A Traditional Analysis of the First Flush Effect for Nutrients in Stormwater Runoff from Two Small Urban Catchments

Nonpoint stormwater runoff remains a major threat to surface water quality in the USA. More effective stormwater control measures can be designed by understanding patterns in pollutant export with respect to the runoff hydrograph. In particular, nutrient concentrations in urban stormwater can cause deleterious effects in sensitive watersheds in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic USA. A year-long study captured stormwater samples from 36 storm events at two catchments (one primarily impermeable and the other substantially wooded) and analyzed for total suspended solids and various nutrient species. Using these data, the first flush effect (the assumption that the initial portion of a rainfall-runoff event is more polluted than the later portions) was evaluated based on several published methods and definitions. Based on an analysis of multiple methodologies, the ranking of first flush strength among the pollutants was total suspended solids (TSS) > ammonia (NH₃) > total Kjeldahl nitrogen > NO₂-NO₃ > total phosphorus > orthophosphate (O-PO₄). Nitrogen species generally displayed a stronger first flush than phosphorus species, with O-PO₄ showing the weakest first flush effect. Various relationships ° climate, land use, and the first flush strength were also explored. Of the rainfall characteristics analyzed, total rainfall and runoff volume each inversely affected the first flush strength of TSS on the more impervious catchment. Although orthophosphate did not have a strong first flush effect, the relative first flush strength for O-PO₄ increased with increasing rainfall or runoff. Land use did not influence the first flush strength of the pollutants. On average, most pollutants exhibited a slight first flush effect, but substantial pollutant loading still occurred in the latter portion of the storm??s total runoff volume. Thus, treating the majority of a storm??s total pollutant load requires capturing a commensurate fraction of runoff volume.     

Surface Water Quality Impacts of Conservation Tillage Practices on Burley Tobacco Production Systems in Southwest Virginia

A plot-scale, rainfall-simulation study measured edge-of-field pollutant losses from conventional-till, strip-till, and no-till treatments in a burley tobacco production system. The field experiment results show that the conventional-till treatment yielded more total runoff than strip- and no-till treatments. Compared to the conventional-till treatment, both no-till and strip-till reduced the total mass losses of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrate (NO-N), ammonia (NH₃-N), total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate (PO₄-P), and the insecticide chlorpyrifos in runoff. Although statistical analyses indicated that there was no significant difference between the no-till and strip-till practices, the no-till practice consistently yielded less edge-of-field pollutant loss than the strip-till practice. This research reinforces the body of knowledge documenting the effectiveness of conservation-tillage practices in reducing edge-of-field pollutant losses.     

丹江口库区土壤氮磷养分流失特征

[目的]研究丹江口库区土壤的水土流失和非点源污染物氮磷流失的特点,为农业非点源污染模型的建立提供理论依据。[方法]通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了坡度和施肥等处理对产流产沙、氮磷养分(硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮、有效磷和总磷)流失特点的影响。[结果](1)随着坡度的增加,平均入渗率和初始产流时间呈减小趋势,而径流总量和泥沙总量呈增加趋势。(2)相同施肥处理下,随着坡度的增加,泥沙中硝态氮、总氮、有效磷和总磷的流失浓度呈减小趋势,铵态氮流失浓度在不施氮肥条件下呈减小趋势,而在施氮肥处理下呈增加趋势。(3)在相同坡度条件下,随降雨时间推移,总氮浓度呈先减小后趋于稳定的趋势;铵态氮浓度随施肥处理的变化均呈现出波浪形变化;在施氮肥时,径流中硝态氮的浓度随着时间的推移,呈逐渐减小并趋于平缓的趋势,而在不施氮肥时几乎无变化。[结论]在不同施肥措施和坡度条件下,硝态氮主要随径流而流失,为随泥沙流失的8~11倍;铵态氮主要是随径流泥沙而流失,为随径流流失的1~17倍;总氮则是随径流和径流泥沙共同流失;有效磷和总磷都是以泥沙结合态流失为主,分别为随径流流失的1 000~6 200和1~3倍。     

