Pollution and Desorption Kinetics of Heavy Metals at Agricultural Soils in Southeastern Iran

Desorption of heavy metals is an important factor in determining heavy-metal availability in soils. The objective of this research was to determine the applicability of kinetic equations to describe the kinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) desorption at two agricultural soils of Kerman Province in Iran. For Cd and Cu desorption studies, 5 g of the air-dried <2-mm soil fraction was extracted with 25 ml of 0.01 M ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with a shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. The desorption patterns of Cu and Cd were generally characterized by an initial fast reaction, followed by a slower continuing reaction. Desorption of Cu and Cd from the two soils was equally well described by the two-constant rate and simple Elovich equations. The results of this study can be used to make better prediction about the mobility and bioavailability of the Cu and Cd in soil.     

Kinetics of nutrient release from different organic residues using a laboratory system

Organic residues play a vital role in maintaining soil fertility in arid and semi-arid regions. Knowledge of the nutrient release from organic residues will help in optimizing nutrient efficiency in agricultural crop production systems. This study was conducted to assess the continuous release of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) from eight different organic residues (sheep manure, beet, waste material, rape, poultry manure, sunflower, potato and garlic) using successive extractions with distilled water. The residues were shaken for 1 h and equilibrated for longer intervals (1, 3.5, 18, 42, 72, 192, 768, 1248, 1608, 1968 and 2328 h) with successive extractions. Cumulative nutrient release curves by different organic residues versus time showed an initial rapid phase followed by a slow phase. The average percentage of nutrients released and the average release rate of nutrients found using a power model was different and were in the order K > P > Ca > Mg and Ca > Mg > P > K, respectively. According to MINTEQ software, the partitioning of total P between HPO₄ ^2? and H₂PO₄ ^? is sensitive to the type of organic residue. On average (pooled over all extractions), between 13% (rape) to 40% (poultry) and 27% (poultry manure) to 79% (beet) of total P in aqueous solutions present as HPO₄ ^2? and H₂PO₄ ^?, respectively. Among the various organic residues and in the first stage of release, sunflower residue, beet residue, poultry manure and garlic residue had the highest rate constant for Ca, Mg, P and K, respectively, indicating the high potential availability of these nutrients in the early stage of application to soils.     

硅藻土/玉米秸秆木质陶瓷制备及其对废水中四环素吸附动力学

为资源化利用农业废弃物,探求玉米秸秆的高效综合利用。以玉米秸秆和酚醛树脂为主要原料,通过硅藻土改性,制备了硅藻土/玉米秸秆木质陶瓷。结合SEM、XRD、FI-TR、压汞法现代测试手段对样品的结构及性能进行了表征。以四环素为目标污染物,研究了样品对四环素的吸附等温线和吸附动力学。结果表明:经硅藻土改性的木质陶瓷内部含有大量孔洞,以非晶质为主,含有少量石英晶相和结晶石墨。木质陶瓷的孔径范围主要在1 000～3 800 nm,孔隙率约为48.6%,比表面积达到7.83 m2/g。由相关系数R2可知,Langmiur等温吸附模型比Frendlich模型更好地描述了木质陶瓷对四环素(0.9990.975)的吸附过程;pH值为3、5、7、9条件下,以木质陶瓷对初始浓度为5 mg/L的四环素溶液进行吸附。动力学模型拟合结果表明,准二级动力学模型参数R20.98,能够更好地拟合材料对四环素的吸附过程。该研究实现了废弃材料的深度利用和对四环素废水的有效处理,为玉米秸秆的利用提供了新的途径。     

