长期施肥对塿土硝态氮分布、累积和移动的影响

利用 18年长期定位试验研究了冬小麦 夏玉米轮作制度下 ,有机 无机肥配合施用对土剖面NO3-N的分布累积和阶段性移动的影响。结果表明 ,土壤剖面中NO3-N的总量与氮肥施用量直接相关 ,而作物对化肥氮的利用率与施肥量呈相反趋势。低氮处理 (75kg/hm2)及其与有机肥配合施用 ,NO3-N主要累积在 0～100cm土层内 ;高氮处理 (120kg/km2)及其与有机肥配合施用 ,NO3-N在剖面出现 2个累积峰 ,且在400cm土层处NO3-N的含量接近或超过 10mg/kg。适宜的氮肥用量、施用有机肥及合理的有机 无机肥料配比是减少NO3-N在土壤剖面中的累积和淋失的有效措施     

氮磷肥对黑土浅层土壤氮素累积和移动的影响

利用D饱和最优设计研究了氮磷肥对黑土浅层土壤氮素累积和移动的影响,结果表明,氮磷肥对NO-3 -N含量的影响随着土层的加深逐渐减弱,并且施用尿素的NO-3 -N累积大于施用硝铵。在降雨高峰期存在NH+4 -N向下层土壤的移动,其移动时间滞后于NO-3 -N。尿素施入土壤后对NH+4 -N的累积无明显影响,对NO-3 -N的累积有促进作用。而不同用量的NH+4 -N肥的施入则促进了NH+4 -N的移动和累积。因此黑土玉米农田生态系统氮素做追肥时尿素和硝铵相比尿素更易造成地下水的硝酸盐污染。黑土玉米农田生态系统在作物拔节前期向土壤中施入氮素,将造成这一时期NO-3 -N对地下水的短期污染。     

施肥与大气环境质量——论施肥对环境的影响(1)

无机肥和有机肥都是人类可持续发展不可或缺的资源,只要科学使用不会对环境和生态造成负面影响。不良施肥对大气环境的威胁主要来自有机肥,过量使用有机肥可促进土壤中CO2和CH4的排放;有机肥和畜禽粪肥堆放场地有大量氨气污染,有机物的焚烧可直接向大气排放大量的CO2、CH4及固体微粒,使城乡空气严重污染。有机肥和无机N肥的过量使用,都会导致土壤N素积累。土壤中N素的反硝化作用产生N2O, NOx 的排放。避免有机肥和N肥过量,禁止焚烧有机物,覆盖有机肥和畜禽粪肥堆放场,控制反硝化作用,以减少负面效应,保护大气环境质量。     

长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对棕壤无机氮和氮素矿化率的影响

长期地膜覆盖对土壤许多理化性质产生较大影响，但对无机氮和氮素矿化率的影响却鲜有报道。本文重点研究沈阳农业大学棕壤定位实验站（1987年开始）内长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理下土壤无机氮和氮素矿化率在整个生长季内的变化情况。结果表明，长期的地膜覆盖可以增加NO2^--N的积累，并抑制NO3^--N的迁移，但对NH4^＋—N的含量则影响不大；而且覆膜促进了土壤有机氮索的矿化，从而加速了NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的释放进释．研究结果同时表明有机肥与无机肥配合施用比单一施用有机肥更能促进土壤的N素矿化。     

土壤磷素流失的途径、环境影响及对策

土壤长期过量的P肥(包括化肥和有机肥)投入导致土壤P素水平的提高,从而加大了土壤P素流失的风险。大部分水体富营养化的限制因素是P,土壤P的流失是重要的非点源污染。本文对国内外有关土壤P管理的研究做一综述,内容包括土壤P对水体富营养化的贡献、土壤P的流失途径及影响因素、系列水体P和土壤P指数、土壤P流失控制对策(土地利用管理、立法、政策的改变)等。     