折流式人工湿地对矿区降雨径流的净化研究

根据陕西省渭南市蒲白矿区降雨径流的水质和水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行了对比,分析了COD_Cr,SS,TN,TP,NH₄⁺-N以及重金属Pb,Zn,Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨人工湿地的主要去除机制。结果表明:人工湿地对COD_Cr,TP,TN,NH₄⁺-N,SS的平均去除率分别为82.3%,65.9%,71.2%,73.5%,94.8%,对重金属Pb,Zn,Cu的平均去除率分别为91.3%,94.5%,81.2%,对重金属的去除率基本高于对营养元素的去除率;除了TN外,折流式人工湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅲ类质量标准,其中TN达Ⅳ类标准,出水重金属Pb,Zn,Cu均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准。降雨径流各污染物主要在人工湿地的第1格被去除,其中,COD_Cr,TP,SS和Pb均有一半以上的去除率发生在第1格。随着人工湿地沿程进水浓度的增加,其去除率逐渐下降。研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对矿区降雨径流的净化效果显著,并且该湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力,可用于城市地面径流污染的控制和雨水利用。     

三峡库区消落带典型草被对氮磷污染物迁移的影响

为明确三峡库区消落带草被对农业面源污染防治的作用,采用野外放水冲刷试验,分析草带对地表径流中氮磷的拦截率和冲刷前后氮磷含量在土壤内的空间变化,研究消落带典型草被对氮磷污染物迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)草带拦截污染物的效率总体较好,对NO_3~--N的拦截率最高,达93.5%～99.3%。拦截率与草带宽度成正比,与冲刷强度成反比。(2)冲刷前后TN、TP、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N污染物含量的变化率最大值分别为2.30,1.96,5.01,4.75,均出现在小区下坡。随着草带宽度增加以及冲刷强度的减弱,污染物含量的变化率增大。(3)各氮磷污染物在0—10 cm土层的变化率较大,变化范围为0.91～5.01。TN、TP和NH_4~+-N在10—30 cm土层的变化率普遍接近1,而NO_3~--N在该土层依然存在较大的变化率。(4)RDA结果显示,影响冲刷前后污染物变化最大的因子是土层深度,其次是坡位、草带宽度、冲刷强度。综上,消落带草被能够有效拦截污染物并促进其向土壤内部迁移,在消落带草本植物恢复及面源污染防治过程中应注意增加消落带草被覆盖宽度,减小高强度降雨径流的影响,促进污染物在上坡位被拦截并进一步向土壤内部迁移,降低污染物向上覆水释放的风险,为三峡库区消落带草本植被恢复及农业面源污染防治提供理论依据。     

Soybean Best Management Practices for Louisiana,USA, Agricultural Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Control

This field study was conducted over a 3-year time period in Louisiana to determine which soybean (Glycine max L.) tillage practice discharged the least amount of nutrients and sediment from experimental plots after rainfall/runoff events. In addition, tillage effect on soybean yield was investigated. Experimental design consisted of three Louisiana soybean tillage treatments [conventional (CT), stale seedbed (SS), and no-till (NT)] with three replications per treatment. A randomized complete-block design was used for statistical analysis. Each of the nine treatment plots measured 27.1 m by 106.4 m and was equipped with an automatic runoff sampler integrated with a continuously recording flow meter and H-flume. Composite runoff samples were analyzed for ammonium N (NH₄ ⁺-N), nitrate N (NO₃ ^?-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphorus (ortho-P), total organic carbon (TOC), and total solids (TS). Analyte discharge (kg ha^–1) per rainfall/runoff event was calculated using runoff concentrations and total runoff flows (L). Statistical analysis showed that discharge treatment means were highly variable and that tillage practice had little or no effect on total runoff and on the amount of N and P discharged from treatment plots. Treatment differences over the study were nonsignificant for all N and P forms 93% and 61% of the time, respectively. Only 21% of the time was mean treatment total runoff significant (P ≤ 0.05). Stale seedbed and NT practices reduced sediment discharges over segments of the soybean growing seasons. Total organic carbon discharge from the NT plots was significantly greater 42% of the time. Soybean yields were highly variable within and between treatments and strongly influenced by rainfall, disease, and insects.     

