Discriminating between cultivars and treatments of broccoli using mass spectral fingerprinting and analysis of variance-principal component analysis

Metabolite fingerprints, obtained with direct injection mass spectrometry (MS) with both positive and negative ionization, were used with analysis of variance-principal components analysis (ANOVA-PCA) to discriminate between cultivars and growing treatments of broccoli. The sample set consisted of two cultivars of broccoli, Majestic and Legacy, the first grown with four different levels of Se and the second grown organically and conventionally with two rates of irrigation. Chemical composition differences in the two cultivars and seven treatments produced patterns that were visually and statistically distinguishable using ANOVA-PCA. PCA loadings allowed identification of the molecular and fragment ions that provided the most significant chemical differences. A standardized profiling method for phenolic compounds showed that important discriminating ions were not phenolic compounds. The elution times of the discriminating ions and previous results suggest that they were common sugars and organic acids. ANOVA calculations of the positive and negative ionization MS fingerprints showed that 33% of the variance came from the cultivar, 59% from the growing treatment, and 8% from analytical uncertainty. Although the positive and negative ionization fingerprints differed significantly, there was no difference in the distribution of variance. High variance of individual masses with cultivars or growing treatment was correlated with high PCA loadings. The ANOVA data suggest that only variables with high variance for analytical uncertainty should be deleted. All other variables represent discriminating masses that allow separation of the samples with respect to cultivar and treatment.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of different wheat plant types under dryland and irrigated conditions 1

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant type in major producing areas of the U.S. is changing rapidly from tall cultivars to high‐yielding semidwarf cultivars. Objectives of experiments were to determine if nitrogen and phosphorus nutritional requirements differ between traditional tall cultivars and modern semidwarf cultivars under dryland and irrigated conditions. ‘Larned’, a tall cultivar; ‘Newton’, a semidwarf cultivar; and ‘Plainsman V, a high‐protein semidwarf cultivar, were grown with all combinations of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 84, and 168 kg N/ha) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg P₂O₅/ha) at Colby, Kansas for two years. Three levels of irrigation—dryland, limited irrigation, and full irrigation—were applied. Grain yields were highest with 84 kg N/ha under dryland and with 168 kg N/ha under irrigation. Phosphorus increased grain yield under dryland conditions one year, but had no effect under irrigated conditions. Cultivar X nutrition interactions from differential yield responses to fertility levels occurred under the dryland and limited irrigation regimes one year. Grain protein content was increased by nitrogen fertilization under all regimes both years and was decreased only by phosphorus fertilization under dryland conditions one year. Cultivar X nitrogen interactions for grain protein occurred under all irrigation regimes. We concluded that nutrient requirements do not differ between tall and semi dwarf wheat culti‐vars under any irrigation regime. Raising the recommended level of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, should be considered for all cultivars, both tall and semidwarf.     

不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 变化特征及产量分析

冬小麦不同株型品种和灌溉类型是影响产量遥感估测的重要因素, 对二者的实时监测可以提高产量的估测精度。结合遥感数据(MODIS 数据)与非遥感数据(GPS 数据和外业调查资料), 研究了不同株型品种冬小麦在水、旱地条件下归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)的动态变化特征, 分析了不同生育时期NDVI 与产量之间的关系。结果表明: 冬小麦不同株型品种间NDVI 随生育时期的变化具有明显一致性, 呈“小-大-小”变化趋势; 拔节期至孕穗期不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 差异显著, 披散型品种高于紧凑型品种, 该时期为准确识别冬小麦株型的最佳时期。水、旱地同一种株型的冬小麦品种在整个生育时期NDVI 均值差异较显著, 均表现为水地冬小麦高于旱地冬小麦, 尤以抽穗初期最为明显。水旱地冬小麦不同生育时期NDVI 与产量相关性均以抽穗初期为最高, 但用抽穗初期和灌浆期NDVI 与产量的复合回归方程进行产量预测比用抽穗初期NDVI 与产量的回归方程效果好, 旱地冬小麦尤为明显。     

Effect of potassium sulfate on the physiological characteristics of canola cultivars in late season drought stress conditions

