南方红壤坡地不同利用模式的水土保持及生态效益研究

通过对15°红壤坡地11个利用模式10年土壤侵蚀研究,认为红壤坡地土地利用模式中林作系统水土保持效果优于农作系统。林作系统中水土保持效果以常绿阔叶林最好,次为混交林,毛竹林和针叶林。农作系统中顺坡植物篱种植、等高梯化种植、顺坡水平沟种植水土保持效果较好。研究认为红壤坡地土地利用模式应以林作为主,尽可能发展高效的经济林。而如发展农业种植,则以顺坡植物篱种植模式最佳,次为等高梯化种植模式。     

不同治理措施对坡地芒果园水土流失的治理效果

[目的]针对四川省攀枝花市坡地芒果园水土流失严重的现状,筛选适宜坡地果园的水土流失治理措施.[方法]通过工程措施(D1和D2处理)和生物措施对坡地果园水土流失治理成效的野外试验比较研究,评价不同治理措施对芒果园地表径流、产沙量、径流液中养分含量和果园地表土壤养分的影响.[结果]两年试验期芒果园林下行间种植紫花苜蓿处理(...     

花椒林下高效间作模式及其栽培要点

针对重庆地区花椒生长特点,在不影响花椒生长和采摘的前提下,筛选出适宜花椒林下间作大豆-榨菜周年绿色种植模式.简述花椒林下间作的实施意义.从间作模式下大豆、榨菜田间配植,适宜茬口安排,整地施肥,播种方式,病虫害综合防治,以及收获等方面,系统总结了花椒林下间作大豆-榨菜栽培技术要点.     

辽东山区林下坡地资源利用中面临的问题与对策

辽宁东部山区林下坡地资源丰富,科学利用这些资源是当地农民脱贫致富的有效途径。但近年来,辽东山区林下坡地资源利用中存在规模小、技术含量低、无市场竞争能力,林下药材和人工栽培的山野菜品种单一,缺乏相应的高产配套栽培技术等问题。因此,在今后林下资源利用中需注意解决合理的规模、技术含量、技术服务、品种等问题,处理好发展经济与水土保持的关系,促进人与自然和谐发展。     

浅议林下中药材的种植

中医是我国的传统医学,中药材的种植和发展是促进我国中医药发展的重要途径。近年来,林下中药材的种植成为了解决中药材种植土地问题的一大捷径,因此,林下种植模式受到了广大农户们的热捧。基于此,以林下中药材种植为研究对象,简述了中药材种植应遵循的原则和注意事项。     

贵州喀斯特峡谷地区花椒林地土壤物理性质研究

花椒是贵州省喀斯特地区主要的水土保持经济植物之一,但当地大都是以纯林方式种植。为探讨单一种植花椒对土壤物理性质的影响,对贵州喀斯特花江峡谷地区花椒纯林地的土壤物理性质进行了调查分析,结果表明:花椒到盛产期后,土壤有一定的退化趋势。针对这一情况,建议对花椒林地进行合理耕作和人工管理,在花椒林下种草实行林草结合,并因地制宜采用生物梯化技术与工程措施逐步变坡地为梯土,以维护花椒林地的可持续利用。     

秀山县乌杨街道发展林下经济对策浅析

重庆市秀山县乌杨街道林地资源丰富,近郊区位优势明显,林下经济发展开始起步,2015年全街道发展林下种植面积110 hm~2,养殖规模1.6万只(头),产值达1140余万元。发展模式主要有:林下养殖模式,林果种植模式,林药种植模式,林粮种植模式,生态旅游模式。针对发展中存在的问题提出"加强宣传与引导,营造良好氛围;为林下经济发展提供坚实的基础保障;合理规划,突出重点,科学培训;加大政策扶持力度,解决林下经济发展中的资金瓶颈;培育龙头,壮大基地发展"等对策建议。认为乌杨街道应抢抓重庆市委对渝东南的区势定位这一历史机遇,结合秀山县委县政府的"农旅""林旅"融合式发展战略,充分发挥城郊林区优势,争取早日取得林下经济发展的新突破。     

黄土峁状丘陵区坡地治理模式对土壤水分环境及植被恢复效应

在黄土峁状丘陵区研究比较了隔坡梯田、大台田、大鱼鳞坑3种坡地的治理模式,指出坡地工程治理能有效地提高坡地接纳降雨能力,提高土壤含水率,但大面积的坡地治理会破坏原有植被及土壤结构,引起40 cm以上表层土壤水分蒸发强烈;同时大台田处理侧坎水分散失严重,距田坎愈近其散失强度愈高;在坡地种植强根系、高耗水的人工林会加剧土壤干层的发育,影响林分自然更新能力。结果表明,隔坡梯田是该区坡地最佳治理模式,其土壤含水率明显高于其他处理,其顺序为：隔坡梯田〉大台田〉大鱼鳞坑〉对照。处理4年后,隔坡梯田分别与其他处理中同一种植模式比较,其牧草产量、树冠投影面积、植被覆盖度分别比大台田处理提高5.5%、29.4%、4.1%,比大鱼鳞坑处理提高22.6%、24.3%、5.4%,比对照提高出38.4%、50.5%和20.8%,经济效益及生态效益明显。     

紫色土坡地不同种植模式生态经济效益综合评价

在小区试验基础上对紫色土丘陵区不同农业种植模式生长季植被覆盖度、土壤养分、水土流失及作物产量等进行了观测,并采用灰色关联度分析法对各模式生态经济效益进行了综合评价.评价结果表明,在评价指标不同权重比例下,紫苏 连翘间作模式、山药 辣椒间作模式生态经济综合效益均较高,玉米/红苕的传统种植模式综合效益最低.结果说明:该区域传统种植模式不利于生态环境保护,应调整种植结构,寻找符合当地生态经济持续发展的优化种植模式.因此,我国紫色土丘陵区坡地适宜发展和推广以牧草和中草药为间作植物的复合种植模式,此举可推动区域农村经济与环境协调发展.     

林下经济主要发展模式及相关问题探讨

林下经济是近年来新兴的一种集农业养殖和种植为一体的可循环经济,它使得短期经济模式和长期经济模式有效结合,实现了优势互补、循环往复。近年来,林下经济在我国发展得如火如荼,但是也存在着诸多问题,值得进一步思考和探讨。介绍了林下经济的发展模式,分析村下经济发展中存在的问题,并提出了相关对策。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。