和降低幅度随热解温度升高极显著增加。总K+总Na+总Ca+总Mg含量可以作为衡量玉米秸秆炭提高酸性土壤pH能力的间接指标。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高土壤交换性K、Na和Mg含量,能显著提高交换性Ca和总盐基离子含量。玉米秸秆炭总K和总Na含量是提高土壤交换性K和Na含量的决定因素,交换性Ca含量在提高土壤交换性Mg和交换性盐基总量中起决定作用。  相似文献   

4.
休耕轮作对黑土酸化的影响   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
通过长期定位试验,在吉林省德惠市采集休耕轮作的土壤样品,研究休耕轮作对土壤pH值及土壤交换性H+、Al3+的影响;休耕轮作对土壤阳离子交换性能的影响;休耕轮作的土壤pH值与各相关理化性状的相关性;休耕轮作对土壤缓冲性能的影响以及对酸化速率的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤经过休耕轮作后,土壤酸化得到缓解,土壤交换性酸(交换性H+和交换性Al3+)呈下降的趋势,土壤pH随着交换性酸的降低而升高;交换性H+和交换性Al3+含量随土壤有机质含量的增加而减小.(2)休耕轮作措施能够增加土壤中阳离子交换量及盐基饱和度;(3)土壤pH与各盐基阳离子的相关性大小依次为Ca2+> Na+> K+>Mg2+,并且交换性Ca2+含量最多,占盐基总量的89%~95%,对盐基饱和度贡献最大;(4)休耕轮作措施能够增加土壤的酸碱缓冲容量,休耕轮作后的土壤最高酸碱缓冲容量是长期连作土壤酸碱缓冲容量的2倍以上,从而增强了土壤对酸碱的缓冲性能,并且降低了土壤的酸化速率.  相似文献   

5.
  目的  探究广东阳春鹅凰嶂山地雨林土壤阳离子交换量和交换性盐基离子的空间分布特征,了解该区域森林土壤的保肥能力及其影响因子。  方法  以鹅凰嶂山地雨林内不同位置、不同土层土壤作为研究对象,分析土壤阳离子交换量和交换性盐基离子空间分布格局、剖面垂直分布规律。  结果  鹅凰嶂山地雨林土壤阳离子交换量5.46 ± 0.97 cmol(+) kg?1,交换性阳离子呈现明显表聚现象;土壤交换性盐基总量在表层土(0 ~ 10 cm)中呈现阴坡 > 阳坡、下坡位 > 中坡位 > 上坡位的规律,土壤盐基离子含量基本呈现K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+的趋势,且Ca2+/Mg2+ < 1.6;土壤阳离子交换量、交换性盐基总量与土壤总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关。  结论  鹅凰嶂山地雨林土壤的保肥能力较差,且存在生理性缺钙的风险,阳坡尤为明显;同时存在土壤有机质稳定性不高导致阳离子交换量下降的潜在风险。  相似文献   

6.
植茶年限对土壤团聚体中交换性盐基离子分布的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
王晟强  郑子成  李廷轩  李彦 《土壤学报》2013,50(4):1014-1021
采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,就植茶年限对土壤团聚体中交换性盐基离子分布的影响进行了研究。结果表明:(1)土壤团聚体交换性K 含量随粒径的减小先升高后降低;交换性Mg2 含量在各粒径中分布较均匀;而交换性Na 、Ca2 含量和交换性盐基总量(TEB)随粒径的减小而升高。各粒径团聚体交换性盐基离子平均含量表现为Ca2 > Mg2 > K > Na ;(2)随着植茶年限的增加,各粒径团聚体交换性K 、Na 含量逐渐降低;交换性Ca2 、Mg2 含量和TEB先升高后降低,且均在植茶23 a和31 a含量较高。其中,0~20 cm土层比20~40 cm土层的变化幅度更明显;(3)土壤团聚体(K Na )/(Ca2 Mg2 )含量比值随粒径的减小先升高后降低;而团聚体含量随粒径的减小则先降低再升高最后降低。随着植茶年限的增加,各粒径团聚体(K Na )/(Ca2 Mg2 )含量比值先降低后升高,植茶23 a和31 a含量比值较低,这与>5 mm团聚体含量的变化规律相反,0~20 cm土层表现更明显。不同粒径团聚体对交换性盐基离子的保持和供应能力存在明显差异,各粒径团聚体交换性K 、Na 含量逐年降低,交换性Ca2 、Mg2 含量在植茶23 a和31 a较高,其后有所降低。因此,在茶园管理中需平衡施用氮、钾肥,植茶23 a后应增施有机肥料,加强水土保持,防止土壤严重酸化以减少Ca2 、Mg2 淋失。  相似文献   

