硝态氮促进水稻生长和氮素吸收的生理机制

Rice is being increasingly cultivated in intermittently irrigated regious and also in aerobic soil in which Nitrate (NO₃^-) plays important role in nutrition of plant. However, there is no information regarding the influence of nitrate on the overall growth and uptake of nitrogen (N) in rice plant. Solution culture experiments were carried out to study the effects of NO₃^- on the plant growth, uptake of N, and uptake kinetics of NH₄⁺ in four typical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (conveutioual indica, conventional japonica, hybrid indica, and hybrid japonica), and on plasma membrane potential in roots of two conventional rice cultivars (indica and japonica) at the seedling stage. The results obtained indicated that a ratio of 50/50 NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N increased the average biomass of rice shoots and roots by 20% when compared with that of 100/0 NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N. In case of the 50/50 ratio, as compared with the 100/0 ratio, total N accumulated in shoots and roots of rice increased on an average by 42% and 57%, respectively. Conventional indica responds to NO₃^- more than any other cultivars that were tested. The NO₃^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate (V_max) of NH₄⁺ by rice but did not show any effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) value, with the average value of V_max for NH₄⁺ among the four cultivars being increased by 31.5% in comparison with those in the absence of NO₃^-. This suggested that NO₃^- significantly increased the numbers of the ammonium transporters. However, the lack of effect on the K_m value also suggested that the presence of NO₃^- had no effect on the affinity of the transporters for NH₄⁺. The plasma membrane potential in the roots of conventional indica and japonica were greatly increased by the addition of NO₃^-, suggesting that NO₃^- could improve the uptake of N by roots of the rice plant. In conclusion, the mechanisms by which NO₃^- enhances the growth and N uptake of rice plant was found by the increased value of V_max of NH₄⁺ and increased plasma membrane potential. Thus promotion of nitrification in paddy soil is of great significance for improving the production of rice.     

乙酰苯胺(Acetanilide)除草剂在土壤中的吸附及其组分: Ⅳ. Acetanilide乙酰苯胺在土壤中的吸附及其与土壤性质的相关性

Sorption of acetanilide herbicides, metolachlor, acetochlor, pretilachlor and butachlor on eight soils with various physical and chemical properties was studied. The adsorption isotherms could fit Freundlich equation well (r² ≥ 0.91) and the adsorption extents increased in the order: metolachlor < acetochlor < pretilachlor < butachlor. The product of Freundlich adsorption constants, K_f (1/n), showed to have a good correlation with organic matter content (OM) of soils for each of these herbicides, suggesting that OM is the primary factor dominating in the adsorption process of these acetanilide herbicides. Multivariant correlation regression between K_f (1/n) and two factors, water solubility (S_w) of herbicides and OM, was also performed. K_f (1/n) correlated with 1/S_w and OM/S_w well, showing that high S_w corresponds to a weak tendency to adsorb on soils. Infrared (IR) spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) parameters confirmed that multifunctional H-bonds and charge-transfer bonds were the main adsorption mechanisms of these acetanilide herbicides. The abilities of herbicides to form these adsorption bonds with HA increased in the same order as the extent of adsorption.     

用熏蒸提取法校正酸性红壤的KEC值

Commonly used K_EC value (0.45) of the fumigation-extraction (FE) method was obtained on the basis of temperate neutral soils. To ascertain its applicability to acidic red soils widespread in southern China and other subtropical regions, the K_EC value was investigated based on 8 acidic red soils by in situ labelling of native soil microorganisms using ¹⁴C-labelled glucose. Realistic K_EC value for red soils could be obtained by in situ ¹⁴C-labelling as long as an incubation period of 72 h is adopted after addition of ¹⁴C glucose to soil. The single K_EC values for the eight red soils ranged from 0.27 to 0.35 and averaged 0.31. Lower K_EC value obtained in red soils probably resulted from different soil quality, compared with other types of soil, which causes possible changes in microbial community structure and extractability of cellular component. Microbial biomass C contents of the eight red soils measured using a unique and constant K_EC value of 0.45 decreased by 22.2%~40% in comparison to those using variable K_EC values. The results suggest that microbial biomass C would be significantly underestimated using the present K_EC value and a calibration of the K_EC value is necessary for red soils.     