Delayed Sample Filtration and Storage Effects on Dissolved Nutrients Measured in Agricultural Runoff

Few research studies have examined the influence of delayed filtration on sample stability or runoff nutrient loss assessments. Runoff samples from irrigation furrows were each split into four volumes: two were filtered (45 μm) in the field and two were filtered 10 days later, with or without boric acid treatment, and stored at 4 °C. Sample dissolved reactive P (DRP), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), and ammonium (NH₄)-N concentrations were measured in all filtered samples 10 and 107 days after collection. Samples filtered in the field and those with a 10-day delayed filtration had similar dissolved DRP, NO₃-N, and NH₄-N concentrations, whether or not boric acid was added. Boric acid stabilized DRP and NH₄-N sample concentrations, but not NO₃-N, during the 107 days of storage (relative to field-filtered samples). The effect of treatments on computed furrow stream concentration and runoff mass losses was similar to that for sample concentrations, except that furrow NH₄-N parameters were unaffected by treatments. The field-filtered or 10-d delayed filtration without boric acid treatments provided the best dissolved nutrient measurements for comparing agricultural management effects at the field edge; however, results suggest that an incubation-type test for field-edge runoff water may provide a more accurate estimate of field management effects on dissolved nutrient loads in downstream aquatic ecosystems.     

丹江口库区典型小流域面源污染生态阻控系统效果评估

小流域面源生态阻控是控制农业面源的重要手段。选择丹江口库区典型小流域钱家沟为对象,通过小流域出口水质监测,阻控措施进出水监测,以及负荷削减核算,对面源生态阻控系统进行效果评估。结果表明:钱家沟生态阻控系统稳定半年后,小流域出口总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3-N)、铵态氮(NH_3-N)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、总磷(TP)下降比例分别为38%,23%,63%,49%和16%。各阻控措施中,表面流湿地对NH_3-N(54%)、TP(70%)和TSS(78%)去除率较高,生态塘、生态沟渠对TN(36%,39%)、NO_3-N(43%,37%)、COD_(Mn)(63%,56%)去除率较高,小型人工湿地对TN(56%)、NH_3-N(85%)、COD_(Mn)(84%)、TP(57%)和TSS(87%)均具有较高的去除率,生态滤墙主要对TSS(81%)去除率较高。阻控系统对COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N、TN、TP负荷的总体削减率分别为56%,73%,63%和59%。总体来看,小流域面源生态阻控系统能够有效降低主要污染物输出浓度,对面源污染阻控效果较好。     

间歇性降雨对黄土坡地水土养分流失的影响

坡面水土养分流失是研究农业非点源污染方面的核心问题,涉及土壤侵蚀、坡地水文和环境治理等方面的内容。以黄土坡地为研究对象,利用人工降雨模拟试验,分析间歇降雨时坡地产流-入渗-土壤侵蚀过程,以及通过预先在坡地喷施养分(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P),研究间歇降雨时坡面水土流失以及土壤溶质的迁移规律。试验采用针孔式人工模拟降雨器进行模拟降雨,对试验坡地间歇性进行3次降雨,雨强恒为100mm/h,每次降雨历时60min,降雨间隔时间60min。结果表明:(1)3次降雨的初始含水率不同,但产流规律相似,降雨径流率均为先增大后趋于平稳。(2)3次降雨产生的泥沙累积量分别为250.91,100.20,79.76g,第1次降雨的泥沙量远高于第2,3次。泥沙率先迅速增大到峰值然后缓慢减少,平均泥沙率随降雨次数的增多而递减。(3)对于非吸附性的NO_3~-、NH_4~+,3场降雨过程中溶质浓度均呈现由高降低并逐渐平稳的变化趋势;PO_4~(3-)-P浓度的变化规律却略显不同,降雨初期溶质浓度先短暂升高,然后再由高降低并逐渐平稳。(4)3次降雨的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P的径流总流失量分别为535.33,1 058.18,400.79mg,其中NO_3~--N流失量最多,PO_4~(3-)-P流失量最少。随着降雨次数的增加,不同降雨次数下的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P径流流失量均逐渐减少,流失量较前次降雨分别降低了19%,14%、3%,62%和57%,28.3%。因此,通过对间歇性降雨条件下黄土坡地水土溶质迁移特征的研究,对揭示降雨-径流-土壤相互作用过程和土壤养分迁移机理具有重要意义。     

Comparison of Conductimetric and Colorimetric Methods with Distillation–Titration Method of Analyzing Ammonium Nitrogen in Total Kjeldahl Digests

