氮锌复合作用对白三叶草生长、氮锌吸收和生理生化特性的影响

采用砂培试验方法,系统研究了不同水平氮锌配施对白三叶生长和生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,在缺锌条件下,随施氮水平增加,白三叶氮代谢和清除活性氧的能力、IAA、GAs含量下降,ABA、MDA含量增加,氮锌配施对生长和元素吸收表现为拮抗效应;在足量供锌条件下,与低量供氮相比,中量供氮时,白三叶氮代谢和清除活性氧的能力、IAA、GAs含量增加,ABA、MDA含量下降,氮锌配施对生长和元素吸收表现为协同效应。当高量氮时,氮锌配施则表现为拮抗效应。在判断氮锌复合作用类型时,应区分生长量变化引起的“浓缩效应”和“稀释效应”,应以生长量和吸收量变化来确定氮锌复合作用的类型。     

氮锌配施对不同冬小麦品种产量及锌营养的影响

为比较石灰性土壤氮锌配施对不同小麦品种生长及锌营养的影响,选10种本地主要种植小麦品种,进行连续两年的田间试验,测定小麦产量及锌含量。结果表明,在石灰性土壤上单施锌肥和氮锌配施对小麦产量、籽粒锌含量的影响因品种而异。单施锌肥及氮锌配施处理可显著增加土壤有效锌含量,但单施锌肥处理仅增加"西杂1号"、"武农148"、"郑麦9023"籽粒锌含量;氮锌配施增加除"小偃22"外其余9种供试小麦品种籽粒锌含量,增幅为7.3%～54.7%。单施锌肥对小麦锌累积量增加的效果不明显;氮锌配施可显著增加小麦地上部锌累积量,两季分别增加6.5%、29.8%。单施氮肥可显著增加小麦锌吸收,但其主要累积在小麦茎叶部。在石灰性土壤上,单施锌肥虽显著增加了土壤有效锌含量,但对小麦产量及籽粒Zn含量增加有限,氮锌肥配施可取得较好效果。     

小麦氮锌配施效应及增产机理研究

本文报道了淮北平原砂姜黑土区小麦氮锌配施效应及增产机理的研究.结果表明,在缺锌的砂姜黑土上,氮锌配合施用具有显著的增产效果.盆栽小麦增产10.2%～18.8%;大田小麦平均增产9.76%～16.6%.氮锌配合施用显著提高了土壤有效锌和速效氮含量水平,促进了小麦对氮锌的吸收,有效提高了植株氮锌含量,土壤水解氮含量增加了9.13%～21.2%;有效锌含量提高了32.3%～64.5%,小麦氮锌含量分别升高5.2 0%～13.0%和18.9%～36.7%,氮和锌积累量分别增加22.2%～49.7%和40.2%～68.2%. 说明在本试验条件下适当的氮锌配施对小麦生长发育具有明显的促进作用.     

小麦氮锌配施效应及增产机理研究

本文报道了淮北平原砂姜黑土区小麦氮锌配施效应及增产机理的研究。结果表明 ,在缺锌的砂姜黑土上 ,氮锌配合施用具有显著的增产效果。盆栽小麦增产1 0 2 %～ 1 8 8% ;大田小麦平均增产 9 76 %～ 1 6 6 %。氮锌配合施用显著提高了土壤有效锌和速效氮含量水平 ,促进了小麦对氮锌的吸收 ,有效提高了植株氮锌含量 ,土壤水解氮含量增加了 9 1 3%～ 2 1 2 % ;有效锌含量提高了 32 3%～ 6 4 5 % ,小麦氮锌含量分别升高 5 2 0 %～ 1 3 0 %和 1 8 9%～ 36 7% ,氮和锌积累量分别增加2 2 2 %～ 49 7%和 40 2 %～ 6 8 2 %。说明在本试验条件下适当的氮锌配施对小麦生长发育具有明显的促进作用     

氮锌硒肥配合施用对黑麦草锌营养的影响

本文研究在湖北省宜昌县山地黄棕壤上以磷肥为底肥单施锌、硒肥及氮锌硒肥配合施用对单播与混播黑麦草中锌营养状况的影响。试验结果表明 :单施锌肥明显增加混播黑麦草 (混播比例为白三叶∶黑麦草为 1∶4)中的锌含量 ,且随施锌量的增加 ,混播黑麦草中的锌含量也增加 ;单施磷肥的处理与不施肥的对照相比较 ,混播黑麦草中的锌含量降低 ,其主要原因是干物质量增加引起的稀释效应。单施硒肥情况下 ,混播黑麦草中的锌含量随着施硒量的增加呈降低趋势。氮锌硒肥配合施用的 9个处理中 ,混播黑麦草中锌含量最高的处理是N46Zn2 5Se1 ;单播黑麦草中锌含量最高的处理是N30Zn2 5Se5。     

