马铃薯淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚反应的研究

为加快马铃薯淀粉的改性和开发利用,对影响马铃薯淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚反应的主要因素进行了较详细的观察,实验结果表明:引发剂硝酸铈铵的浓度为7.298mmol/L,丙烯酸甲酯浓度为2.06mol/L,反应温度为40℃,反应时间在120～150min为最佳反应条件。     

~(60)Co γ射线辐照淀粉接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水树脂

利用60Coγ射线辐照引发淀粉接枝丙烯酸合成高吸水树脂,探讨糊化温度、丙烯酸中和度、辐照剂量、丙烯酸用量和交联剂用量等因素对吸水树脂吸水率的影响。正交试验结果表明,制备树脂较好的工艺条件为:淀粉3g,初始加入蒸馏水21ml,90℃下糊化15min,丙烯酸中和度80%,丙烯酸与淀粉的比例(V/W)为3:1,0.9%的N,N,-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺0.5ml,辐照处理3kGy,真空干燥温度60℃。在上述条件下制备的树脂可吸蒸馏水766ml/g,吸自来水278ml/g,吸0.9%NaCl水溶液64ml/g。     

多指标综合分析法在保水剂合成与评价中的应用

为合成更贴近生产实际的超吸水树脂保水剂,及提高其使用效果,该研究以淀粉、丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺为主要原料,采用过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂在一定温度和中和度下制备了高吸水性复合材料。合成过程中选取五因素四水平正交试验设计,重复3次。采用Z分综合评价法和综合平衡法对其作为保水剂时的去离子水吸水倍率、土壤中吸水倍率、失水速率及种子发芽率等4个指标进行综合评价。研究得出影响保水剂性能的因素重要程度为温度>中和度>丙烯酰胺>过硫酸铵>MBA。优化筛选出了最佳合成配方及反应条件。即:1g淀粉加入15mL水熟化后,加入5mL丙烯酸,2.0g丙烯酰胺,N,N-甲基双丙烯酰胺1mg,采用KOH溶液使体系中和度为90%,在85℃下反应40min。该研究所采用的试验方法和评价体系简便易行,可用于超吸水树脂保水剂或其他新型材料的合成与评价。     

红松种子壳多酚物质的提取及抗氧化特性

该文选取超声波辅助提取法,采用单因素试验及响应面设计,研究了超声波提取时间、温度、乙醇浓度及料液比对红松种子壳中多酚类化合物提取的影响。并利用Fenton体系、1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH·)体系及邻苯三酚体系测定其提取成分的抗氧化活性。结果表明,松壳中多酚成分提取的最佳工艺条件为:超声提取时间2.80h、料液比1∶26.36(g/mL)、乙醇浓度42.86%、提取温度80℃,多酚得率7.96mg/g。在此优化条件下,红松种子壳提取物对羟自由基(甲基紫法)、DPPH·自由基及超氧阴离子均具有较强清除作用,半数抑制浓度分别为6.67×10-4、2.34×10-2、3.97mg/mL。     

不同处理对藿香及雾灵香花芥种子萌发的影响

为明确藿香及雾灵香花芥种子萌发的适宜条件,采用L_9(3~3)正交设计,研究藿香和雾灵香花芥两种种子的萌发情况。试验结果表明:1)3个试验因素对藿香种子萌发率影响大小为基质赤霉素浓度水浴温度,最佳组合为10 ℃水浴+300 mg·L~(-1)赤霉素处理+砂土基质,发芽率为75.20%;2)3个试验因素对雾灵香花芥种子萌发率影响大小为赤霉素浓度基质水浴温度,最佳组合为10 ℃水浴+500 mg·L~(-1)赤霉素处理+蛭石基质,其发芽率为34.50%。     