The distillation–titration method (DTM) is a standard procedure used by most laboratories to measure ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) in the total Kjeldahl N (TKN) digests of various kinds of agricultural and environmental samples. These samples may have TKN contents ranging from less than 100 ppb to as high as percentage levels. However, the DTM procedure generally leads to a very low throughput because it is labor intensive and time-consuming. At the current practical quantitation limit (PQL) of 300 ppb established at the Feed and Environmental (FEW) Laboratory, University of Georgia, the DTM procedure is less applicable to low TKN surface water samples. In this study, we therefore compared the performance of diffusion conductivity method (DCM) and colorimetric method (CM) with DTM in measuring NH₄-N in the TKN digests of 29 different samples representing surface waters, lagoons, manures, poultry litters, and environmental wastes. Acceptable accuracy and precision were achieved for various QC samples by all three methods. For widely different sample matrices and TKN contents, the NH₄-N in the TKN digests measured by DCM and CM both agreed well with that measured by DTM. However, the linear working range of CM is limited within 0.2 to 5.0 ppm, whereas DCM is linear at a wider range of 0.01 to 2000 ppm. With DCM, the PQL of TKN is at 13 ppb, much less than the 300 ppb in DTM and 520 ppb in CM. Both DCM and CM require increasing the pH of the working TKN digest to a highly alkaline range. To meet such pH requirement, the minimum dilution need for DCM is twofold, where as that CM is fourfold. Because of greater mandatory dilution requirement coupled with a greater PQL, CM may often fail to measure NH₄-N in the working TKN digest of some low TKN surface water samples. On the other hand, with some environmental waste samples containing TKN at percentage level, CM would require multistep dilution of the digests prior to measurement, thus allowing dilution-related error as well as requiring additional labor. In contrast, DCM can measure both low TKN surface waters and high TKN environmental wastes without any major limitations. Moreover, DCM may work well without any adjustment of sample background in the calibration standards. Thus DCM appears to be an attractive alternative to the labor-intensive and time-consuming DTM for measuring NH₄-N in the TKN digests of various kinds of agricultural and environmental samples in the analytical services laboratories.     

弱透水性下垫面降雨径流污染物输移特性

为了研究弱透水性下垫面降雨径流污染物的输移特性,选择兰州市作为典型城市,基于其降雨分布特点和面源污染特点提出了弱透水性下垫面径流污染物输移模型。通过对大学校园内屋面、路面及其他弱透水性下垫面组合形式下的天然降雨径流取样检测,分析了浊度,COD_cr,TN和TP等主要污染物浓度随时间的变化规律及污染物相关性研究,同时运用模型计算径流污染物初期负荷率。结果表明:校园弱透水性下垫面,降雨径流历时10～20 min各污染物浓度达到峰值。径流历时30 min内,降雨径流浊度,COD_cr,TN和TP的污染物负荷率可达到65%～85%。在中小降雨条件下,降雨径流过程中各污染物显著相关,径流污染物输移模型的适用性较好。     

Evaluation of Storm Water Surface Runoff and Road Debris as Sources of Water Pollution

Street sweeping is regularly performed within cities and residential communities to reduce roadway debris and ensure properly functioning storm water management systems. Given removal of plant and soil debris, street sweeping may also reduce nonpoint source pollution through removal of leachate source material. To assess the influence of street sweeping on storm water pollutants, 36 storm water collection devices were installed within six residential communities in Central Florida and subjected to varying municipal sweeping regimes. Additionally, precipitation and storm water retention pond leachate samplers were installed to quantify pollutant sources that may enter and leave selected urban communities. Despite high variability in percentage of impervious surfaces, population density, and volume of road debris among communities, no significant (P?≤?0.05) differences were observed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrate + nitrite (NO_x), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in storm water among communities or between swept and unswept areas of roadways. Similarly, no significant differences were observed for TKN, NO_x, and TP concentrations in precipitation and storm water. Significant differences in orthophosphate (ortho-P), however, were observed between communities and precipitation. Additionally, storm water TP concentrations were greater than discharge estimated to originate from communities within the study area. Although street sweeping may be effective at reducing volume of roadway debris, our data did not find it reduced N or P in storm water.     