全射流喷头喷洒水滴动能分布规律

喷灌动能是评价喷头水力性能优劣的重要指标之一。该文在0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30和0.35 MPa工作压力下,采用激光雨滴谱仪测量技术(laser precipitation monitor,LPM)对全射流喷头的水滴直径、速度和水量分布等参数进行试验,研究了单个水滴动能、单位体积水滴动能、动能强度分布规律及动能强度均匀性系数与组合间距之间的关系。结果表明:全射流喷头的单个水滴动能分布与水滴直径之间的关系与该文所建立的模型拟合较好,呈幂函数关系;单位体积水滴动能沿径向呈一次函数关系增大,与压力的-0.556次方呈正比关系;动能强度沿径向逐渐增大,而在射程末端迅速减小至0,随压力增大而减小,且沿径向距离的增大而动能强度减小程度越大;在各工作压力下,全射流喷头的矩形最佳组合间距分别为1.2、1.0、1.1、1.0、1.1倍喷头射程;所对应的动能强度均匀性系数分别为56.6%、71.1%、76.2%、77.2%、72.9%。该结果对研究喷头外特性、优化喷头结构、喷灌系统优化配置提供了一定的理论价值。     

应用多级反应动力学模型研究土壤甲氨基酚吸附

Metolachlor retention on a Sharkey clay soil was quantified using a kinetic batch method for different initial solution concentrations.Time-dependent adsorption was carried out by monitoring solution concentration at different reaction times.Adsorption was kinetic multireaction model which includes reverible and irreversible retention processes of the equilibrium and kinetic types,The predictive capability of the model for the dexcription of experimental results for metolachlor retention was examined and proved to be adequate。     

Transformation kinetics of inorganic P forms in relation to calcareous soil properties of western Iran

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of time on chemical forms of P in 10 calcareous soils of western Iran. Phosphorus was added to soils at the rate of 200 mg kg^?1 as KH₂PO₄. The samples were incubated for 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days at 25°C and constant moisture. After incubation, P was fractionated by the sequential extraction procedure: soluble and exchangeable P (NaHCO₃-P) Al + Fe-P (NaOH-P), Ca-P (HCl-P) and residual P (Res-P). The distribution of added P into different fractions consisted of two phases involving initial rapid retention followed by a slow continuous retention. In general, the majority of the P applied entered mostly in the HCl-P and Res-P fractions. After 120 days incubation, the HCl-P fraction remained the most dominant in all soils. A combination of silt and sand content of the soils together explained between 88.5 and 83.3% of the variance inNaHCO₃-P and HCl-P transformation rates, respectively, 76.6 and 72.8% of which is explained by silt alone. CaCl₂-P and electrical conductivity (EC) together accounted for 66.3% of the variation in the rate constant of NaOH-P. The release rate of Res-P was not significantly related to soil properties.     

圆环形对撞流干燥器的流体动力学特性分析

为了得出颗粒状物料在对撞流中的运动规律，以及对撞流干燥器加载后流动特性的变化规律，设计了圆环形对撞流干燥试验台，并进行了流动特性的试验研究。试验测定了系统压力降随载带率的变化情况，并利用高速摄影技术，对颗粒物料在对撞室内的运动速度沿运动方向的变化规律进行了分析。建立了物料颗粒的动力学模型，计算了颗粒在对撞室内的穿透深度，并将计算结果与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明，颗粒动力学模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合，能较好地反映颗粒在对撞区内的流动特性。同时，该模型可用来确定加速管长度和端面距离、颗粒平均滞留时间等干燥器重要参数。另外颗粒在对撞区内作减幅振荡运动，在第一次振荡时气固相对速度较大，干燥强度最高。     

添加生物质炭对红壤性水稻土Cd2+吸附解吸特性的影响

为探讨生物质炭对红壤性水稻土中镉(Cd)元素吸附解吸特性的影响,采用一次平衡法研究添加生物质炭后Cd2+在红壤性水稻土中的吸附动力学、等温吸附和解吸过程。结果表明:施用CK(0t/hm^2)、A10(10t/hm^2)、A20(20t/hm^2)、A30(30t/hm^2)和A40(40t/hm^2)生物质炭后,红壤性水稻土对Cd2+的吸附过程是以化学吸附为主、非均匀的多表面吸附。施用CK(0t/hm^2)、A10(10t/h2)、A20(20t/hm^2)、A30(30t/hm^2)和A40(40t/hm^2)生物质炭处理的最大吸附量和最大解吸量分别为2933~3346mg/kg和171~192mg/kg。添加生物质炭可以提高红壤性水稻土对Cd2+的吸附固持能力,同时增强土壤对外源Cd2+的缓冲能力。生物质炭添加量对红壤性水稻土的吸附解吸能力的改良效果具体表现为:A30>A40>A20>A10。高剂量的生物质炭处理使土壤吸附点位饱和,生物质炭吸附能力相对降低。因此,添加30t/hm^2生物质炭是一种有效预防和治理红壤性水稻土镉污染的措施。     

