铜川市三里洞煤矸石堆积地风化土壤重金属污染及植物富集特征

研究煤矿矸石地的土壤污染及植物对有毒元素的吸收可为污染治理和植被恢复提供科学依据。对铜川市三里洞煤矸石堆积地土壤污染和草本植物中重金属含量进行了研究。运用地质累积指数法和综合富集系数分别对土壤污染和草本植物富集重金属元素的能力进行了分析评价。结果表明,该区土壤中和草本植物中Cu,Cd,Zn,Mn,Ni,Pb,Cr元素均明显高于背景值;草本植物中Cu,Cd,Ni元素超出正常范围。土壤中重金属元素Cd为强度污染,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr元素为轻度污染。不同植物中小飞蓬、铁杆蒿和野艾蒿对重金属元素的富集能力最强,其次为猪毛蒿和曼陀罗,狗牙根最差。     

韶关土壤重金属污染状况

随着工矿业的迅猛发展,韶关土壤重金属污染日益严重,直接影响到农作物的安全生产。笔者对韶关土壤重金属污染来源及其现状作了概述,并针对污染状况及其当地农作物生产的特点提出了一些治理和修复建议。     

采矿活动对煤矿区土壤中重金属污染研究

以国家亿吨煤建设基地、已有百年开采历史的淮南矿区为例 ,研究长期采矿活动 (尤其是煤矸石堆积 )造成的矿区土壤重金属污染。从不同开采历史的 3个矿井区 (大约分别为 10 0、5 0、2 5年 )选择 4条土壤采样线 ,系统采集煤矸石堆附近的土壤样品 ,使用美国IRISIntrepid电感耦合等离子体全谱直读光谱仪对土壤中主要有害元素 (Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Sn、Cr、Co)进行分析 ,用土壤标样 (GBW0 74 0 3)控制分析质量。采用元素富集系数法 (Al为参比元素 )来评价重金属的富集水平。研究结果表明 :矿区土壤已表现来自采矿活动的重金属污染贡献 ,且具有累积性。不同矿井区土壤中重金属含量呈现随开采历史及堆积煤矸石风化时间长而递减的趋势 ,且Co、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb表现相对较强的迁移性 ,其含量在部分矿井区土壤中超过国家土壤一级污染标准。但矿区土壤中分析的重金属元素均未超过国家土壤二级污染标准 ,这说明煤矸石中重金属向周围土壤的迁移是缓慢过程     

鞍山宋三污灌区土壤重金属污染状况评价

通过对1989年和2003年鞍山市宋三污灌区土壤中重金属含量的分析表明,As、Cr、Cu、Pb在土壤中的累积量较小,均不超标;而Hg、Cd在土壤中的累积显著,污染严重,Cd的超标率由23.0%提高至40.0%,Hg的超标率由0.0%提高至33.3%。污灌区Cd、Hg的污染应引起重视。     

煤矿区矸石山周边土壤重金属污染特征与规律

以山东某矿区为例,通过淋溶模拟实验,研究了煤矸石中重金属的淋溶规律,并探讨了煤矸石山周边土壤重金属污染特征.结果表明:风化矸石淋滤液中的Zn、Pb、Cr和Cu浓度较高,并很快稳定;新鲜矸石在淋溶初期检出Zn,其它重金属元素没有检出;风化矸石淋滤液中重金属的含量要高于未风化矸石.矸石山周边表层土壤中的Zn、pb、Cr和Cu较高,且浓度高出矸石淋溶液许多倍,表明煤矸石中重金属淋滤具有长期性,矿区土壤对重金属具有迁移性和富集性.表层土壤重金属含量随着距煤矸石堆的距离增加而呈明显的下降趋势,充分表明矸石山对周边土壤造成了严重的重金属污染,而且在土壤剖面上,重金属含量表现出随土壤深度的增加而降低的趋势.     