密云水库上游流域水体营养物质现状及来源分析

密云水库作为北京地区最重要的地表饮用水水源地,其水质优劣直接关系到首都的社会经济发展,开展密云水库水污染监测和治理研究具有重要的现实意义。以密云水库上游流域为研究区,通过不同尺度流域水体营养物质监测,分析了水库上游河流水体营养物质现状;通过分割流量过程线,划分了水体营养物质来自点源和非点源污染的比例。研究结果表明,依据标准(GB3838-2002)要求,密云水库上游河流水体TN含量几乎全部超标,且15.9%样本的TP含量超标。密云水库的营养物质平均40.3%来自点源污染,59.7%来自非点源污染;入库水体中50.1%的TN,49.1%的NO₃^--N,39.0%的NH₄⁺-N,26.5%的TP和36.8%的COD_Mn来自点源污染;49.9%的TN,50.9%的NO₃^--N,61.0%的NH₄⁺-N,73.5%的TP和63.2%的COD_Mn来自非点源污染。     

人工布设基质对农田排水沟水质的影响

本研究选择宁夏灵武农场的典型排水支沟进行人工布设基质,在沟中布设土壤、炉渣、秸秆、锯末4种基质处理及铲草处理和对照(不做任何处理),研究分析了基质对农田排水沟水质的影响。对基质的组分分析表明,锯末显著地吸附盐分和全氮,吸附量分别达0.4 g.kg 1和0.3 g.kg 1,土壤、炉渣、秸秆均明显地释放盐分,释放量为5.3~50.8 g.kg 1;秸秆显著地释放有机碳,释放量达54.0 g.kg 1;4种基质对全磷吸附效果不明显。水质分析表明,除秸秆处理和对照外,盐分(TDS)在其他处理下显著减少,而化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、NO3-N和NH4+-N浓度在锯末和土壤处理下均有不同程度的减小。对于整条试验沟道,农田退水中TDS、TN、TP的浓度随着在沟道迁移距离的增加呈明显减小的趋势,至出水断面时浓度分别为0.60~0.80g.L 1、0.24~0.33 mg.L 1和0.04~0.09 mg.L 1。田间沟道试验说明,农田排水沟能有效地截留农田退水污染物,选择适合的基质进行人工布设实际可行,有助于发挥农田排水沟的生态功能。     

Dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in ephemeral runoff processes by typical storm events in Sichuan Basin, Southwest China

This study was carried out in the Xujiawan watershed in Sichuan Province, China. The area is characterized by easy weathering of bedrock (sedimentary sandstone and shale) and vulnerability to erosion due to coarse soil texture and weak soil structure. The objective of this study was to understand the dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses during typical storm events. The results showed that runoff generation was sudden and ephemeral, giving rise to flash floods with sharp, narrow hydrographs and short time lags in this type of agricultural ecosystems. The time lag effect of runoff formation depended on soil conditions before storm events. Suspended solids (SS) concentration peaks occurred at the beginning of the storm flow and decreased as rainfall progressed. Meanwhile, SS losses increased at the beginning of runoff flow, then decreased due to flow volume change. Concentrations of NO₃⁻-N were four times higher than NH₄⁺-N in runoff. NO₃⁻-N concentrations first decreased as runoff volume increased until reaching relatively low concentrations, then increased again as runoff volume decreased. Both NH₄⁺-N and dissolved phosphorus (DP) in runoff remained at low concentrations with a small magnitude of variation. Suspended particulate nitrogen (SN) was the dominant N form. Losses of NO₃⁻-N were higher than NH₄⁺-N in the dissolved nitrogen (DN). Suspended particulate nitrogen losses were several times higher than DN in the early period of runoff formation, but the ratio of SN/DN decreased gradually as rainfall progressed, and by the end of the storm event the rate was lower than 1, indicating DN took the main form after the early physical flush. In the early period of storm events, suspended particulate phosphorus (SP)/DP was above 70 and decreased as rainfall progressed, but remained higher than 1, which showed that SP was the main form of P loss. The transport of N, and particularly P, was intimately linked to sediment in the runoff, indicating an obvious soil erosion-associated nutrient transport, especially in relation to P loss.     