Abstract

In order to reduce the damage caused by the late-season drought stress of canola, a factorial split-plot experiment was performed based on the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Karaj, Iran. The treatments were Potassium sulfate in two levels, including application and non-application of potassium sulfate, irrigation at three levels including normal irrigation (control), restricted irrigation from the flowering and pod formation stage, as factorial were in main plots and winter canola cultivars including Opera, L72, KR1, GKH3705, GKH0224 were in subplots. The simple effect of irrigation and potassium sulfate on all of the studied traits and the simple effect of cultivar on all traits except chlorophyll b were significant. The interaction effect of irrigation?×?cultivar on soluble carbohydrate, stomatal resistance, proline content, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content was significant. The interaction effect of irrigation?×?potassium sulfate on the amount of soluble carbohydrates, stomatal resistance and proline content of leaves was significant. In irrigation interruption from the pod formation stage, the promising line of L72, and in irrigation interruption from the flowering stage, the Neptune cultivar exhibited the most positive effect of potassium application on the studied traits. As a result, the application of potassium sulfate in addition to the L72 and Neptune cultivars is recommended in areas similar to the tested area encountering the late-season drought stress.     

Performance and water requirement of young olives (Olea europaea L.) in the harsh environment of Kuwait

In the harsh environmental conditions of Kuwait, plants are frequently exposed to high temperatures, low relative humidity and drought. Because water resources available for agriculture are limited, an efficient irrigation strategy is vital for sustainable olive production. In view of these facts, a study to determine the behavior and water requirement of young olive plants under Kuwait's environmental conditions was carried out. The investigation included five cultivars (cvs. Arbequina, Barnea, Coratina, Koroneiki and UC13A6) and three levels of irrigation (50, 75 and 100% of ETc) with brackish water (ECe 5.0 dS m^?1). One-year-old grafted plants were used in this study. With the exception of UC13A6, the cultivars showed good adaptation to the harsh weather conditions in Kuwait and to brackish water irrigation during the first 18 months after the beginning of the irrigation treatments. Indeed, they showed good height and shoot growth, with cultivars Barnea, Arbequina and Coratina showing the highest values. Cultivar Barnea was the most vigorous variety under Kuwait's environmental conditions. Vegetative growth in these varieties was not significantly reduced in the 50% ETc treatment. This indicates huge opportunities to improve the water-use-efficiency through further investigations aimed at optimizing the amount of water supplied with irrigation.     

昼夜连续照射LED红蓝光对不同品种生菜生长和品质的影响

为探究生菜对全生长期连续光照的响应及品种差异性,在密闭式植物工厂内,以LED红蓝光为光源研究了水培条件下常规光照（12h/12h,NL）与连续光照（24h/0h,CL）对5种生菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明：与常规光照（NL）处理相比,连续光照（CL）处理显著提高了除“大卫”外其它4种生菜的地上部鲜重,其中“绿罗”生菜增加幅度最高。生长初期连续光照（CL）处理下5种生菜叶片叶绿素含量显著高于常规光照（NL）处理,但在生长后期,5种生菜两个处理下的叶绿素含量均无显著差异。与常规光照处理相比,连续光照处理显著提高了5种生菜可溶性糖、总酚和类黄酮含量,以及其中2种紫叶生菜的花青素含量。除“绿罗”外,其它4个品种连续光照处理下的抗坏血酸总量均略有或显著升高,其中主要提高了还原型抗坏血酸的含量,对脱氢抗坏血酸含量的影响不显著。总之,全生长期连续光照能显著提高生菜的产量,促进可溶性糖和抗氧化物质合成;5个品种生菜对连续光照的适应性存在差异,其中“绿罗”的适应性最强;全生长期连续光照运用于植物工厂生菜生产对提高产量和品质的潜力较大。     

Effects of Zeolite and Zinc on Quality of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Under Late Season Drought Stress