芜湖市工业区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过对芜湖工业区(四褐山区、马塘区)土壤中重金属污染状况的调查,结果表明:土壤中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)含量绝大部分高于土壤元素背景值。在四褐山工业区,Cu污染最严重,Cd次之;在马塘工业区,Cd污染最严重,Zn次之。土壤中重金属含量基本上与土壤pH呈负相关关系,而重金属总量与可浸提态含量呈正相关关系。土壤中重金属污染来源主要是污水,大气粉尘沉降也是一个重要因素。     

典型煤矿工业园区土壤重金属污染评价

随着工业化进程的加快,一些农业用地转为工业用地,土地用途的转变可能会影响周围土壤的质量。该研究以河南省东部某煤矿工业园区为对象,分成不同小区采集土壤样品,分析工业园区内表层土壤的Hg、Cd、Zn、As、Pb、Cr六种重金属含量及污染评价,并同时与周边土壤重金属含量进行比较,分析可能造成土壤环境污染的因子。结果表明,根据土壤环境质量标准,工业园区域内土壤污染指数小于0.7,土壤清洁;但与周边土壤比较存在污染的风险,潜在重金属威胁主要表现为Hg,其他重金属污染风险趋势为Cd>Zn>As>Pb>Cr;在空间分布上,除Cr外,随着与工业园区距离的加大,其他五种重金属其含量有降低的趋势;同时根据结果提出合理土壤污染防控建议。     

贵州水城煤矸石风化土壤-农作物系统中汞分布规律研究

通过冷原子荧光方法测定了贵州水城汪家寨煤矿和那罗煤矿不同年限的煤矸石风化土壤及农作物中总Hg含量和甲基汞含量,并采用BCR连续提取法分析了煤矸石风化土壤中汞的不同赋存形态,系统地对此矿区煤矸石风化土壤-农作物系统中汞的分布规律及其环境效应进行了研究。结果表明,煤矸石风化土壤样中汞含量范围在0.07～1.06 mg.kg-1之间,和pH值存在显著负相关关系（r=-0.68,P〈0.01）。风化年限较长的煤矸石土壤汞浓度接近对照点自然土壤汞含量,而在风化年限较短的煤矸石风化土壤中,大部分样品汞浓度超过了国家Ⅱ类土壤环境标准,不宜在上面种植食用的农作物。煤矸石风化土壤中甲基汞含量在0.52～2.68μg.kg-1之间,和总汞存在显著正相关关系（r=0.65,P〈0.05）。煤矸石风化土壤中汞主要以有机/硫化态和残渣态存在,风化年限较短的煤矸石山土壤中酸交换态汞浓度及比例都明显高于老煤矸石山。虽然汪家寨煤矿风化年限较短的煤矸石山土壤存在着较高的汞含量,但其上种植的马铃薯、玉米、菜豆的汞含量均没有超过国家标准食品中Hg限量值,然而高于风化年限较长的煤矸石山中同类植株的汞含量。     

西安市未央区土壤重金属污染状况的调查分析

对西安市未央区6个街办10个村的土壤进行了调查、采样及样品分析。分析元素为重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg、Ni和类金属As。分析结果表明,该区汉城街办、六村堡街办农用土壤受到Cd和Hg的不同程度污染,其次还有Zn的点源污染。经过调查,与当地的工业排污有一定关系,所以加强环境污染治理不容忽视。     

湖北茶园土壤重金属污染状况评价

对湖北省96个茶园土壤的Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Se、Co、V和Sb等重金属含量进行测定,并对比土壤环境质量评价国家标准,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对茶园土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,湖北省茶园土壤质量状况良好,处于清洁级和尚清洁标准的茶园比例分别为45.8%、30.2%,除1个茶园的Pb出现重度污染外,其余重金属含量均未超标。     