汉江上游水体氮素污染特征

2011年对汉江上游干流进行了6次采样,分析了水体氮素的污染特征。结果表明,汉江上游水体NH₃-N,NO₃-N和NO₂-N的年平均值分别为:1.037,1.751和0.044 mg/L。氮素时间分布曲线表现为:NH₃-N浓度的周年变化趋势为双峰型,呈现:丰水期 >枯水期 >平水期的规律。NO₃-N,NO₂-N浓度的周年变化趋势为单峰型曲线,NO₃-N呈现:丰水期 >枯水期 >平水期的规律,NO₂-N丰水期最高,枯水期和平水期相差不大。汉江上游水体氮素空间分布表现为:NH₃-N,NO₃-N浓度自源头向下游呈现出"低值-升高-降低"的趋势。NH₃-N污染主要来自农村生活污水和畜禽养殖排放物,NO₃-N污染主要来自水土流失。     

固体废物处理厂地下水污染预测及控制模拟

[目的]以江苏省镇江市新区大港片区某固体废物处理厂为研究对象,对地下水污染情况进行模拟研究,为同类建设项目及企业的地下水污染预测和防治提供参考。[方法]通过系统分析该固体废物处理厂野外水位和水质观测数据以及水文地质条件等资料,利用Visual Modflow软件构建了地下水水流和溶质运移模型。[结果]对厂区污水处理站防渗破损后特征污染物CODMn和氨氮运移情况以及地表硬化污染控制措施对污染物的阻隔效果进行预测评价,数值模拟预测污染物的影响范围、超标范围和最大运移距离。预测时间20a后,污染物影响范围最大,运移距离最远,且CODMn影响范围较氨氮大,运移距离较远;地表硬化后,20a后污染羽未超出评价范围。[结论]污染物主要沿水流方向迁移,对水环境的影响随时间逐渐增大,污染物浓度随着迁移距离的增加而减小,不同污染物在地下水含水层中的溶质运移范围和迁移距离不同。地表硬化措施能有效控制污染物扩散。     

Nutrient Retention in a Northern Prairie Marsh (Frank Lake,Alberta) Receiving Municipal and Agro-Industrial Wastewater

Agro-industrial wastewater and municipal sewage wereused to restore Frank Lake, a 1246 ha northernprairie marsh in southern Alberta, Canada, to providewaterfowl habitat and improve water quality. Meanannual inflow wastewater nutrient concentrations were17 mg L^-1 NH₃-N, 30 mg L^-1 NO₃-Nand 11 mg L^-1 SRP. Mean flows greater than 5000 m³ day^-1 loaded the marsh with 23 000 kg of P annually. Summer NH₃-N, NO₃-N andtotal phosphorus (TP) surface water concentrationswere decreased by 76, 87 and 64%, respectively, aswaters flowed through the first basin of the marsh.Winter treatment was less successful, with surfacewater NH₃-N, NO₃-N and TP reductions of46, –26 (export) and 26%, respectively.Short-circuiting of water flow through the marsh andcold seasonal conditions with ice cover caused spatialand temporal variation in marsh treatment. Continuedhigh loadings to the marsh may lead to sediment saturation, eutrophication or phosphorus export from the marsh.     

狗牙根与空心莲对水库消落带土壤氮磷释放影响的模拟

通过水库水位涨落室内模拟试验,探究丹江口库区消落带优势物种狗牙根和空心莲2种草本植物对土壤氮磷释放过程影响。结果表明:(1)水淹结束后(32天),空心莲子草土壤TN、TP分别降低11.75%,25.28%,狗牙根分别降低3.62%,25.77%。(2)干湿交替环境主要影响土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和AP的含量的变化,对土壤中的TN、TP含量的影响较小。(3)狗牙根的死亡增加土壤TN、NH_4~+-N、TP量,即不耐淹植被过滤带虽然能净化径流中N、P等污染物,但截留的污染物和植物吸收的养分随着植物体的分解再次进入水体或土壤,无法达到有效防控农业面源污染的目的。该研究为丹江口水库利用植被缓冲带防控水体富营养化提供一定理论依据。     

沈阳地区河岸植被缓冲带对氮、磷的削减效果研究

为充分了解河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流污染物的去除效果, 本研究选取辽宁省沈阳市两条典型河流——浑河与蒲河为对象, 研究其滨水不同河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流氮、磷污染物的削减效果。结果表明: 在6 种河岸植被带中, 人工林草地对氮的削减效果最好, 对总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮的平均削减率分别为47%、36%和31%; 人工林地对磷的削减效果较好, 平均削减率为74%; 而人工林地对氮以及人工草地对磷的削减效果较差。随长度增加, 河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流污染物的削减效果基本呈增强趋势。以上研究结果说明不同河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流中氮、磷的削减各有优点。在对遭受污染的河流进行生态修复时, 应考虑环境污染特点和地表特征, 以充分发挥河岸植被缓冲带对污染物的削减优势。