The research was performed to investigate the effect of zeolite and zinc on the qualitative characteristics of canola cultivars at different moisture regimes. Factorial split plot experiment was performed on the basis of the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Karaj, Iran. The treatments were: 1) irrigation (I): complete (normal irrigation) (I₁), and restricted irrigation (I₂) applied at the pod formation stage, 2) zeolite (Z): 0 (Z₁), and 15 t ha^?1 (Z₂), and 3) Zn: zinc sulfate concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, and 0.2% (Zn_1, Zn_2, and Zn₃) on Opera, Licord, and RGS003 cultivars. The highest rate of all studied traits was obtained by applying Z₂Zn₂ (15 ton ha^?1 zeolite and 0.1% zinc sulfate) in both irrigation regimes. Opera cultivar in normal irrigation and RGS003 cultivar in stress conditions had the highest yield and yield components, oil yield, and oil content.     

Primary and secondary metabolite composition of kernels from three cultivars of Portuguese chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) at different stages of industrial transformation

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) is an important basic food in rural diets and a major starch crop used in a similar way to potatoes. Chestnuts are a fundamental economic resource in the "chestnut regions" not only for the fruit but also for the chestnut wood. Chestnuts have become increasingly important with respect to human health, for example, as an alternative gluten-free flour source. Chestnuts are also a rich source of other beneficial compounds, but there have been few studies on the composition during processing. In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition of three Portuguese cultivars at different stages of industrial processing. The chestnut cultivars were Longal, Judia, and Martaínha. All three cultivars had high moisture contents but were low in ash, crude fat, and crude protein contents, with high starch and low fiber contents. The free amino acid contents, including various essential amino acids, varied depending on the cultivar. All three cultivars also had a significant content of polyphenolics with gallic acid; ellagic acid was predominant among hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Many of these compounds are known to exert significant positive effects on human health. The one-way analysis of variance for fresh chestnut shows significant differences among the three cultivars for most of the studied parameters. The same statistical analysis applied to each one of the two cultivars (Judia and Longal) sampled for the four processing steps analyzed indicates a significant effect of this factor in practically all of the constituents. On the other hand, the two-way analysis of variance shows that, besides the residual, the processing step and the interaction cultivar x processing step were the factors that more contributed for the total variation observed in the constituents analyzed, while the contribution of cultivar was much less significant.     

微咸水对冬小麦萌发及苗期生长发育的影响

华北地区冬春干旱日益频繁, 而环渤海区微咸水资源丰富。探讨微咸水在冬小麦造墒或冬灌中应用的可行性, 对充分利用该区域的微咸水资源具有重要意义。本研究以华北地区不同生态型冬小麦品种(水旱兼用型“石家庄8号”、旱作型“晋麦47”和抗盐型“小偃81”)为试验材料, 采用盆栽方式, 分析了微咸水对冬小麦萌发和苗期生长发育及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 微咸水对“石家庄8号”和“小偃81”的萌发无影响, 使“晋麦47”的发芽势和发芽率显著降低, 而3个品种冬小麦的胚芽鲜重对微咸水处理无响应。微咸水处理抑制冬小麦根系的生长, 而促进了地上部的生长, 使“石家庄8号”、“小偃81”和“晋麦47”的根冠比分别降低51.6%、32.3%和36.8%, 使叶绿素含量分别提高38.5%、26.0%和12.9%。微咸水促进冬小麦的地上部生长, 提高冬小麦的水分利用效率, 但是对冬小麦苗期的根系生长有抑制作用。微咸水处理提高3个品种冬小麦的水分利用效率, 主要是由于降低了冬小麦的单株耗水量。     