7.
温室蔬菜栽培对土壤交换性盐基离子组成的影响   总被引:13,自引:2,他引:11  
对沈阳市大民屯镇蔬菜生产基地温室番茄栽培条件下土壤交换性盐基离子组成变化的研究表明,使用5年和11年温室0~30cm土层的土壤交换性K平均含量分别是其相邻露地菜田的4.1倍和8.7倍。由于土壤交换性K含量的增加,交换性K与盐量总量的比值随温室使用年限增加而显著增加,而Ca+Mg与盐基总量的比值随温室使用年限增加而显著降低。土壤水溶性与交换性Ca、Mg、K之间、水溶性阳离子总量与交换性盐基离子及总量之间具有极显著的相关关系(P〈0.01),表明温室土壤交换性盐基组成是土壤水溶性盐分积累的一个主要影响因素。与露地菜田相比,高量施肥条件下温室土壤交换性K含量的显著增加是交换性盐基组成及盐基离子之间比值变化的一个主要特征。  相似文献   

8.
不同栽培管理方式下土壤交换性盐基特征差异分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为探讨不同栽培管理方式下土壤交换性盐基含量的特征,采用NH4OAC(pH 7.0)浸提-原子吸收分光光度法测定分析了上海郊区大棚及露地栽培体系下有机和常规农业生产系统中土壤不同土层交换性盐基离子(K,Na,Ca,Mg)含量。结果表明,各盐基离子浓度为Ca>Mg>Na>K,有机园艺生产系统K、Na、Ca和Mg/K值及盐基总量(SEB)高于常规生产方式。露地有机园艺管理耕作层各盐基离子浓度高于常规管理,大棚有机生产方式下各盐基含量均显著高于常规生产方式(P<0.05),但容易引起土壤酸化。统计分析结果表明,不同园艺生产系统对Na、Ca和Mg/K值具有显著性影响,且大棚条件下更为明显。因此,不同园艺生产系统的管理方式改变了土壤盐基离子分布及其特性。  相似文献   

9.
保护地土壤酸度特征及酸化机制研究   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15  
在辽宁省沈阳市于洪地区采集保护地及其相邻露地旱田土壤样品,测定土壤交换性酸、交换性盐基离子组成和土壤pH,研究保护地土壤酸化特征以及土壤pH与潜性酸、交换性盐基的关系。结果表明:(1)建成保护地栽培蔬菜后,保护地土壤酸化趋势明显,土壤交换性酸(交换性H+和Al3+)呈上升的趋势,土壤pH随着交换性酸的增多而降低;Al3+在交换性酸中所占比例随交换性酸总量增加而增大,随有机质含量增加而减小;H+在交换性酸中所占比例则呈相反的变化趋势。(2)保护地各土层土壤交换性盐基总量较露地相应层次土壤均有所增加,其中交换性Mg2+、K+、Na+含量均高于露地,而交换性Ca2+含量变化不明显;保护地各土层土壤交换性Mg2+、K+、Na+饱和度较露地相应层次土壤均有所增加,但盐基饱和度、交换性Ca2+饱和度下降明显。(3)土壤pH与交换性酸、非交换性酸含量呈极显著负相关,而与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关,且主要受占优势的交换性Ca2+制约。  相似文献   

10.
利用34年的长期定位施肥试验,研究不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾化肥配施石灰(NPK+Ca O)对红壤性水稻土不同形态酸、土壤盐基离子及水稻植株阳离子吸收量的影响,探讨土壤交换性H+和Al3+占交换性酸的比例、土壤盐基离子、植株带出阳离子数量与土壤酸度的关系。结果表明,长期NPK处理早、晚稻土壤p H较CK处理分别降低0.2和0.3个单位,交换性酸提高2.3倍和4.2倍,水解性酸提高35.4%和40.0%;NPK+Ca O处理早、晚稻土壤p H较NPK处理分别提高0.5和0.7个单位,较CK处理分别提高0.3和0.4个单位,交换性酸、水解性酸均显著低于NPK和CK处理(p0.05)。土壤交换性H+、Al3+含量高低顺序均为NPK+Ca OCKNPK。土壤交换性盐基离子以交换性Ca2+所占比例最大(81.8%~89.3%),NPK+Ca O处理交换性Ca2+较CK和NPK处理分别提高40.1%和62.9%。交换性Ca2+、交换性盐基离子、盐基饱和度与土壤p H正相关,与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Mg2+与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Na+与水解性酸负相关。植株移出带走的钙、镁、钾、钠离子量及其总量对土壤p H、交换性酸和水解性酸有一定影响,但其相关性均不显著。研究表明长期施用化肥条件下通过配施石灰可有效缓解稻田土壤的酸化,促进酸性稻田土壤的生态修复与改良。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

15.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

16.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

17.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

18.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

19.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications  相似文献   

20.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

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