Variability in pattern and hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and its relations to climate and vegetation characteristics: A meta-analysis

The average chain length (ACL), carbon preference index (CPI), and hydrogen isotope composition (δ²H) of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments have been used to retrieve information about the paleoclimate. Despite their importance as in-between media from leaves to sediments, n-alkanes of surface soils have not been systematically analyzed at large scale. Such an investigation of the spatial variation of n-alkane properties in soil and their dependence on climatic and botanic (e.g., vegetation type) factors could provide a rationale for a better estimation of the past environment. We synthesized the patterns and δ²H of long-chain n-alkanes in soil (δ²H^n-alkanes) with regard to vegetation types (cropland, grassland, shrubland, and woodland) and environmental factors using data from peer-reviewed papers. Our results showed that the ACL and CPI of soil C₂₇–C₃₃ n-alkanes were not suitable indicators for differentiating vegetation types at large scale; instead, ACL significantly correlated with water conditions such as mean annual precipitation (MAP) and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and CPI significantly correlated with temperature without significant influence of vegetation type. The variation (i.e., standard deviation) of fractionation between the δ²H values in annual precipitation and in soil n-alkanes (ε_rain-soil) was smaller than that reported in leaves; therefore, soils were better suited to quantifying the general growing conditions of plants at a certain site. The fractionation ε_rain-soil correlated with climatic conditions as described by the PDSI and relative humidity (RH). This correlation agreed with the change in leaf water enrichment with changing RH taken from the literature and was independent of the vegetation type at large scale. This meta-analysis may provide useful information for the variations of the patterns and δ²H_n-alkanes values in surface soils.     

Net ecosystem carbon exchange for Bermuda grass growing in mesocosms as affected by irrigation frequency

Intensification of grazed grasslands following conversion from dryland to irrigated farming has the potential to alter ecosystem carbon (C) cycling and affect components of carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange that could lead to either net accumulation or loss of soil C. While there are many studies on the effect of water availability on biomass production and soil C stocks, much less is known about the effect of the frequency of water inputs on the components of CO₂ exchange. We grew Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) in mesocosms under irrigation frequencies of every day (I₁ treatment, 30 d), every two days (I₂ treatment, 12 d), every three days (I₃ treatment, 30 d), and every six days (I₆ treatment, 18 d, after I₂ treatment). Rates of CO₂ exchange for estimating net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (F_N), ecosystem respiration (R_E), and soil respiration (R_S) were measured, and gross C uptake by plants (F_G) and respiration from leaves (R_L) were calculated during two periods, 1–12 and 13–30 d, of the 30-d experiment. During the first 12 d, there were no significant differences in cumulative F_N (mean ±standard deviation, 61 ±30 g C m^-2, n = 4). During the subsequent 18 d, cumulative F_N decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency and increasing cumulative soil water deficit (W), with values of 70 ±22, 60 ±16, and 18 ±12 g C m^-2 for the I₁, I₃, and I₆ treatments, respectively. There were similar decreases in F_G, R_E, and R_L with increasing W, but differences in R_S were not significant. Use of the C₄ grass growing in a C₃-derived soil enabled partitioning of R_S into its autotrophic (R_A) and heterotrophic (R_H) components using a ¹³C natural abundance isotopic technique at the end of the experiment when differences in cumulative W between the treatments were the greatest. The values of R_H and its percentage contributions to R_S (43% ±8%, 42% ±8%, and 8% ±5% for the I₁, I₃, and I₆ treatments, respectively) suggested that R_H remained unaffected across a wide range of W and then decreased under extreme W. There were no significant differences in aboveground biomass between the treatments. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission was measured to determine if there was a trade-off effect between irrigation frequency and increasing W on net greenhouse gas emission, but no significant differences were found between the treatments. These findings suggest that over short periods in well-drained soil, irrigation frequency could be managed to manipulate soil water deficit in order to reduce net belowground respiratory C losses, particularly those from the microbial decomposition of soil organic matter, with no significant effect on biomass production and N₂O emission.     