施氮对不同抗旱性小麦叶片光合及生长特性的影响

在大田试验条件下,对2个不同抗旱特性的小麦品种在5个N素营养水平下各生育时期叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)等气体交换参数以及地上生物量进行了测定。结果表明,两个小麦品种的叶片Pn随生育进程呈逐渐递减趋势,对照在拔节期出现Pn峰值,N素各处理Pn的峰值均出现在分蘖期。不同N素处理的两个小麦品种的Gs、Ls峰值均出现在拔节期~抽穗期,依生育进程呈先升后降的变化趋势。适量N素提高了叶片Pn和Gs,降低了Ls。不同抗旱性小麦光合参数的差异因生育期不同而有差别,N180处理旱地品种较水地品种有高的Pn和Gs,在拔节期~抽穗期旱地品种的Pn、Gs均高于水地品种。小麦地上单株干重随生育进程持续增加。N素对地上单株生物量的影响因抗旱性差异而不同,旱地品种的地上单株生物量随施N量的增加而表现先降低后升高的变化趋势,水地品种则表现出持续下降的趋势;两个品种的籽粒产量随N素水平提高呈先升高后下降趋势,在N180处理达到最高。因此,N180处理是旱地小麦最为适宜的施N水平。结合光合、生长及叶片水势变化特性,认为适量N素可提高干旱环境下叶片光合机构的适应能力,说明N素对提高小麦抗旱能力有积极意义。     

Effect of potassium sulfate on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of canola cultivars upon late-season drought stress conditions

In order to reduce the damage caused by late-season drought stress of canola, a factorial split plot experiment was performed on the basis of the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Karaj, Iran. The treatments were potassium sulfate in two levels, including application and non-application of potassium sulfate, irrigation at three levels including normal irrigation (control), restricted irrigation from the flowering and pod formation stage, as factorial were in main plots and winter canola cultivars including Opera, L72, KR1, GKH3705, GKH0224 were in subplots. The interaction effect of potassium sulfate?×?irrigation?×?cultivar on seed yield, stomatal resistance, oil yield, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and glucosinolate was significant at the 1% level. The promising line of L72 in normal irrigation and application of potassium sulfate and Opera cultivar under late-season drought stress and application of potassium sulfate had the highest seed yield, oil yield and fatty acids composition.     

Effects of Heat Treatments on the Milling,Physicochemical, and Cooking Properties of Two Long‐Grain Rice Cultivars During Storage

During storage, the milling, physicochemical properties, and eating quality of rice change, which is generally termed “aging.” Aged rice is preferred by processors because of better processing characteristics, and therefore there are attempts to develop accelerated aging processes. In this study, the effects of various heat treatments and their influences on the milling, physicochemical, and cooking properties of two long‐grain rice cultivars during storage were investigated with a randomized complete block design with an 8 × 5 × 2 full‐factorial treatment design. Two long‐grain rice cultivars, Wells and XP723, were treated with eight different heat treatments, including two levels of UV irradiation, two levels of autoclaving, three levels of convection oven heating, and one control, and then stored for 180 days at room temperature. The heat treatments significantly influenced all properties, including head rice yield (HRY), surface lipid content, peak gelatinization temperature, pasting properties, and cooked rice texture. All properties except HRY exhibited a significant two‐way interaction of cultivar and heat treatment. The severe autoclaving treatment resulted in rice of significantly different protein compositions when compared with the control. Storage impacted all properties except HRY and peak gelatinization temperature. Autoclaving (particularly severe autoclaving) produced samples with more distinct characteristics for most properties. Cooked rice hardness and stickiness exhibited not only significant main effects but also significant two‐ and three‐factor interactions.     

Evaluation of some rice cultivars’ response to salinity stress using resistance indices

Parts of paddy fields in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, are confronted with soil and water salinity. To screen proper rice cultivars, an experiment was performed with eight modified rice cultivars under four levels of irrigation water salinity (1, 2, 4 and 6 dS m^?1) with three replications, in Amol, northern Iran. The objective of the present study was the evaluation of eight screening indices for identifying salinity tolerance of these cultivars, so that suitable cultivars can be recommended for the cultivation with saline irrigation water in paddy fields. To evaluate the resistance of these cultivars to salinity stress, different indices were calculated. The results showed that Khazar cultivar was the most salt-sensitive cultivar in all salinity levels. In the irrigation salinity levels of 2 and 4 dS m^?1 Neda cultivar and in the level of 6 dS m^?1 Dasht cultivar were the most salt-resistant cultivars. In the two irrigation salinity levels of 4 and 6 dS m^?1, the mean productivity index was the most effective in the screening of salt-resistant cultivars. Harmonic mean, geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index and mean productivity indices were found to be the best indices in screening resistant cultivars.     