氮锌配施对玉米干物质积累及产量效应的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了氮锌配施对玉米干物质积累、生长性状及产量的影响,结果表明,氮肥和锌肥都能增加玉米的干物质积累、株高、穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重及产量,且除穗长外氮肥的作用大于锌肥;氮锌配施效应大于单施氮肥或锌肥,氮锌交互效应为正,N1Zn1是最佳处理组合;综合考虑玉米生物产量、子粒产量、经济效益及环境污染,以施N1...     

氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响

在亚热带中山草地黄棕壤上研究了氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响 ,结果表明 :施氮降低了白三叶前期固氮百分数 ,但低水平施氮显著提高了白三叶后期固氮百分数。在各种施氮水平下 ,施锌 6mg kg之处理 %Ndfa最高。施氮显著降低了氮转移的数量 ,低量施锌促进了氮转移 ;施氮促进了牧草对肥料氮的吸收 ,所有施氮水平下 ,单播黑麦草 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较高。在施氮 3 0～ 90mg kg,混播黑麦草和混播白三叶 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较低 ;单播和混播黑麦草 %Ndfs随施氮水平增加显著下降 ,施锌对单播黑麦草的 %Ndfs影响不明显。在所有施氮水平下 ,施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg减少了混播白三叶和混播黑麦草对土壤氮的吸收     

氮锌配施对作物产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响研究进展

锌是作物生长必需的微量元素之一,在作物生长发育过程中起着至关重要的作用。但众所周知,锌肥施入土壤后有效性下降,利用率较低,提高锌肥有效性一直以来广受关注。而氮是作物生长发育所必需且需求量较大的营养元素,与锌元素具有协同效应,氮锌科学配施不仅可以提高锌肥有效性,也能提高氮肥利用率,并能促进作物生长和养分吸收,提高产量,但氮锌的这种协同作用因土壤类型、作物种类等的不同而不同。所以了解氮锌配施在不同土壤类型、不同作物上的应用效果及其影响因素具有重要的生产意义。通过查阅大量文献,对氮锌肥配施在不同土壤类型、不同作物上的应用效果进行了综述,并分析了氮锌配施效果的影响因素。结果显示,氮能促进作物对锌的吸收和转运,提高作物籽粒中锌的浓度;锌可通过促进氮的代谢过程,提高作物对氮素的吸收利用。氮锌配施具有明显的协同效应:(1)促进作物生长,提高作物产量,改善作物品质;(2)增加作物对氮、锌的吸收。但这种协同效应受作物种类、土壤性质、氮锌配施比例及配施方式等因素的影响,导致氮锌配施的应用效果也不同,在生产中应根据不同土壤和作物科学配施氮锌,以实现高产高效。氮锌科学配施能够促进作物高产、优质,但目前关于氮锌配施的作用机理研究还较少,氮锌配施技术也还有待进一步优化。因此,未来应加强氮锌互作机理研究,明确不同条件下氮锌配施最优比例及方式,从而为促进锌高效利用及研发氮锌肥料新产品提供技术依据和理论指导。     

氮锌配施对烟草根系发育及产量和质量的影响

为探究重庆烟区氮锌配施对烟草根系生长发育、碳氮代谢、产量和质量的影响,以‘云烟116’为供试材料进行大田试验,设置氮肥水平(N1:常规施肥、N2:常规施肥减氮 8%)+锌肥水平(Zn1:0 kg/hm²、Zn2:15 kg/hm²)的2因素2水平试验。分析不同氮锌配施对烟草根系形态特征(根毛超微结构和根条数)、生理特性(根系活力、可溶性糖和全氮含量、氮代谢关键酶活性)以及烤后烟叶主要化学成分和产量的影响。结果显示:不同氮锌配施处理间不定根条数、根系活力、根系全氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),在常规施氮量条件下配施锌肥,烟草根毛发生数量和根条数逐渐增加;锌肥的施入显著提高了根系生理特性。适宜的氮锌配施有利于烟草根条数、根系生理特性、主要化学成分构成因素和产量的增加。N1Zn2处理条件下的烤后烟叶产量最高(2074.66 kg/hm²),产值最高(48982.72元/hm²),主要化学成分较其他各处理更为协调,并且从氮锌配施交互作用考虑烟草根系形态特征、生理特性以及烤后烟叶的主要化学成分和产量,选择适宜的氮锌配施不仅有利于提高烟叶产量,还能达到较为理想的烤后烟叶品质。通过研究分析得出:氮锌配施条件下最适宜的肥料施用量为常规施氮量90 kg/hm²、施锌量15 kg/hm²。     