太行山山前平原冬小麦田深层土体硝态氮累积特征研究

农田氮素（N）淋失是N素损失的重要途径之一。采集土壤溶液并测定其硝态氮（NO3^--N)，对不同施N肥处理下40-220cm土层的NO^-3-N累积特征进行了研究，结果表明，不同施N肥处理，对不同土层中NO^-3-N累积影响很大，太行山山前平原竭土农田80cm土层和40-160cm土层为NO^-3-N高度聚集层，入冬后麦田NO3^--N有所累积。易流失；不同土层NO3^--N累积与N肥投入呈直线关系。N肥过量投入易造成深土层NO3^--N累积并流失。     

长期施用有机-无机肥对太湖流域土壤肥力的影响

通过长期田间定位试验研究了不同处理的有机无机肥施用对稻-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤肥力的影响.5年试验结果表明:施用有机肥和施用化肥体系均能达到较高的产量水平.单施N肥和NPK配合施用在试验前2年系统生产力(水稻+小麦) 没有显著差异.不同施肥处理对土壤养分有显著影响.施肥尤其是有机无机肥混施能显著增加土壤中碱解N、速效P和速效K含量.土壤中N以NO3--N形式存在,有机肥的施入显著降低了土壤中NH4+-N的含量.土壤速效K与速效P含量呈极显著相关,说明这些速效养分的同源性,可能是由有机肥施用带入土壤中的.土壤中碱解N与NO3--N含量呈显著的相关,而与NH4+-N含量没有关系,土壤速效P与有效态Fe含量呈显著相关.     

施肥与土壤健康质量论施肥对环境的影响（3）

就施肥与土壤健康质量而言,有机肥的问题比无机肥的更严重。无机的N肥、K肥是化学晶体,比较洁净,导致污染的可能性不大。国产P矿为原料的P肥和钙镁磷肥的Cd含量也较低,但进口的磷矿粉以进口P矿为原料的P肥的Cd含量较高,是无机肥料对人畜健康的主要危险。有机肥有病原微生物,有机毒物及重金属污染的问题。从生态安全和充分利用自然资源看,有机堆肥、污泥堆肥是必须开发利用的。因其使用量特别大,所含污染物的危险性也就较大。制定相应的法规和有机肥产品的质量标准进行监督和控制是紧要的任务。建议其产品主要应用在林木、草坪、花草及木本经济作物上,蔬菜和一年生的粮食作物上应慎用。     

水土保持在农业非点源污染防治中的作用

由于农业活动的广泛性和普遍性,农业非点源污染已成为目前水质恶化的一大威胁。农业非点源污染是由于土壤的扰动而引起农田中的土粒、氮、磷、农药及其它有机或无机污染物质,在降雨或灌溉过程中,借助农田地表径流、农田排水和地下渗漏等途径而大量地进入水体,或因畜禽养殖业的任意排污直接造成水体污染。降低农业非点源污染应采用最好的肥料施用措施及合理的土地利用方式,同时,水土保持措施在控制污染、净化水质方面具有显著的效益。     

长期施肥下红壤旱地土壤CO2排放及碳平衡特征

在国家肥力网红壤旱地长期定位试验地上,采用静态箱/气相色谱法测定土壤CO2排放速率,同时利用根去除法区分根系对土壤呼吸的贡献,通过计算净生态系统生产力（NEP）,判断长期不同施肥下红壤旱地农田碳汇强度。结果表明,小麦、玉米生长季各处理的土壤和土体呼吸速率随着作物生长、温度升高均呈现明显的季节变化规律;玉米生长季土壤和土体累积呼吸量大于小麦生长季,小麦、玉米生长季均以NPKM处理土壤和土体呼吸累积呼吸量最大,且显著高于其它处理（P0.05）,NP和NPK处理次之,CK和NK处理最小（P0.05）;小麦、玉米生长季各处理根际呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例分别为7.6 %～17.4 %、4.7%～16.6 %,均以NPKM处理根际呼吸贡献率最大;小麦季NPKM处理、玉米季CK和NPKM处理的NEP值为负,是大气CO2的汇,且NPKM处理的净初级生产力与土壤呼吸的比值（NPP/Rs）最大,其它处理NEP值均为正,是大气CO2的源。有机无机肥配施（NPKM）相比其它处理具有较强的碳汇功能,是红壤旱地比较合理的施肥措施。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.