Salt Tolerance of Four Potato Cultivars

Abstract

Tests are needed to evaluate the salt tolerance of new and untested potato cultivars under various cultural conditions. Two lysimeter experiments were conducted in two seasons to investigate the influence of irrigation water salinity on tuber yields of four potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars (Spunta, Alpha, Cara, and King Edward). Four salinity levels [EC_w 0.53 (control), 3.13, 6.25, and 9.38 dS m^?1] established by adding NaCI to fresh water, were used. Increasing irrigation water salinity reduced significantly total and average tuber yield for all cultivars in both seasons. Cara cultivar produced the highest tuber yield of all cultivars in both seasons. The salt tolerance curves of the potato cultivars in both seasons revealed that tolerant rating of the four cultivars can be assigned as follows: Cara > Alpha > Spunta > King Edward. The polynomial cubic equations developed for the four potato cultivars in fall and summer seasons were successful in predicting potato tuber yields response to irrigation water salinity.     

Comparative Growth of Oilseed and Textile Flax under Different Nitrogen Supplies

Abstract

The objective of this work was to compare and characterize the response to nitrogen (N) supply of a textile and an oilseed cultivar of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). The dynamics of growth, biomass partitioning, growth rates, and leaf area evolution and duration of the cultivars Omega (oilseed) and Diane (textile) were compared under three rates of N supply. Plants were grown in pots in the field with nil (N1), 2.5 (N2), and 5 g N per pot (N3); N2 and N3 doses were divided into five applications. Shoot biomass of N2 and N3 treatments was similar in both cultivars and significantly higher than in N1. Partitioning of biomass was unaffected by N treatment but showed contrasting patterns between cultivars. The oilseed cultivar produced 30–42% more reproductive biomass and 18–30% less stem biomass than its textile counterpart. Differences between cultivars in these traits increased with increasing N rate. Maximum growth rates per plant concentrated around 1572°Cd after sowing (fructification). Faster leaf senescence after flowering contributed to the lower leaf area and leaf biomass of the textile cultivar.

The availability of N at different specific moments of the plant cycle would be useful to improve the growth of organs of economic interest. Results can also provide useful information to future nutrition models and breeding programs in textile and oilseed flax.     

基于GIS的农田土壤水分状况管理模型及应用

基于GIS开发了土壤水分和土壤电导率的简单专题图及精细专题图模块。简单专题图为运行于农田PDA的嵌入式GIS系统提供采样异常点检查验证;精细专题图为运行于上位机的农田信息处理系统提供信息可视化管理。简单专题图调用GIS组件方法获得并据此建立了采样管理模型;精细专题图中,土壤水分采用克里金插值算法预测的均方根百分比误差（RMSPE）为5.489%;土壤电导率插值模型采用泛克里金算法预测的RMSPE为18.451%。基于精细农田信息专题图,根据特定作物不同生长时期需水量的专家推荐值建立了土壤水分管理模型,利用该模型进行的一次灌溉决策显示,土壤含水率方差从灌溉前的1.9168调整到了灌溉后的0.8906。试验表明,采样管理模型能够指导田间采样,农田水分管理模型能够指导农田灌溉。     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in wheat as affected by genotype and irrigation

To investigate the genotypic differences of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and remobilization as well as the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf during grain filling under water-limited conditions, nine winter wheat cultivars were planted under two irrigation treatments including W0 (no irrigation applied during spring) and W2 (1500 m³ ha^?1 applied 50% at stem elongation and 50% at anthesis). Results showed that cultivar and irrigation significantly affected the accumulation and remobilization of DM and N as well as the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf. No irrigation in spring on average decreased the photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, accelerated leaf senescence, and consequently decreased the accumulation of DM and N, but increased the ear distribution ratio and the remobilization and contribution of DM and N in leaf and stem to grain. Maintaining high photosynthetic activity and promoting DM and N distribution in ear and the remobilization of DM and N in leaf and stem may lead to higher grain filling rate and lower yield loss under water-limited conditions in North China Plain.     