古莲河煤矿不同造林树种对土壤养分及重金属含量的影响与评价

以大兴安岭古莲河煤矿排土场为研究对象,分析不同造林树种对土壤养分及重金属元素污染的改良效果.结果表明:各造林地土壤养分含量均有所增加,沙棘、落叶松和樟子松造林地土壤养分含量平均值分别为对照地的1.61,1.37,1.15倍;并且各造林地重金属元素含量也均有所下降,沙棘、落叶松和樟子松造林地重金属元素含量分别为对照地的0.95,0.86,0.97倍,土壤内梅罗综合污染指数分别为1.24,1.29和1.28,与未造林排土场内梅罗综合污染指数1.50相比明显降低,但都属于轻度污染.试验说明植树造林不但能提高土壤养分含量,还能吸收、固定土壤中的重金属元素,从而降低土壤污染程度.     

淮南煤矿复垦区土壤重金属含量分布及潜在生态风险评价

以淮南矿区煤矸石充填复垦地为研究对象,对该复垦区不同土地利用方式(小麦地、桃林、蔬菜大棚、油菜地)下土壤Cd,Zn,As,Ni,Cu,Pb,Cr,Mn共8种重金属含量进行了分析和评价。结果表明,相对土壤背景值,该复垦区土壤中Zn,Cr,Mn,As污染较为严重相对未复垦区,复垦区土壤中的Zn,Cd,As分别是未复垦区的4.38,2.57和2.20倍,具有明显的累积现象。不同土地利用方式土壤重金属含量差异较大,小麦地和桃林地的Zn,Cd,As含量远大于油菜地和蔬菜大棚,Cr含量则表现为桃林地、蔬菜地远大于小麦地和油菜地,Ni,Cu,Mn,Pb在4种土地利用类型下的差异不显著。土地利用方式、施肥以及受采矿活动的影响程度不同是导致土壤重金属含量差异的主要原因。淮南煤矿复垦土壤中各重金属的生态风险顺序为:Cd>Zn>As>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr>Mn。Cd的潜在生态风险值最大(89.71),属于强生态风险,其余元素均为轻微风险。不同土地利用方式的风险顺序为:小麦地>桃林地>蔬菜大棚>油菜地。     

包头市不同功能区土壤重金属污染评价

为了解包头市城市土壤重金属污染状况,将包头市城区土壤按使用功能不同进行分区,采其表层土壤进行重金属含量的测定,并用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其进行评价。结果表明:重金属元素除Cr外,包头市各功能区土壤Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd含量均已超过本地区自然土壤重金属元素含量的平均值;地累积指数法显示城区土壤中Pb和Cd为中度污染,其他重金属为轻度污染或者无污染;内梅罗污染指数法显示工业区、商业区和科教区均呈重度污染,居民区和城市绿地为中度污染;包头市城市土壤整体处于"中等"潜在生态风险危害水平,这需要引起相关部门的注意。     