锌铬复合胁迫对水稻植株碳氮代谢的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了锌铬复合胁迫对水稻植株碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,在锌铬复合胁迫下,随着土壤中锌、铬浓度的增加,水稻干物质积累量降低,根冠比及根系可溶性糖含量呈增加的趋势,而茎鞘及叶中可溶性糖含量呈降低的趋势;根系、茎鞘及叶中可溶性蛋白含量和全氮含量则呈高低起伏的变化。偏相关分析表明,土壤中锌、铬浓度与水稻根系、茎鞘及叶中可溶性糖含量,水稻根系可溶性蛋白含量均产生了Zn-Cr协同效应,而与全氮含量未产生复合效应。这说明在重金属胁迫下,水稻通过协调自身源流库的关系,提高其对逆境的生态适应能力。     

不同改良剂对黑麦草在铜矿尾矿砂上生长的影响

Montmorillonite, rice straw, organic manure and chemical fertilizer were used as amendment materials for copper mine tailings, and their effects on mine tailing pH, nutrients and metal availability to ryegrass were investigated. Chemical fertilization was the most effective one in improving ryegrass growth in mine tailings among the amendment materials examined. It was found that montmorillonite raised biomass of ryegrass at the 1st and 2nd cuts, but it did not give further positive effects at the 3rd and 4th cuts. The effect of organic materials on ryegrass growth was not so good as expected, mainly due to their slow decomposition in mine tailings with less soil microorganisms. Available Cu and Zn contents in mine tailings decreased in the presence of montmorillonite but increased when rice straw and organic manure were used as amendments. Cu and Zn contents in ryegrass decreased with increasing the rate of montmorillonite application but increased with the rate of rice straw. Zn showed much stronger mobility from soil to ryegrass than Cu, and almost all the available N and P in mine tailings, except for the treatments with organic manure, were completely consumed after ryegrass had grown in mine tailings for more than four months and been harvested for four times. Owing to its large biomass and high metal uptake, ryegrass is a potential plant for remediation of metal contaminated soils in practice.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on zinc absorption and translocation in winter wheat

Zinc (Zn) deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake is a global nutritional problem, so increasing Zn concentrations in crops is a challenging and high-priority research task. A field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on Zn absorption and translocation in winter wheat during the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 crop seasons, in Xinzheng City, Henan Province, China. N was applied at four levels (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha^?1) and Zn was applied at two levels (15 and 30 kg zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO_4·7H₂O) ha^?1]. The results indicated that reasonable N application increased grain yield, total Zn accumulations, and Zn concentrations of each plant part of winter wheat. Furthermore, appropriate N application increased Zn distribution proportions in grains and decreased Zn distribution proportions in roots, stems, leaves, and spikes, and enhanced Zn removal from roots, stems, leaves, and spikes to grains. Meanwhile, reasonable N combined with higher Zn application had a better effect on Zn absorption and Zn translocation to grain of winter wheat. The results suggested that suitable quantity of N fertilizer combined with higher Zn application is an important measure to obtain both higher grain yield and grain Zn concentration in winter wheat production.     

Effect of potassium rate on growth,quality, chemical composition,and winter hardiness of perennial ryegrass

Seven potassium (K) rates (0, 50, 150, 350, 450, 550, and 650 kg K/ha) were used to determine the optimum rate of K for turf‐type perennial ryegrass during the winter based on turf growth, quality, and winter hardiness. Turf density, color, growth, and winter hardiness were increased as the rate of K application increased up to 350 kg K/ha. However, there were no beneficial effects of K application beyond that rate. Potassium content of the whole plant was 1.72% of the dry matter at the 350 kg K/ha rate. Calcium and Mg contents of the plant were reduced as the result of K application, and a reduction in growth and K content was detected at the higher K application rates. It is suggested that the optimum K rate for perennial ryegrass is about 350 kg K/ha under our experimental conditions in the winter, and that the K content should be about 1.72% of dry weight of whole plant.     

