小麦根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附/解吸特性及其与耐铝性的关系

研究了耐铝性明显差异的2个小麦基因型西矮麦1号(耐性)和辐84系(敏感)根系对铝毒胁迫的反应与根尖细胞壁组分以及细胞壁对铝的吸附和解吸的关系。结果表明,30mol/L.AlCl3可迅速抑制小麦根系伸长,但对辐84系根系伸长的抑制更为明显,且小麦根系相对伸长率随着铝浓度的提高而急剧降低。在30mol/L.AlCl3处理24h后,西矮麦1号根系伸长的抑制率为33.3%,而辐84系根系伸长的抑制率高达70.9%。小麦距根尖0～10.mm根段的铝含量和细胞壁中果胶糖醛酸含量显著高于10～20.mm根段,且前者对铝的累积吸附量明显大于后者;在0～10.mm根段,敏感基因型果胶含量高于耐性基因型,其根尖含铝量及根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附量都要大于后者。采用1.0.mol/L.NH3.H2O对细胞壁预处理2.h降低果胶甲基酯化程度后,耐性和敏感基因型根尖细胞壁对铝的累积吸附量分别降低了17.1%和20.9%,但对铝的累积解吸率没有影响。由此可见,小麦根尖是铝毒的主要位点,细胞壁果胶含量和果胶甲基酯化程度可能是导致不同小麦基因型根尖细胞壁对铝吸附量、铝积累量的差异及其对铝毒胁迫反应的差异的重要原因。     

硼对豌豆根尖细胞壁组分对铝吸附解吸的影响

  【目的】  比较加硼和不加硼条件下豌豆根尖细胞壁组分对铝的吸附解吸特征的差异,探讨硼对植物铝胁迫的缓解机制。  【方法】  以中豌6号豌豆(Pisum Sativum)为试验材料,在硼(0.6 μmol/L)水平下水培6天,提取豌豆根尖1 cm段细胞壁各组分并进行铝吸附解吸试验,根尖细胞壁各组分分别为螯合态果胶(果胶1),碱溶态果胶(果胶2),半纤维素和纤维素,并分析3个不同硼处理 (无硼、50 μmol/L H₃BO₃和 50 μmol/L 3-硝基苯硼酸) 条件下各组分对铝吸附解吸的影响。  【结果】  豌豆根尖细胞壁各组分含量为:纤维素>半纤维素>果胶2>果胶1。硼能够与果胶1和果胶2发生络合反应,与半纤维素也可能发生络合反应,从而影响果胶1、果胶2和半纤维素对铝的吸附解吸。在铝胁迫下,根尖细胞壁中的果胶是主要的铝结合位点,以果胶2结合最多。与对照比,硼处理显著提高了果胶2对铝的吸附量,但解吸量变化不显著。pH 3.5条件下,硼酸与3-硝基苯硼酸处理相比,更能有效地影响果胶对铝的吸附解吸。因此将铝固定在细胞壁的果胶2内,可能是硼酸缓解铝毒的重要机制之一。  【结论】  细胞壁是铝的主要结合部位,细胞壁果胶2是根尖细胞壁主要的铝结合位点,硼与果胶2的结合可能是硼缓解铝毒的重要机制之一。     

镉安全水稻材料根系细胞壁果胶对镉的响应特征

【目的】研究镉(Cd)处理下水稻根系细胞壁果胶对Cd胁迫的响应,进一步深化Cd安全水稻材料根系细胞壁Cd的固持机制。【方法】以Cd安全水稻材料D62B为研究对象,普通材料Luhui17为对照进行水培试验。设4个Cd质量浓度处理：0 mg/L (CK)、0.5 mg/L (Cd0.5)、1.0 mg/L (Cd1)、2.0 mg/L (Cd2)。在水稻分蘖期采集根系样品,分析细胞壁多糖中果胶、半纤维1、半纤维2以及残渣部分的Cd含量,测定果胶糖醛酸含量、果胶酯化度、果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性、根系过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量以及细胞壁过氧化物酶(POD)活性,进而分析根系细胞壁果胶对Cd的响应特征。【结果】1) Cd胁迫下,D62B和Luhui17根系细胞壁果胶合成增加,根系细胞壁低酯化和高酯化果胶糖醛酸含量均表现为D62B高于Luhui17。Cd处理下D62B根系细胞壁低酯化和高酯化果胶糖醛酸含量较对照分别增加了13.21%～71.82%和22.10%～64.27%,Luhui17分别增加了24.14%～137.86%和13.12%～41.26%。...     