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤中营养元素的淋失

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with soil columns repacked in laboratory. The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^-. The treatments were CK (as a control), CaCO₃, CaSO₄, MgCO₃, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, urea, KCl, and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers). The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days. Leaching processes of NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- were only measured in CK, urea, and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching. Results showed that sole application of CaSO₄, and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ scarcely had any effect on the leaching losses of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺; the application of MgCO₃ stimulated the leaching of Mg²⁺; the application of CaCO₃ promoted the leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K⁺ and NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular; under KCl treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ was promoted to a large extent; under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- was all increased and NO₃^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

Sensitivity analysis of the SWAP (Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant) model under different nitrogen applications and root distributions in saline soils

Sensitivity analysis is important for determining the parameters in the model calibration process. In our study, a variance-based global sensitivity analysis (extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test, EFAST) was applied to an agro-hydrological model (the SWAP (Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant model) model). The sensitivities of 20 parameters belonging to 4 categories (soil hydraulics, solute transport, root water uptake, and environmental stresses) for the simulated accumulated transpiration, dry matter (DM), and yield of sunflowers were analyzed under three nitrogen application rates (N1, N2, and N3), four salinity levels (S1, S2, S3, and S4), and three root distributions (R1, R2, and R3). The results indicated that for predominantly loamy soils, the high-impact parameters for accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield were the soil hydraulic parameters (α and n), critical stress index for compensatory root water uptake (ω_c), the salt level at which salt stress starts (Pi), the decline of root water uptake above Pi (SSF), residual water content (θ_r), saturated water content (θ_s), and relative uptake of solutes by roots (TSCF). We also found that nitrogen application did not change the order of the parameter impacts on accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield. However, TSCF replaced α as the highest-impact parameter for the accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield at high salinity levels (S2 and S3). Furthermore, α was also the highest-impact parameter for DM and yield under different root distributions, but the highest-impact parameters for transpiration were ω_c, α, and θ_s under R1, R2, and R3, respectively. Nitrogen application could be neglected when considering the interactive effects of nitrogen application, salinity level, and root distribution on the transpiration, DM, and yield. Additionally, the mean values and uncertainties of the transpiration, DM, and yield were similar in all scenarios, except S3, which showed a sharp decrease in the mean values. We suggest determining the above eight parameters (α, n, ω_c, Pi, SSF, θ_r, θ_s, and TSCF) and the saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_s) based on rigorous calibrations with direct or indirect local measurements using economical methods (e.g., a literature review), with limited observations for other parameters when using the SWAP model and other similar agro-hydrological models.     

淹水稻田氮的损失

A field microplot experiment was conducted during the tillering stage of paddy rice to investigate nitrogen(N) Iosses from flooded rice fields following fertilizer application. After application of ammonium bicarbonate, most of nitrogen in the flood water was present as NH₄-N and its concentration varied widely with time. Concentrations of both NO₃-N and NO₂-N in the floodwater were low due to the weakened nitrification. Under flooded anaerobic reducing conditions, soil solution concentrations of NO₃-N and NH₄-N were nothigh, ranging from 0.6 mg L^-1 to 4.8 mg L^-1, and decreased with soil depth. However, the ground water wasstill contaminated with NO₃-N and NH₄-N. Rainfall simulation tests showed that the N losses via runoff inrice fields were closely related to the time intervals between fertilizer applications and rainfall events. Whena large rain fell for a short period after fertilizer application, the N losses via runoff could be large, which could have a considerable effect on surface water quality. Both irrigation and N fertilizer application must be controlled and managed with great care to minimize N losses via runoff from agricultural land.     

紫色土施用磷酸盐肥料对玉米铜毒害的缓解

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer in inhibiting the copper toxicity to maize(Zea mays L.) in neutral purple soil. Results indicated that the growth of the shoot and roots of maize plant was obviously reduced by copper and the height and biomass were significantly negatively correlated to the application levels of copper (r = -0.899^**~-0.994^**) at no P and low P (100 mg kg^-1). However, the maize biomass was relatively increased and the high Cu (100 and 200 mg kg^-1) induced toxicity of maize was greatly alleviated in all treatments with medium P (300 mg kg^-1 ) and high P (500 mg kg^-1). To maintain the normal growth of maize plant (≥3.68 g pot^-1), the critical application rates of phosphorus fertilizer should be 160, 210, 300 and 500 mg P kg^-1 at 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg Cu kg^-1 levels of the soil, respectively. The increases in polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities in maize leaf and dehydrogenase activity in roots by phosphorus fertilizer were in the order of medium P>high P>low P>no P. Activities of polyphenol oxidase and catalase were significantly positively correlated to the application levels of copper (r =0.892^**~0.924^**), whereas that of dehydrogenase was just reverse (r = -0.966^**) at no P. Medium and high P repressed the influence of copper on activities of three enzymes. Phosphorus fertilizer reduced the copper concentrations of maize roots and leaf and the change ranges of the P/Cu ratio of maize roots and the P/Cu, N/Cu and K/Cu ratios of maize leaf. The three ratios of maize leaf were 256^**71.5, 2643^**839 and 1133^**440 at normal growth of maize plant, respectively. Soil available Cu could be markedly cut down by application of phosphorus fertilizer, especiallly at high phosphorus level.     

