相似降水年组下黄土高原植被恢复与土壤水分变化过程与空间特征分析

土壤水分是黄土高原植被恢复及其可持续性的主导限制因子,为认识退耕还林(草)工程以来大尺度植被恢复与土壤水分关系,以25km×25km格点为研究单元,采用1992—2013年逐月降水量、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和土壤水分指数(SWI)等数据,分析了该区植被恢复与土壤水变化过程及其区域分布特征。结果表明,黄土高原植被和土壤水分变化特征和趋势不一致,其中大部分区域(70%以上面积)NDVI呈极显著增加趋势(p0.01),但绝大部分地区(94%面积)的SWI没有趋势性变化。为进一步揭示植被和土壤水分变化关系,以格点为单元提取并分析了相似年组(年降水量差小于2%,年差大于或等于5年,逐月降水量相关性大于0.55),并分析了不同相似年组内NDVI和SWI的变化特征。植被指数与土壤水分变化主要包括两类:植被指数和土壤水分同时增加与植被指数增加而土壤水分减少。黄土高原植被、土壤水分变化的区域性明显,在未来生态恢复过程中,需要进一步认识植被恢复对土壤水分的关系,促进黄土高原植被恢复的可持续性。     

基于AMSR-E的黄河源区表层土壤水分时空变化

黄河源区生态环境和水文过程对气候变化的响应是该区域研究的热点问题,但相对于其他环境和水文要素而言,大尺度长序列的土壤水分时空分布特征研究不足.本文基于AMSR-E被动微波遥感数据和地面实测数据,首先采用引入Qp模型的双通道反演算法校正AMSR-E土壤水分数据,获得的土壤水分产品(SMD)精度高于官方提供的土壤水分产品(SMo),但其波动范围与实测数据有差异.之后采用逐月回归分析法对SM0进行二次校正,其土壤水分产品(SML)具有更高的精度且变化趋势与实测数据一致.基于SML土壤水分产品,对黄河源区及其5个自然分区表层土壤水分的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行分析.黄河源区年平均表层土壤水分为0.140～0.380 cm3/cm3,在2003-2010年间呈下降趋势,在东南部土壤水分较高的若尔盖丘状高原区、黄南山地区和果洛玉树高原宽谷区土壤水分呈下降趋势,其中若尔盖丘状高原区的下降速率最快,而在西北部土壤水分较低的黄河源宽谷湖盆区和柴达木东缘山区呈增加趋势;春季土壤水分呈下降趋势,夏季呈增加趋势,秋季的波动较大,冬季的变化的不大,其中9月土壤水分增加率和5月减少率最大.土壤水分受降水和植被指数的影响最大,气温表现为在年高温月份与土壤水分呈负相关,在年低温月份呈正相关.研究结果为AMSR-E土壤水分数据的研究与应用提供了依据,有助于深化对区域尺度土壤水分格局及其对气候变化响应的研究,对高原生态环境建设有重大意义.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区雨季土壤水分动态分析

降水是半干旱黄土丘陵区土壤水分的主要来源,雨季又是该区域降水发生的主要时期,因此对该区域雨季土壤水分进行研究具有一定意义。通过对半干旱黄土丘陵区雨季土壤含水量实施定位监测,对比分析雨季降雨量与近5年不同植被类型土壤含水量的关系,得到如下结论:(1)不同植被类型在雨季的土壤含水量主要受雨季以及雨季前一个月降雨量的影响;(2)雨季各个植被类型30~70 cm的土壤水分含量均较低;(3)干旱年雨季土壤含水量的变异性较普通年份和湿润年份高;表层土壤含水量变异系数最小,土层越深变异系数越高。对不同植被类型下雨季降雨与土壤水分相关关系的研究,旨在为今后该区域退耕地营林造林中的植被选取、低效林改造以及植被恢复重建提供理论依据。     