荞麦根缘细胞的发育及脱落后对铝毒的响应

采用悬空气培法,研究了荞麦根缘细胞发育过程的形态、活性变化和脱落后对铝(Al3+)毒的响应。结果显示,荞麦根缘细胞绝大多数呈细杆状,少数呈弯曲的长条型。根长25.mm时,根缘细胞中活细胞的比率最大(约94%);果胶甲基酯酶(PME)在根生长至5.mm时,活性最大,此后随着根的伸长,PME活性迅速下降,根长大于25mm时PME活性稳定在最大值的40%。脱离根尖的根缘细胞经50mol/L.Al3+处理,随着处理时间延长,存活率大幅度下降,处理后48.h时,存活率只有5%。铝毒加速离体根缘细胞的死亡。     

红豇豆根缘细胞对铝胁迫的响应

以红豇豆(Vigna.ungniculata.ssp.sesquipedalis.cv.chuangfeng)为材料,采用悬空气培法,研究红豇豆根缘细胞产生的数目、活性及对铝胁迫的响应。结果表明,红豇豆的边缘细胞数目先随着根的伸长而迅速增加,到根长为10mm时达到最多,约为5300个;随后,边缘细胞数目稍有减少,且较为稳定。边缘细胞的存活率较高,都大于85%,随着红豇豆根长的伸长,边缘细胞的活性逐渐增高。根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)的活性随着根的伸长而减小,表明边缘细胞游离与根冠PME活性有着密切的相关性。离体边缘细胞的存活率随着Al3+处理浓度和处理时间的增加而降低。不同浓度Al3+液处理对相同根长红豇豆的根冠PME酶活性没有显著的影响。     

不同参数评价植物耐铝性的研究

利用相对根伸长率、根尖Al含量和根尖胼胝质含量等三项参数结合苏木精染色法,研究Al胁迫下,各参数在评价植物耐Al性上的地位,以及各参数间的相互关系。结果表明,不同植物和品种间三个参数变异幅度很大,相互间大都达到显著差异水平。各参数以及苏木精染色法在衡量同一植物不同品种间的耐Al性差异时是一致的,衡量不同植物耐Al性时则有所差别。通过相关性分析,确定根尖Al含量和根尖胼胝质含量都可以在一定程度上反映植物或品种间的耐Al性差异,在需要时可以作为替代相对根伸长率或作为补充对植物的耐Al性差异进行评价。     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝性小麦根际pH值变化及其与耐铝性的关系

Al3＋是植物铝毒害的主要形态,而其活性受环境pH值的影响,H＋-ATPase通过调节根的质子分泌改变根际pH值。为探讨铝胁迫下根际pH值变化与小麦耐铝性的关系,以小麦品种ET8（耐铝型）、ES8（铝敏感型）为试验材料,采用溶液培养的方法对铝胁迫下根际pH值及根尖H＋-ATPase活性变化进行了研究。结果表明,铝处理条件下,小麦根际pH值随培养时间的延长而升高;随培养液中铝浓度的增加,根际pH值上升幅度下降,相同铝浓度处理条件下ET8根际pH值显著高于ES8。根际pH值与根尖铝含量呈极显著负相关（R2=0.932 1）,与根相对伸长率呈极显著正相关（R2=0.858 5）,表明小麦通过提高根际pH值降低根尖铝含量,减轻铝毒害。根尖H＋-ATPase活性随铝处理浓度升高而显著降低,100 μmol·L-1Al处理24 h ET8和ES8根尖H＋-ATPase活性分别为各自无铝处理的69.8%和60.0%,根尖H＋-ATPase相对活性与根际pH值呈极显著负相关（R2=0.831 9）。温度显著影响根的伸长,低温处理（9 ℃）根际pH值显著高于常温处理（25 ℃）,而根尖铝含量却显著低于常温处理。表明小麦通过根尖H＋-ATPase提高根际pH值降低铝毒害。综上所述,铝胁迫下小麦可通过提高根际pH值减轻铝毒害,不同耐铝性小麦品种根际pH值的显著差异是耐铝性差异显著的     

硅对柱花草铝毒的解毒作用

为了解硅在解除豆科作物铝毒方面的作用,本文以5个品种的柱花草为材料研究了硅对铝胁迫条件下的植物根伸长及膜脂稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,在铝（30μmol／L）胁迫条件下柱花草根伸长受阻、根尖丙二醛（MDA）含量和抗氧化酶（POD,CAT）活性显著增加,而硅（1．4mmol／L）处理增加根中硅的含量而降低了铝对根伸长、MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响,且铝处理前12h供给的硅和前处理溶液及铝溶液中均加硅处理的影响均显著;在不加硅条件下西卡品种的耐铝性显著低于其它品种,而经硅预处理的植株和在预处理及铝处理期间均供应硅的植株的耐铝性不同品种问的差异不显著。这些结果表明,硅能提高柱花草的耐铝能力并影响品种间耐铝差异性。     