大气CO2浓度升高对黄花蒿生长和氮磷钾养分吸收的影响

Annual wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) is the only viable source of artemisinin, an antimalarial drug. There is a pressing need to optimize production per cultivated area of this important medicinal plant; however, the effect of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration on its growth is still unclear. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in a free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) facility in Yangzhou City, China. Two A. annua varieties, one wild and one cultivated, were grown under ambient (374 μmol mol^-1) and elevated (577 μmol mol^-1) CO₂ levels to determine the dry matter accumulation and macronutrient uptake of aerial parts. The results showed that stem and leaf yields of both A. annua varieties increased significantly under elevated CO₂ due to the enhanced photosynthesis rate. Although nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations in leaves and stems of both varieties decreased under elevated CO₂, total shoot N, P, and K uptake of the two varieties were enhanced and the ratios among the concentrations of these nutrients (N:P, N:K, and P:K) were not affected by elevated CO₂. Overall, our results provided the evidence that elevated CO₂ increased biomass and shoot macronutrient uptake of two A. annua varieties.     

覆膜对不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期光合参数与荧光参数的影响

为探明覆膜对早春东北黑土玉米叶片光合生理特征的影响,在大田条件下,研究了覆膜对不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期叶片光合参数与叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:覆膜能够显著增加不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用率,而对其他光合参数如细胞间隙CO2浓度和气孔限制值影响不显著.就施肥条件而言,覆膜对N、P处理玉米拔节期叶片光合参数的影响明显强于其他施肥处理.覆膜能够增加施P和PK处理玉米拔节期叶片Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值,而显著降低了施NPK处理玉米拔节期叶片相应的荧光参数,覆膜对其他施肥处理玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响不显著.     

土壤施硒对蚕豆出苗及生长指标的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了崇礼蚕豆出苗及生长过程中不同指标对不同土壤硒浓度的响应。结果表明,低浓度硒(3.2 mg·kg-1)对蚕豆各出苗指标、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a/b及产量构成因素有一定的促进作用,但高浓度硒(12.4 mg·kg-1)对蚕豆出苗及生长指标有明显的抑制作用。通过各项指标与土壤硒浓度之间的相关分析及10%抑制率的临界指标EC10值表明,不同指标EC10各异,以出苗势或苗期干重作为蚕豆土壤临界值制定的依据更可靠,EC10分别为4.8和5.2 mg·kg-1。     