Quantitative Caloric Energy Distribution and Variations in Two Rice Varieties Related to Different Nitrogen Application Levels in Paddy Field

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. of China in 1999 to investigate the quantitative caloric energy characteristics of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.), early crop rice Jia yu 948 and late crop rice Jia yu 93390 were grown in different nitrogen levels and climate conditions. The two cultivars were grown with 0, 80, 120, 160, and 200 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertilizer and in ample water and farming management activities. Analysis of caloric energy showed that significant differences occurred among treatments and plant organs in both rice cultivars. However, no significant differences occurred among same organs under different nitrogen treatments in both cultivars except for the panicles. The mean caloric energy of both cultivars increased with nitrogen fertilizer application. However, no optimal level of nitrogen fertilizer treatment with caloric energy was established, as there was still an increase in caloric energy even at 200 kg N ha^?1 fertilizer treatment. Cultivar Jia yu 948 had a higher mean caloric energy of 4172 cal g^?1 compared to 4117 cal g^?1 of cultivar Jia yu 93390. There were significant differences in caloric energy among the plant organs. The ascending order of energy distribution was as follows; root, stem, husk, leaf, grains, and panicles. Of great interest is the relatively high amount of energy invested in the husks. This amount was similar to that of the leaf. There was a linear relationship between caloric energy and nitrogen application levels. The basic rice caloric values are 4058 cal g^?1, an increase in 1 kg N ha^?1 of nitrogen (pure) resulted in an increase of 0.41 cal g^?1 and 0.29 cal g^?1 of dry weight in the cultivar Jia yu 948 and cultivar Jia yu 93390 respectively. Thus Jia yu 948 had a better utilization efficiency of nitrogen nutrient than Jia yu 93390 considering the caloric value increase.     

中国沿海半干旱地区海水养殖废水灌溉耐盐植物(菊芋)的研究

An experiment with six treatments： CK1 （rainfed）, CK2 （irrigated with freshwater）, and 4 treatments of saline aquaculture effluent blended with brackish groundwater at different ratios of 1：1, 1：2, 1：3, and 1：4 （v/v） was carried out during 2004 to assess the effect of saline aquaculture effluent on plant growth and soil properties in the Laizhou region, Shandong Province, China and to determine an optimal salinity threshold for aquaculture effluent. Cumulative evapotranspiration for the saline aquaculture effluent irrigation and non-irrigation treatments was lower than that for the freshwater irrigation treatment. Soil electrical conductivity was higher with respect to saline aquaculture effluent irrigation treatment compared to that with respect to non-irrigation or freshwater irrigation treatment. For Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.）, in comparison to the freshwater treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass for the 1：3 and 1：4 treatments were constrained, whereas stem width and root biomass were enhanced. Concomitantly, higher tuber yield was obtained for the 1：3 and 1：4 treatments compared to that for CK1 and 1：1 treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in tubers of the 1：4 treatment. This study demonstrated that saline aquaculture effluent could be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher tuber yield and nutrient removal.     

Effects of irrigation and fertilizer application methods on Dianthus ‘Telstar™ White’ and ‘Telstar™ Red’

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fertilizer and irrigation application methods on plant quality of Dianthus ‘Telstar? White’ and ‘Telstar? Red’ grown in the greenhouse. Fertilizer treatments of 0, 10, and 20 g of 16 nitrogen (N)-3.9 phosphorus (P)-10 potassium (K) controlled release fertilizer were topdressed or incorporated. Pots were drip irrigated or hand watered. Irrigation interacted with treatment (P = 0.037) and irrigation interacted with cultivar (P = 0.013) for plant survival. Plant survival was greater for both irrigation treatments using 10 g of fertilizer incorporated. Fewer ‘Telstar? Red’ plants survived with hand irrigation than drip irrigation. ‘Telstar? White’ plants averaged 53% survival regardless of irrigation method. For all treatments drip irrigated plants had greater height, width, and number of flowers than hand watered plants. For fall greenhouse production of dianthus, irrigation and fertilizer application method, cultivar, as well as leaching fraction should be considered.