马铃薯淀粉废水生产微生物絮凝剂菌株筛选及其营养条件优化

研究以开发微生物絮凝剂新产品及探索马铃薯淀粉废水资源化利用途径为目的。以活性污泥为材料,分离到100株菌株,通过液体发酵培养,以发酵液对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率为评价指标,初筛到13株絮凝活性较高的菌株;根据菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝活性能力,复筛得到一株高产絮凝物质的酵母菌F5,经26SrDNA鉴定为Candida anglica。再通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了该菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝剂的最佳营养条件。结果表明,当废水pH值5.6,接种量为10%(体积分数),温度28℃,摇床转速为150r/min条件下,废水不灭菌发酵48h,C.anglica菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝剂的最佳营养条件为:以1mL/100mL甘油作为外加碳源,0.05g/100mL(NH4)2SO4为氮源,添加0.1g/100mL MgCl2和0.1g/100mL KH2PO4。验证试验表明,在该条件下,发酵液对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达到94.6%,使原废水化学需氧量(COD)去除率达到93.7%,絮凝活性提取物得率为1.36g/L,研究结果可为马铃薯淀粉废水处理及生物再利用提供理论依据和参考。     

Screening of bioflocculant-producing strains and optimization of its nutritional conditions by using potato starch wastewater

研究以开发微生物絮凝剂新产品及探索马铃薯淀粉废水资源化利用途径为目的。以活性污泥为材料,分离到100株菌株,通过液体发酵培养,以发酵液对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率为评价指标,初筛到13株絮凝活性较高的菌株;根据菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝活性能力,复筛得到一株高产絮凝物质的酵母菌F5,经26SrDNA鉴定为Candida anglica。再通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了该菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝剂的最佳营养条件。结果表明,当废水pH值5.6,接种量为10%（体积分数）,温度28 ℃,摇床转速为150 r/min条件下,废水不灭菌发酵48 h,C. anglica菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝剂的最佳营养条件为：以 1 mL/100 mL甘油作为外加碳源,0.05 g/100 mL (NH4)2SO4为氮源,添加0.1 g/100 mL MgCl2和0.1 g/100 mL KH2PO4。验证试验表明,在该条件下,发酵液对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达到94.6%,使原废水化学需氧量（COD）去除率达到93.7%,絮凝活性提取物得率为1.36 g/L,研究结果可为马铃薯淀粉废水处理及生物再利用提供理论依据和参考。     

不同处理条件对丝瓜种子发芽的影响

采用汕头金韩种业有限公司的金丽丝瓜种子为试验材料,在30℃条件下,研究赤霉素浓度、云大-120浓度、发芽床条件对丝瓜种子发芽势、发芽率的影响,结果表明,丝瓜种子在30℃下,采用100～300 mg/L赤霉素浸种12 h或30℃下采用1∶500的云大-120浸种12 h或清水浸种12 h、30℃下在细沙床催芽,对提高丝瓜...     

灰枣多糖大孔径树脂提纯工艺优化

新郑灰枣富含各种营养成分,特别是多糖具有抗氧化抗癌等许多生物效应。为研究新郑灰枣多糖的提纯工艺,该文在超声波酶法联合提取、乙醇沉淀、超滤膜过滤得到的粗多糖的基础上,筛选出的AB-8大孔树脂纯化多糖,并对树脂的动态吸附解吸特性进行研究。响应曲面法优化AB-8大孔树脂动态吸附工艺条件,最佳动态吸附条件为:上样速率1.5mL/min,料液浓度2.2mg/mL,pH值5.6,最大动态吸附量为19.52mg/g;正交试验优化AB-8大孔树脂动态解吸的最佳工艺条件为:氯化钠浓度为0.4mol/L,乙醇添加量60%,盐酸浓度0.2mol/L,流速1.5mL/min,最优动态解吸率为85.21%。通过树脂纯化,多糖纯度可达88.87%。该红枣多糖提纯技术是一种非常有效的方法,在医疗及保健行业具有巨大的应用潜力和市场。     

辐照制备两种淀粉基高吸水树脂的性能研究

本文以小麦淀粉和玉米淀粉为原料,在常温常压下,通过60Co γ射线辐照接枝共聚制备淀粉基高吸水树脂(SAP).对制得的两种SAP的吸液性能研究表明:小麦淀粉基SAP对去离子水、自来水和生理盐水的吸液率分别为755g·g-1、249g·g-1和80g·g-1;而玉米淀粉基SAP的对应吸液率则分别为747g·g-1、238g·g-1和84g·g-1.两种高吸水树脂产品的吸液倍率皆随着盐水浓度的增加,先快速下降后逐渐趋于平缓;在去离子水条件下,pH值(4 ～11)和温度变化(4～60℃)对吸液倍率的影响不显著;在高温和加压条件下保水性能良好.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.