光学与微波遥感协同反演藏北表层土壤水分研究

表层土壤水分是定量干旱监测的重要参量,对干旱区生态环境具有十分重要的意义。在采用归一化植被指数阈值法划分地表覆盖类型的基础上,利用MODIS数据选择适用的光学遥感算法估算土壤水分基准值,以及利用风云三号B星搭载的微波成像仪(Fengyun-3B/MicrowareRadiationImagery,FY3B/MWRI)数据采用微波遥感算法反演土壤水分日变化量,最后构建藏北表层土壤水分协同反演的遥感模型并应用于区域土壤水分的估算。结果表明:光学遥感与微波遥感协同反演的土壤水分含量与实测数据呈显著相关,决定系数达到0.89,均方根误差为0.97,协同反演模型具有较高的反演精度,并且协同反演的结果优于单一遥感源的反演结果。该模型可以较好地适用于藏北地区表层土壤水分的动态监测。     

基于AMSR-2蒙古高原土壤水分反演及 对气象因子响应分析

土壤水分是地表水文过程研究的一个重要参数,是众多环境因子综合作用的结果,科学判定土壤水分对环境因子的响应特性,对在蒙古高原地区开展干旱监测预警,调整农业生产结构,改善区域生态环境具有重要意义。本研究基于AMSR-2观测亮温、SPOT-NDVI数据,利用微波辐射传输模型及粗糙地表发射率Qp模型,构建适合蒙古高原的土壤水分反演方程,同时将模型应用于2013年蒙古高原植被生长期土壤水分反演。在此基础上,结合TRMM 3B43降雨量及气象站点气温数据,探讨了蒙古高原土壤水分对气象因子及植被的响应特性。结果表明:1)构建的蒙古高原表层土壤水分反演模型精度较高,土壤水分反演值与实测值的判定系数为0.680 6,均方根误差(RMSE)达0.031 6 cm3·cm-3,反演结果明显优于JAXA提供的AMSR-2土壤水分产品数据(RMSE=0.044 1 cm3·cm-3)。2)TRMM 3B43降雨数据与实测降雨量线性拟合,其判定系数为0.859 8,直线拟合斜率K=0.941 5,在数值上较站点实测值略微偏低,表明TRMM 3B43数据精度较高,在蒙古高原具有很好的适用性。3)蒙古高原植被生长期土壤水分、植被指数及降水量在空间格局上均表现出由北向南、由东北向西南逐渐减少的趋势。干旱区,土壤水分对气温变化最敏感,二者表现出显著正相关关系,其次为降水和植被;半干旱区,植被是影响土壤水分的关键因子,而气温与降水对土壤水分影响呈现出季节性变化;半湿润区3个因子对土壤水分的影响程度表现为植被降水气温。总之,利用土壤水分对气象因子和植被的响应特性,可以采取适当措施降低蒙古高原灾害发生风险,为区域生态环境建设提供科学依据。     

不同深度土壤水分同化产品在川西高原的应用

[目的]评估不同深度土壤水分同化产品的适用性,为川西高原有关气候变化、生态环境建设等研究提供土壤水分数据选择的科学依据。[方法]以气象自动观测站的土壤水分值作为参考,评价了中国气象局陆面同化系统CLDAS-V 2.0和全球陆面同化系统GLDAS-Noah土壤水分产品在川西高原的精度,并分析了土壤水分产品对降水过程的反应以及降水对土壤水分产品精度的影响。[结果]①GLDAS和CLDAS数据均与参考值具有极显著的相关性(p<0.01),GLDAS数据与参考值的相关性整体好于CLDAS数据;②2套土壤水分产品在研究区表层和浅层的误差均较小,其中,表层土壤水分的误差大于浅层,GLDAS数据的误差小于CLDAS数据。两套数据都存在对土壤水分的高估,且在无降水情况下对土壤水分的高估比有降水的情况更突出;③2套数据在表层和浅层都表现出与降水一致的变化过程,且土壤水分的变化均滞后于降水量的变化,GLDAS数据对降水变化的反应比CLDAS数据更加灵敏,但CLDAS数据因具有较高的空间分辨率而对川西高原土壤水分的空间分异特征表现得更好。[结论]两套土壤水分产品表层和浅层数据在川西地区的适用性都较好,GLDAS数据质量总体较CLDAS数据更好,但CLDAS数据在对土壤水分空间分异的表现方面更具优势。     