生物炭主要类型、理化性质及其研究展望

【目的】 生物炭作为工农业生产副产品低碳利用的有效手段,其改善土壤及提高作物品质的有益功效已被逐步认识,但对其研究报道分散且差异较大。对已有研究进行梳理总结,可为生物炭生产施用以及形成有效的产业链提供科学依据。 主要进展 1）生物炭全碳含量在 30%～90% 之间,平均 64%。生物炭碳含量由大到小来源依次是木质、秸秆、壳类、粪污和污泥。秸秆类生物炭碳含量大多为 40%～80%,木质类生物炭在 60%～85%。生物炭灰分含量在 0～40% 之间变动,平均 15.52%。灰分含量由大到小依次是污泥、粪污、秸秆、壳类和木质。秸秆生物炭灰分含量主要在 20%～35% 之间,较少为 15%;木质炭灰分主要在 0～10% 范围内。生物炭碳含量和灰分含量相关系数为–0.77。裂解温度与生物炭碳灰组分呈正相关,相关系数分别为 0.17 和 0.28。施入生物炭可以改善土壤状况,生物炭灰分通常对养分贫瘠土壤及沙质土壤的一些养分补充作用较明显。2）生物炭比表面积绝大多数在 0～520 m2/g 之间,平均 124.83 m2/g,壳类、秸秆、木质、粪污和污泥生物炭比表面积逐渐降低。秸秆炭比表面积集中在 0～200 m2/g 以内,木质炭比表面积集中在 0～100 m2/g 以内。制备温度与比表面积的相关系数为 0.48。生物炭的孔隙结构能降低土壤容重、降低土壤密度,能较好地去除溶液和钝化土壤中的重金属。3）生物炭 pH 值范围在 5～12,平均为 9.15。秸秆、污泥、粪污、木质、壳类生物炭 pH 值中值逐渐降低。秸秆生物炭 pH 值多集中在 8～11 范围内,木质生物炭 pH 相对一致。生物炭的 CEC 从 0 到 500 cmol /kg 都有分布,平均为 71.91 cmol/kg。秸秆类生物炭 CEC 值大多集中在 0～100 cmol/kg 范围内,木质生物炭则在 5～10 与 15～25 cmol/kg 范围内均有一定数量的分布。裂解温度与 pH 值和 CEC 的相关系数为 0.58 和 0.30。生物炭施入土壤后可消耗土壤质子,提高酸性土壤 pH 值,提高酸性土壤一些养分的有效性;其巨大的表面积还可提高对阳离子的吸附,提高土壤保肥能力。4）生物炭的裂解温度大都集中在 200～800℃ 之间,偶有达到 1000℃ 的裂解温度。 建议和展望 目前,全世界范围内对生物炭的生产和使用还处于就近和来源方便的初级阶段,影响着生物炭功能和效益的最大化。应从以下几个方面加强研究和应用试验:首先,系统研究生物炭制造参数对理化性状的影响,研究不同原料生物炭的作用机理差异及其针对性,建立生物炭理化性质参数数据库;其次,加强应用研究,根据土壤理化性状和改良目标选择适宜的生物炭类型,根据对作物经济性状的要求,研究选择适宜的生物炭类型,实现生物炭功效的最大利用。加强不同原料的选配和组合研究,改良生物炭产品的目标性状,形成系列化产品。      

不同微细水核直径的掺水乳化柴油制备方法和影响因素

随着燃油车和重型农用机械数量的增加,石油资源消耗急剧上升,掺水乳化柴油作为一种新型可替代燃料受到了广泛关注。水核直径对掺水乳化柴油的微爆特性影响较大,但目前缺乏组分不变下的目标水核直径掺水乳化柴油的制备方法和适宜的水核直径表征方法。该研究基于CV模型,开发了适合水核微观结构的图像识别程序;创新性地提出采用对数正态分布函数拟合和表征水核直径的分布。结果表明,相对于索特平均直径,基于对数正态分布函数拟合的表征参数可以更准确地描述掺水乳化柴油内部水核分布情况。随后,基于正交设计方法,通过调节超声波乳化的乳化时间、乳化功率和超声波频率参数实现了组分不变情况下不同水核直径的掺水乳化柴油的制备;并基于新的表征参数,研究了制备参数对掺水乳化柴油中水核直径的影响规律以及敏感性等特征。研究表明:超声波频率、乳化功率和乳化时间3个制备因素对最大直径的极差为0.744、2.880、1.038,对分布标准差的极差分别为0.028、0.120、0.034,因此各因素的影响优先级分别为:乳化功率、乳化时间、超声波频率。随着乳化功率、乳化时间的增加,乳化效果明显增强,掺水乳化柴油中水核直径的拟合最大值与分布标准差逐渐减小,使得掺水乳化柴油中水核直径既小又平均,而超声波频率的影响则不明显;此外当水核直径及分布标准差减少到一定值后,增加乳化功率比增长乳化时间对掺水乳化柴油水核的细化影响更大,该研究可为乳化柴油制备水供参考。     

固体生物质快速热解动力学参数计算

本文在介绍一个实验装置及其实验结果的基础上,运用化学动力学及热分析的基本原理对实验结果进行数学处理,得出木材快速热分解时气体生成的动力学表达式及其相应的动力学参数,并对实验结果进行讨论,说明应用该式计算木材热解时挥发份逸出的可靠性。     

柞蚕粉微胶囊化制备工艺的研究

为了更好得开发利用柞蚕资源，该文通过对微胶囊壁材的初选试验和包埋工艺的研究，确定了以spo-mo350变性淀粉、阿拉伯胶做为壁材，以柞蚕粉做为芯材，利用喷雾干燥的方法制备柞蚕粉微胶囊。通过正交试验确定微胶囊包埋最佳工艺参数为：spo-mo350变性淀粉/阿拉伯胶的质量比为4∶1，进风温度180℃，出风温度115℃，芯材/壁材的质量比为1∶1，壁材占乳化液比例30%，包埋率达86.4%。该微胶囊包埋工艺能够较好的解决柞蚕粉存在的腥味重、易氧化等问题，使其具有更广阔的应用前景。     