猕猴桃果实贮藏期间细胞壁多糖物质降解特性及组织结构差异分析

为了深入了解猕猴桃果实采后细胞壁多糖物质降解及组织结构变化与果实贮藏性的关系,本研究以红阳和华特猕猴桃果实为试材,对25和4℃贮藏期间的细胞壁多糖物质含量及果胶降解酶活性进行测定,并比较两品种果实在25℃贮藏期间的细胞显微结构和钙组分含量差异。结果表明,在25和4℃贮藏条件下,随着贮藏时间的延长,红阳和华特猕猴桃果实中半纤维素（HCL）、纤维素（CL）和共价结合型果胶（CSP）含量不断降低,水溶性果胶（WSP）含量不断上升,离子结合型果胶（ISP）含量相对稳定。红阳猕猴桃各细胞壁多糖组分含量变化速度较快。两品种猕猴桃果实硬度均与WSP含量呈显著负相关,与CSP含量呈显著正相关。果胶降解酶活性检测结果显示,25℃贮藏前期,红阳猕猴桃中果胶酸裂解酶（PL）和β-半乳糖苷酶（β-Gal）活性显著高于华特;贮藏中后期,红阳中果胶甲酯酶（PME）活性显著高于华特。4℃贮藏期间,红阳中PME活性仍显著高于华特;4℃贮藏前期,红阳中β-Gal活性与华特无显著差异,而PL活性低于华特。相关性分析表明,25℃贮藏期间,与红阳和华特果实软化显著相关的果胶降解酶分别是PME和PL;4℃贮藏期间,与华特果实软...     

几种禾本科作物对铝的敏感性或耐性

通过调查几种禾本科作物根的伸长，根尖的铝含量、铝诱导其根系有机酸的分泌，探讨作物耐铝（铝敏感）性及作物对铝毒害的抵御机理。结果表明，水稻、黑麦是耐铝的作物，而大麦、小麦（Scout 66)是对铝敏感的作物，玉米和高梁对铝敏感性较小麦弱。小麦和玉米品种间对铝的敏感性差异显著，而高梁对铝的敏感性品种间差异性较小。铝能够诱导水稻、黑麦和耐铝的玉米及小麦品种的根系分泌柠檬酸和/或苹果酸。这表明铝诱导有机酸的分泌是它们抵御铝毒害的机理。     

Aluminum tolerance associated with enhancement of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in the root apex of soybean

Seventeen soybean cultivars were screened to discern differences in aluminum (Al) sensitivity. The Sowon (Al-tolerant) and Poongsan (Al-sensitive) cultivars were selected for further study by simple growth measurement. Aluminum-induced root growth inhibition was significantly higher in the Poongsan cultivar than in the Sowon cultivar, although the differences depended on the Al concentration (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 μmol L^–1) and the amount of exposure (0, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h). Damage occurred preferentially in the root apex. High-sensitivity growth measurements using India ink implicated the central elongation zone located 2–3 mm from the root apex. The Al content was lower 0–5 mm from the root apices in the Sowon cultivar than in the apices of the Poongsan cultivar when exposed to 50 μmol L^–1 Al for 12 h. Furthermore, the citric acid exudation rate was more than twofold higher in the Sowon cultivar. Protein production of plasma membrane (PM) H⁺-ATPase from the root apices (0–5 mm) was upregulated in the presence of Al for 24 h in both cultivars. This activity, however, decreased in both cultivars treated with Al and the Poongsan cultivar was more severely affected. We propose that Al-induced growth inhibition is correlated with changes in PM H⁺-ATPase activity, which is linked to the exudation of citric acid in the root apex.     

The plasma membrane intactness of root-tip cells is a primary factor for Al-tolerance in cultivars of five species