红芪氮素吸收和多糖积累规律及施肥响应

田间试验研究了红芪氮素吸收分配动态和多糖含量的变化规律, 以及增施3 种水平坡缕石(P1, 750kg·hm^-2; P2, 1 500 kg·hm^-2; P3, 2 250 kg·hm^-2)对红芪吸氮和多糖积累的影响。结果表明: 6 月下旬至7 月下旬是红芪茎叶对氮的营养临界期, 而红芪根在8 月下旬以后对氮的需求量增大, 9 月下旬至10 月下旬为氮素从茎叶向根系转移的时期, 6 月下旬至8 月下旬是红芪多糖含量的快速积累期。在红芪收获期, NPK+P3、NPK+P2 和NPK+P1 处理的全株氮素积累量分别比NPK 对照提高45.22%、29.45%和20.06%, NPK+P3 处理的茎叶氮素积累量比NPK 对照提高71.99%, NPK+P3、NPK+P2 处理的根氮素积累量分别比NPK 对照提高38.72%和26.07%;NPK+P1、NPK+P2 和NPK+P3 处理的多糖含量分别较NPK 对照提高50.74%、62.95% 和 40.63%。坡缕石配施用量对红芪吸氮的促进效果综合表现为高用量>中用量>低用量, 但其配施用量与多糖产量的关系还需进一步研究确定。     

锌胁迫对重金属富集植物黑麦草养分吸收和锌积累的影响

采用土培根袋试验研究了锌胁迫对重金属富积累植物黑麦草4个品种生长，N、P、K养分及Zn吸收积累的影响。结果表明，Zn在一定范围内（0～520mg／kg）促进了黑麦草生长，RTI（根系耐性指数）≥1.0（0～520mg／kg Zn^2＋）。在Zn^2＋≤260mg／kg（根系）或Zn^2＋≤520mg／kg（地上部）时，黑麦草吸收N、P、K并未受到抑制。植株地上部和根系最大N、P、K含量大多出现在生物量最大或次高的260，520mg／kg Zn^2＋处理中。黑麦草植株Zn含量随Zn胁迫的增加而增加，以泰德植株Zn含量和对Zn的转运率最高（其植株Zn地上部最大含量为583.9mg／kg DW，加Zn处理的S／R〉1）。     

Nitrogen mineralization and availability of mixed leguminous and non-leguminous cover crop residues in soil

Whereas non-leguminous cover crops such as cereal rye (Secale cereale) or annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium) are capable of reducing nitrogen (N) leaching during wet seasons, leguminous cover crops such as hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) improve soil N fertility for succeeding crops. With mixtures of grasses and legumes as cover crop, the goal of reducing N leaching while increasing soil N availability for crop production could be attainable. This study examined net N mineralization of soil treated with hairy vetch residues mixed with either cereal rye or annual ryegrass and the effect of these mixtures on growth and N uptake by cereal rye. Both cereal rye and annual ryegrass contained low total N, but high water-soluble carbon and carbohydrate, compared with hairy vetch. Decreasing the proportion of hairy vetch in the mixed residues decreased net N mineralization, rye plant growth and N uptake, but increased the crossover time (the time when the amount of net N mineralized in the residue-amended soil equalled that of the non-amended control) required for net N mineralization to occur. When the hairy vetch content was decreased to 40% or lower, net N immobilization in the first week of incubation increased markedly. Residue N was significantly correlated with rye biomass (r=0.81, P<0.01) and N uptake (r=0.83, P<0.001), although the correlation was much higher between residue N and the potential initial N mineralization rate for rye biomass (r=0.93, P<0.001) and N uptake (r=0.99, P<0.001). Judging from the effects of the mixed residues on rye N Concentration and N uptake, the proportion of rye or annual ryegrass when mixed with residues of hairy vetch should not exceed 60% if the residues are to increase N availability. Further study is needed to examine the influence of various mixtures of hairy vetch and rye or annual ryegrass on N leaching in soil. Received: 10 March 1997     

小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响

田间试验研究了小麦蚕豆间作及4种施氮水平(0、90 kg·hm^-2、180 kg·hm^-2和270 kg·hm^-2)对小麦植株体内氮含量、小麦地上部氮素累积及氮素养分吸收速率的影响。结果表明: 间作显著增加了小麦地上部植株的氮含量, 与单作相比, 分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期不同施氮处理间作小麦植株的氮含量平均比单作提高20.0%、21.9%、21.4%和17.1%; 抽穗期和成熟期间作小麦叶、茎和穗中的氮含量均高于单作; 间作显著提高了小麦植株的氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率, 与单作相比整个生育期间作小麦氮素累积量增幅为15.5%~30.4%。无论单作还是间作, 小麦植株氮含量和氮素累积量随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 施氮对单作小麦植株氮含量、氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率的影响大于间作, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 间作优势逐渐减弱; 单作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 间作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趋势。本研究表明, 间作和施氮促进了小麦对氮素的吸收利用, 间作优势与施氮水平密切相关, 间作体系中氮素养分的合理投入是发挥间作优势的关键。