Field-Scale Assessment of Phytotreatment of Soil Contaminated with Weathered Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Phytoremediation is a remediation method which uses plants to remove, contain or detoxify environmental contaminants. Phytoremediation has successfully been applied for the removal of fresh hydrocarbon contamination, but removal of aged hydrocarbons has proven more difficult. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface can be enhanced by the presence of plant roots, i.e. the rhizosphere effect. Phytostabilization reduces heavy metal availability via immobilization in the rhizosphere. Soils contaminated by both hydrocarbons and heavy metals are abundant and may be difficult to treat. Heavy metal toxicity can inhibit the activity of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms and decrease the metabolic diversity of soil bacteria. In this experiment, weathered hydrocarbon- and heavy metal- contaminated soil was treated using phytoremediation in a 39- month field study in attempts to achieve both hydrocarbon removal and heavy metal stabilization. Materials and Methods: A combination of hydrocarbon degradation and heavy metal stabilization was evaluated in a field-scale phytoremediation study of weathered contaminants. Soil had been contaminated over several years with hydrocarbons (11400±4300 mg kg dry soil)-1 and heavy metals from bus maintenance activities and was geologically characterized as till. Concentrations of soil copper, lead and zinc were 170±50 mgkg-1, 1100±1500 mg kg-1 and 390±340 mg kg-1, respectively. The effect of contaminants, plant species and soil amendment (NPK fertilizer or biowaste compost) on metabolic activity of soil microbiota was determined. Phytostabilization performance was investigated by analyses of metal concentrations in plants, soil and site leachate as well as acute toxicity to Vibrio fischeri and Enchtraeus albidus. Results: Over 39 months hydrocarbon concentrations did not decrease significantly (P=0.05) in non-amended soil, although 30% of initial hydrocarbon concentrations were removed by the last four months of study. In soil amended with NPK fertilizer and municipal biowaste compost, 65 % and 60 % of hydrocarbons were removed, respectively. The soil contained metabolically diverse bacteria, measured as carbon source utilization and extracellular enzymatic activities. Compost addition resulted in a slight increase in enzymatic activities. Diesel fuel utilization potential in Biolog MT2 plates inoculated with a soil suspension was enhanced by both compost and NPK compared to non-amended soil. Soil toxicity to V. fischeri and E. albidus was low. The leachate was not toxic to V. fischeri. Pine (Pinus sylvestris), poplar (Populus deltoides x Wettsteinii), grasses and clover (Trifolium repens) survived to varying degrees in the contaminated soil. All plants suffered from phytotoxicity symptoms and some trees died during the study period. Plants formed a dense cover over the compost-amended soil, whereas non-amended soil had areas devoid of vegetation throughout the study. Vegetation coverage in the NPK-amended quarter was about 50 % after the first four months of study, but increased gradually to 100 %. Heavy metals did not accumulate in plant tissue. Discussion: Removal of hydrocarbons from weathered unfertilized hydrocarbon-contaminated soil was not statistically significant despite the presence of a viable hydrocarbon-degrading microbial community. This effect is attributed to soil heterogeneity and low bioavailability of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon concentrations were not reduced to the desired level, i.e., 1500 mg hydrocarbons (kg of dry soil)-1, in any treatment. . The presence of clay minerals and organic matter within the compost may have limited heavy metal transfer to leachate and plant tissue. Conclusions: Weathered hydrocarbons were partly decomposed in soil fertilized with NPK fertilizer or biowaste compost, but not from unfertilized soil. The active hydrocarbon-degrading microbiota and low toxicity of soil to V. fischeri and E. albidus indicates low availability of contaminants to microorganisms. Despite high heavy metal concentrations, the soil contained metabolically diverse bacteria, measured as carbon source utilization and extracellular enzymatic activities. Heavy metals did not accumulate in test plants. Pine and poplar suffered from phytotoxicity symptoms in the soil and could not enhance hydrocarbon removal in compost-amended soil. Compost addition combined with a grass and legume crop is suggested for stabilization of combined hydrocarbon- and metal-contaminated soil. Recommendations and Perspectives: Both compost and NPK fertilizers can be used to enhance phytoremediation of soil contaminated with weathered hydrocarbons in the presence of heavy metals; however, compost addition is recommended since it enables greater vegetative coverage. This in turn may decrease heavy metal mobility. Phytoremediation can be used for remediation of soil contaminated with weathered hydrocarbons in the presence of heavy metals. However, phytoremediation of weathered contaminants requires extended periods of time; thus, other remediation methods should be considered in the event of soil contamination posing an immediate public health and/or environmental threat.     