We investigated the role of the cell wall and plasma membrane (PM) of root-tip cells in Al tolerance in Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive cultivars of five plant species (rice, maize, pea, wheat, and sorghum). No correlation was found between the differences in Al tolerance and the cation exchange capacity of cell walls isolated from root-tips (0–1 em). Preliminary exposure to Al for 1 h was sufficient to inhibit subsequent root re-elongation in an Al-free solution, and the inhibitory effect was more pronounced in the Al-sensitive cultivars than in the Al-tolerant ones. Together with the inhibition of root re-elongation, the PM of the root-tip cells of all the Al-sensitive cultivars was more permeabilized than that of the Al-tolerant cultivars, based on the FDA-PI fluorescence staining technique. Exposure for 30 min to Al treatment at 100 µM significantly increased the PM permeability of protoplasts isolated from the root-tips for the Al-sensitive pea cultivar placed in a moderately hypotonic medium. Protoplasts from root-tip portions of all the Al-sensitive cultivars took up more Al than those of the Al-tolerant ones when treated with 100 pM Al under isotonic conditions for 30 min. The co-existence of DNP or hypotonic conditions led to a larger increase of Al uptake by the protoplasts from Al-sensitive maize cultivars. These results suggest that Al ions rapidly alter the PM of the root-tip portion in the Al-sensitive cultivars, irrespective of plant species, resulting in an increase of the PM permeability.     

Aluminum tolerance associated with enhancement of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in the root apex of soybean

Abstract

Seventeen soybean cultivars were screened to discern differences in aluminum (Al) sensitivity. The Sowon (Al-tolerant) and Poongsan (Al-sensitive) cultivars were selected for further study by simple growth measurement. Aluminum-induced root growth inhibition was significantly higher in the Poongsan cultivar than in the Sowon cultivar, although the differences depended on the Al concentration (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100?μmol?L^–1) and the amount of exposure (0, 3, 6, 12 or 24?h). Damage occurred preferentially in the root apex. High-sensitivity growth measurements using India ink implicated the central elongation zone located 2–3?mm from the root apex. The Al content was lower 0–5?mm from the root apices in the Sowon cultivar than in the apices of the Poongsan cultivar when exposed to 50?μmol?L^–1 Al for 12?h. Furthermore, the citric acid exudation rate was more than twofold higher in the Sowon cultivar. Protein production of plasma membrane (PM) H⁺-ATPase from the root apices (0–5?mm) was upregulated in the presence of Al for 24?h in both cultivars. This activity, however, decreased in both cultivars treated with Al and the Poongsan cultivar was more severely affected. We propose that Al-induced growth inhibition is correlated with changes in PM H⁺-ATPase activity, which is linked to the exudation of citric acid in the root apex.     

The role of root border cells in aluminum resistance of pea (Pisum sativum) grown in mist culture

Root border cells are considered to contribute to aluminum (Al) resistance by protecting the root apex from Al toxicity. In the present study, the responses of root apices of pea (Pisum sativum) to Al exposure in mist culture with border cells stripped off or not were compared. Inhibition of root elongation, induction of callose synthesis, and accumulation of Al were more pronounced in root apices stripped from border cells. Aluminum application led to higher Al concentrations in border cells than in root apices. The same trend was found for Al contents in cell walls of border cells compared to root apices. The analysis of cell‐wall pectin indicated that the concentrations of total sugars, uronic acids, and 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) were higher in border cells than in root apices, especially when exposed to Al. Together, these results suggest that root border cells enhance the Al resistance of root apices by immobilizing Al in their cell‐wall pectin, thus protecting the root apex.     

铝毒胁迫下磷对荞麦根系铝形态和分布的影响

以2个荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench）品种＂江西荞麦＂（铝耐性）和＂内蒙荞麦＂（铝敏感）为材料,采用水培法,研究铝毒胁迫下磷对荞麦根系总铝和单核2种形态以及Al在根尖和细胞壁中的分布情况的影响。结果表明,与200μmol/L Al处理相比,1.0mmol/L磷预处理分别使江西荞麦和内蒙荞麦的相对根长增加了24.4%和35.9%,根系总Al含量分别降低了18.2%和22.5%,根系单核Al含量分别降低了95%和63.2%。根尖细胞壁荧光检测结果为在单Al胁迫下细胞壁的荧光强度最大,1.0mmol/L磷预处理大幅度减弱细胞壁的荧光强度。表明外源磷供应可降低根系总Al和单核Al含量,使毒性形态的铝转化为无毒形态,以及减少Al在根尖以及细胞壁的积累,以缓解Al对根伸长的抑制,提高荞麦根系的抗铝毒害能力。     