溶剂法提取丹皮酚的工艺优化

以筛选从丹皮中提取丹皮酚的理想溶剂及最佳工艺参数为目的，通过高效液相色谱测定研究了不同溶剂提取丹皮酚的效果，通过正交试验设计研究了四氯化碳提取丹皮酚的最佳条件。结果表明，溶剂法提取丹皮中丹皮酚的理想溶剂为四氯化碳。以牡丹根皮为材料，以四氯化碳为溶剂，最佳工艺参数为料液比1∶25(w/v)、丹皮粒径0.90 mm、浸提时间6h。按此最佳工艺参数，一次提取，丹皮酚提取量11.428 g/kg，占提取总量的89.857%；两次提取合计丹皮酚提取量12.30 g/kg，占提取总量的96.79%。     

螺旋离心泵叶轮结构参数的定义与确定

以两种不同的方法对螺旋离心泵叶轮的结构参数进行了定义，在此基础上提出这些结构参数的确定方法，并提供了有关试验结果。     

基于贝叶斯方法的光合作用生化模型参数估计及其在干旱区葡萄上的应用

以无核白葡萄为试材,测定了其在不同季节(6—9月)、不同胞间CO_2浓度下的净光合速率,根据贝叶斯方法,结合蒙特卡罗马尔科夫链算法对光合生化模型参数进行估算,以期获得不同季节的模型参数值,并与最小二乘法所得结果对比,探讨贝叶斯方法在解决高维度复杂模型参数估计问题中的可行性和葡萄光合作用关键参数季节变化规律。结果表明,最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))、最大电子传递速率(J_(max))、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)均有明显的季节变化特性,出现先增后减的趋势,8月达最高,分别为54.30μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、88.45μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和6.56μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);9月最小,分别为34.66μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、58.86μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和4.38μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。叶肉导度(g_m)在各个月份波动不大,6—9月分别为5.16μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)、5.29μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)、5.39μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)和5.41μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)。与传统的最小二乘法相比,贝叶斯方法估算的V_(cmax)值偏小,J_(max)、TPU和g_m无明显差异。同时贝叶斯方法估计出的模型参数是在考虑参数先验信息的基础上获得的,生化意义更加显著。试验表明,光合作用生化模型(FvCB模型)在应用于光合作用模拟时,应充分考虑其参数的季节变化性;结合蒙特卡罗马尔科夫链算法的贝叶斯参数估计能更有效解决FvCB模型中参数估计问题。     

杂交水稻光合和荧光特性对高CO2浓度的动态响应

为探究大气二氧化碳 (CO₂) 浓度增高对杂交水稻光合和荧光特性的动态影响,利用开放式空气中CO₂浓度增高(FACE)系统,研究高CO₂浓度对大田水稻不同生育期叶片光合和荧光参数的动态影响及其种间差异。以高产杂交组合甬优2640和Y两优2号为试验材料,设置环境CO₂和高CO₂浓度2个水平,测定2个品种气体交换和荧光参数。结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高使2个品种平均叶片净光合速率(Pn)在移栽后30、59、76、91和108 d分别增加25%、16%、25%、18%和8%,除移栽后108 d外,均达极显著水平(P<0.01);甬优2640移栽后76和91 d叶片Pn对CO₂的响应明显大于Y两优2号。除灌浆末期外,CO₂浓度升高使2个品种叶片气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降趋势,且Y两优2号的降幅多大于甬优2640。CO₂熏蒸下叶片气孔部分关闭,但叶片胞间与周围空气中CO₂浓度之比无显著变化,甚至明显增加。大气CO₂浓度升高使2个品种灌浆末期PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量均下降4%,但对其他各期均无显著影响;除灌浆末期外,CO₂浓度升高使PSⅡ实际光量子产量和光化学猝灭均显著增加。两杂交组合叶片光合参数对高CO₂浓度的动态响应多存在种间差异,但荧光参数的响应品种间差异较小。本研究结果为增强气候假定情景下水稻响应的预测能力并制订应对策略提供了依据。