黄骅市土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价

为研究工业和经济高速发展对环渤海滨海生态脆弱区土壤质量的影响,以黄骅市为研究区,利用地统计学方法对黄骅市表层土壤中的Pb,Hg,Cd,Cr,As,Cu,Zn,Ni共8种重金属空间分布特点和污染状况进行了分析。结果表明:（1）Pb,Cd,Cu元素样点平均含量超过河北省土壤背景值,其他元素含量平均值均未超过,所有元素含量平均值都在国家土壤质量二级标准的范围内。（2）根据变异函数拟合发现,Pb,Hg,Cd,Cr,As,Cu共6种元素拟合于指数模型,Zn,Ni两种元素拟合于球状模型;Pb,Cd,Zn基底效应值为25%～75%,空间自相关程度一般,其空间分布格局受到一定外界干扰。其他元素基底效应值均在25%以下,空间自相关性比较强,空间分布格局受外部影响相对较小。（3）根据克里格内插预测发现,Pb,Cd,Cu整体含量高,区域离散分布;Cr,Zn,Ni整体含量低,连续集中分布;As元素成岛状分布,分布集中于几个区域;Hg成散点状分布于黄骅全县。（4）通过计算内梅罗污染指数可知,黄骅市土壤内梅罗污染指数大部分处于1.0～2.0,属于轻度污染状态;吕桥镇中部和齐家务乡西部污染指数最高,属于污染最严重的地区。工业生产和地质环境是影响土壤重金属元素空间分布的主要原因。     

芜湖市不同功能区土壤重金属污染状况与环境质量评价

通过对芜湖市工业区、商业区、休闲区和居住区土壤重金属污染现状的调查与分析,分别以本地区自然土壤重金属元素自然含量的平均值和国家土壤环境质量标准作为评价标准,计算出各功能区土壤单因子污染指数,并采用主成分分析法确定权重,对各功能区的土壤环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:芜湖市各功能区土壤Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn含量均超过本地区自然土壤重金属元素自然含量的平均值。其中工业区土壤中Cd、Hg和Cu,商业区土壤中Cd和Hg,休闲区和居住区土壤中Cd均超过国家土壤环境质量标准。Cu、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd污染均表现为工业区最大,商业区次之,Zn在各功能区含量差异不大。土壤中重金属含量上层高于下层,且在商业区和居住区差异明显。土壤环境质量居民区尚清洁,休闲区和商业区中度污染,工业区重度污染。     

淮南矿区煤矸石风化物特性及有机碳分布特征

以淮南矿区潘一矿煤矸石山为研究对象,通过对煤矸石风化物的理化特性、电镜扫描(SEM)、能谱(EDS)和总有机碳(TOC)含量分析,初步研究了煤矸石风化物有机碳分布和释放规律,以及煤矸石山堆积淋溶作用对周边土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量的影响。结果表明,从山顶、山腰到山脚煤矸石风化物中的总有机碳(TOC)含量依次减小,随着采样深度的增加总有机碳(TOC)含量逐渐变大。煤矸石风化物中总有机碳含量与煤矸石风化物粒径大小呈正相关,与煤矸石风化物的风化程度成负相关。不同粒径煤矸石风化物淋滤液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)的含量随着淋溶时间增大而减小,在96h淋滤液中溶解性有机碳含量趋于稳定,且值较为接近。距离山脚2~100m内,随着采样距离的增加土壤中溶解性有机碳含量(DOC)呈减少趋势。在距离煤矸石山80~100m处土壤溶解性有机碳含量接近正常农田土壤含量。     

Heavy Metal Contamination in Peach Trees Irrigated with Water from a Heavily Polluted Creek

This study was conducted to characterize the heavy metal contamination in the soils of peach orchards irrigated with water from Nilüfer creek, which is heavily polluted by industrial and municipal wastes. Twenty-one peach orchards with 3 different cultivars in 7 orchards each located along Nilüfer creek were monitored in the experiment. To determine levels of pollution, soils and aboveground parts of the trees were sampled and analyzed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). Total amounts of Ni and Cr were found to be at the excessive levels in soils. Extractable Ni concentration decreased with increasing pH and CaCO₃ content in soils. Leaf metal contents were generally at tolerable levels, but Ni and Pb accumulated to toxic levels in different parts of the fruit (flesh and peel). Except for Fe and Ni, plant concentrations of the metals did not correlate with their total and DTPA-extractable concentrations in the soils. There was no significant difference among the cultivars in accumulation of heavy metals.