铵态氮和硝态氮调节盐胁迫豌豆幼苗生长和根系呼吸的作用

【目的】 土壤盐渍化在干旱和半干旱灌溉区是制约农业生产的非生物因素之一,合理的调控措施可以减轻盐渍化对植物的危害,本文探讨了氮源调节豆科植物盐胁迫的生理生态机制。 【方法】 采用砂培试验,以3个豌豆品种 (银豌1号、S5001-1和Ha) 为供试材料,设定三个盐分浓度(0、50、100 mmol/L),分别供应铵态氮和硝态氮4 mmol/L,每个品种均设六个处理。培养29天后对豌豆幼苗生物量、根系生长参数、根系呼吸及植株盐分离子含量进行测定。 【结果】 1) 三个盐分浓度相比,50 mmol/L NaCl处理下的3个豌豆品种幼苗的地上生物量和根系生长指标(根干重、根长和根表面积)显著高于0和100 mmol/L NaCl处理,且硝态氮处理显著高于铵态氮;2) 与无NaCl处理相比,3个豌豆品种植株含水量在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下明显降低,且硝态氮处理的显著低于铵态氮处理;3)豌豆根系呼吸速率均随着盐分浓度的增加和培养时间的延长总体呈降低趋势。3个豌豆品种根系呼吸速率对硝态氮和铵态氮的反应不同,相同盐分水平下,银豌1号铵态氮处理的高于硝态氮,Ha品种则相反,而S5001-1品种在两种氮源间差异不大。在50 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,豌豆品种S5001-1与Ha硝态氮处理的根系呼吸累积量明显高于铵态氮,而银豌1号则相反;100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,豌豆品种Ha硝态氮处理的根系呼吸累积量显著高于铵态氮,其他两个品种在不同氮源处理间无差异。相同盐分胁迫水平下,银碗1号铵态氮处理的根系呼吸累积量明显高于品种S5001-1和Ha,而硝态氮处理下,品种Ha的根系呼吸累积量最高。4) 3个豌豆品种幼苗地上部Na+和Cl–含量均随盐浓度的增加而增加,而不同氮源对Na+在豌豆体内累积的影响因豌豆品种而异。 【结论】 在中度盐分胁迫下,施氮肥可缓解盐分胁迫对豌豆幼苗生长的影响,硝态氮缓解能力高于铵态氮,但在重度盐分胁迫下,盐胁迫是影响植物生长和离子吸收的主导因子,氮源调节作用变弱。尽管不同豌豆品种的根系呼吸对NH₄+-N与NO₃–-N的反应不同,但NO₃–-N缓解盐胁迫的效果总体上好于NH₄+-N。      

不同氮效率木薯品种根系形态、构型及氮吸收动力学特征

【目的】比较分析低氮 (N) 条件下不同氮效率木薯品种的根系形态、构型及吸收动力学变化,以阐明木薯氮高效吸收机制,为指导木薯生产和木薯品种选育提供理论基础。【方法】于2015年在广西大学国家重点实验室温室大棚内进行了试验。盆栽试验采用双因素 (品种 × 氮水平) 区组设计。供试木薯品种包括氮高效品种华南10号 (SC10) 与氮低效品种华南205(SC205)。氮水平包括不施氮 (N0) 和施N 55.2 mg/kg土 (N1)。每盆装10 kg土,种植1株幼苗。木薯出苗60天后,取出并洗净根系,利用根系扫描仪EPSON2000进行根系图像采集,利用WinRHIZO PRO根系分析软件分析图片,获得根系形态指标。将整株植株分成根、茎、叶三个部分,测量干重和氮含量。根系分层试验在大型根系观测系统中进行。吸收动力学试验采用改进常规耗竭法,并比较分析了木薯根系形态、根系构型特征及硝态氮吸收动力学参数差异。【结果】N1和N0条件下,氮高效品种SC10生物量和氮素积累量均显著高于氮低效品种SC205(P < 0.05)。N0条件下,SC10的整株生物量降幅为37.4%,SC205的降幅为69.4%,品种SC10的降幅显著低于SC205 (P < 0.05);SC10的根、茎、叶和全株氮积累量均显著高于SC205,全株氮积累量为SC205的152%。与N1相比,N0处理的木薯品种SC10总根长、根系表面积和细根根长的降幅分别为11.0%、10.0%和20.4%,SC205的降幅分别高达35.9%、27.7%和50.2%,两个品种下降幅度差异显著 (P < 0.05)。低氮诱导木薯根系分布下移,SC10根系呈上宽下窄三角形,最深可达180 cm土层;SC205根系呈椭圆形,最深达130cm土层。氮素吸收动力学试验结果发现SC10、SC205的Km分别为3.27和7.87 mmol/L,表明SC10根系对NO₃–的亲和性更高。【结论】氮高效品种SC10的根系对硝态氮的亲和力 (Km) 几乎是氮低效品种SC205的两倍。在氮素胁迫条件下,氮高效品种可形成优于氮低效品种的根系构型,特别是根系的总根长、根系表面积和细根根长的下降幅度显著小于氮低效品种,是有效缓解氮胁迫的重要原因。