不同利用方式下红壤坡地土壤水分时空动态变化规律研究

利用连续3年土壤水分定位观测数据，研究了红壤坡地不同利用方式下土壤水分的时空动态变化规律。结果表明：土壤水分时空动态变化主要受降雨和植被类型的影响。土壤水分季节变化分为相对稳定期、消耗期和补给期三个时段；土壤剖面（0～90cm）水分含量从表层到深层表现为增长型，依据2003年土壤水分标准差和变异系数。将土壤剖面划分为活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层3个层次；土壤剖面水分变异系数随降雨量和土层深度的增加而减小，随植被根系的增长而变大。平水年，深根系区与浅根系区土壤水分变化差异表现在30cm深度以下，而丰水年其差异主要表现在土壤表层（0～30cm）；无论平水年还是丰水年，深根系区土壤水分变幅均比浅根系区大。     

基于MODIS和NOAA数据尺度转换的若尔盖植被变化研究

为获得若尔盖地区较长时间序列的遥感植被指数,采用重采样技术和一元线性回归方法实现了GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI的空间尺度转换和时间尺度外推。结果表明:（1）不同重采样方法对MODIS NDVI数据的影响与空间尺度有关,对GIMMS NDVI数据的影响则与空间尺度关系不大;（2）空间分辨率2.5 km,对不同植被类型可建立GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI数据的一元线性转换关系,利用GIMMS NDVI拟合的结果与MODIS数据的差值统计符合正态分布;（3）1982—2013年,以1998年为节点若尔盖地区的植被先退化后逐渐恢复,尽管近几年植被指数平均水平高于研究初期,但局部地区的植被退化形势仍然比较严峻。     

干旱荒漠区排矸场不同覆盖类型对土壤水分蒸发的影响

[目的] 在水分匮乏的干旱荒漠区煤矿废弃地植被恢复过程中，研究不同边坡覆盖模式对土壤水分蒸发的影响，为干旱荒漠区矿区废弃地生态恢复模式优化与完善植被恢复技术提供科学依据。[方法] 以中国西北干旱荒漠区煤炭基地废弃地——排矸场为研究对象，研究不同覆盖类型排矸场边坡土壤水分蒸发和表层土壤水分的变化。试验设置了草帘、生态毯和液态地膜3种覆盖类型，以无覆盖为对照。[结果] 干旱荒漠区煤矿排矸场边坡表层土壤含水量基本呈随着坡位降低而增加的变化规律；蒸发试验进行初期各覆盖处理的土壤日蒸发量较大，随着时间推移日蒸发量逐渐降低，草帘覆盖下的平均土壤日蒸发量最低，与无覆盖处理之间的变化差异达到显著水平（p<0.05）；3种覆盖与无覆盖处理下的土壤水分累积蒸发量在排矸场边坡的不同坡位均表现出逐步上升的规律，无覆盖措施的土壤累积蒸发量增加较明显，草帘覆盖、液膜覆盖和生态毯覆盖措施下的土壤累积蒸发量分别比无覆盖措施减少了38.4%，24.2%和20.6%，坡面覆盖处理的土壤累积蒸发过程符合线性函数关系。[结论] 在草帘、生态毯和液态地膜3种覆盖类型中，草帘覆盖下的土壤含水量较高，草帘是减少边坡表层土壤水分蒸发量最为适合的覆盖措施。     

宁夏盐池不同草地类型的土壤水分平衡研究

以位于农牧交错地带盐池县的6种不同草地类型土壤含水量为研究对象,通过监测各种类型草地0—100cm土层质量含水量的动态变化情况,运用Surfer制图软件分析牧草生育期土壤水分的空间分布特征;利用土壤水分平衡方程和土壤分层贮水量公式计算不同草地0—100cm土层总贮水量变化情况,结合试验地生长季降水量变化,分析了不同草地类型土壤贮水量动态变化与蒸散量的变化规律,结果表明:降雨和植被类型是不同类型草地土壤水分动态变化的主要原因,沙丘土壤水分随降雨量变化较为明显;移栽柠条地土层剖面生育期水分变异系数最大,表明干旱时土壤失水较多,降雨充足时蓄水最多。因此应增加沙丘植被覆盖,对柠条、苜蓿、草地应适度进行放牧和刈割,控制植被生长,减少植被蒸腾蒸发,提高土壤水分固持能力,维持土壤水分的可持续发展。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.