小麦和玉米秸秆热解反应与热解动力学分析

为了对生物质快速热解液化设备进行分析和计算，该文用热重、差热分析仪分别对小麦和玉米秸秆在不同升温速率下进行了热分析研究。结果表明：小麦和玉米秸秆的热解特性基本一致，热解过程可以用同一种模型描述；随升温速率的提高，热解最高速率时的温度和热解最高速率明显提高。分析了小麦和玉米秸秆热解反应过程，提出了平行一阶反应动力学模型并计算出模型中各参数，将该模型的计算结果、现有一阶反应模型的计算结果分别和试验数据进行了对比，结果表明，平行一阶反应模型的准确程度比现有一阶反应模型有很大的提高。     

磷素迁移的动力学方程

Studies on kinetics of adsorption and release of phosphorus by soil, a new field in soil chemistry, began only over ten years ago (He et al., 1989; Wang and Zhu, 1988; Zhang and Zhang, 1991; Lin, 1989; Lin and Xue, 1989; Jiang, 1993; Xue et al., 1995; Lü et al., 1997). The stress of this field is laid on the speed at which a soil system reaches balance between adsorption and release of phosphorus. Being more close to the field condition and helpful to explain the mechanism of adsorption and release of the phosphorus by the soil, kinetic methods have attracted much attention of the researchers (Aharoni et al., 1991; Griffin and Jurinak, 1974). Different kinetic equations have been used to describe the characteristics of the adsorption and release of phosphorus by the soil (He et al., 1989; Wang and Zhu, 1988; Lü et al., 1997); however, until now which equations are better remains a point of debate. Phosphorus transport in soil is, in fact, a comprehensive process, which includes adsorption, fixation and release of phosphorus by the soil. This study aimed to determine equations useful for describing phosphorus transport process through fitting the phosphorus transport processes in four soils sampled from Shaanxi Province using 17 types of kinetics equations selected.     

温度对固定化酵母酒精分批发酵的影响及动力学模型

该文以甜高粱茎秆汁液为原料,探讨了温度（25～37 ℃）对甜高粱汁固定化酵母酒精分批发酵的影响,并对不同温度下固定化酵母乙醇发酵的动力学模型进行了研究。结果表明：温度的升高可以提高细胞生长速率,但过高的温度却阻碍了细胞的生长,从而影响了酒精的产量。应用Hinshelwood模型,分别对酒精发酵过程中细胞生长动力学和酒精合成动力学进行了模拟,得到25～34℃范围内不同温度下各种动力学参数。在此基础上,进一步研究了温度同细胞生长动力学参数之间的内在联系,得到酒精分批发酵过程中酵母细胞质量浓度的变化同温度以及底物质量浓度之间的一般关系式,验证试验结果表明,该模型具有很好的适用性。     

伊朗一些石灰性土壤中锌解吸动态研究

Desorption of zinc (Zn) from soil is an important factor governing Zn concentration in the soil solution and Zn availability to plants. Batch experiments were performed to study the kinetics of Zn desorption by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) from 15 calcareous soil samples taken from Golestan Province in northern Iran. Soils were equilibrated with 0.005 mol L-1 DTPA solutions for 0.25 to 192 h. The results showed that the extraction process consisted of rapid extraction in the first 2 h followed by much slower extraction for the remainder of the experiment. Desorption kinetic data was fitted to pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The experimental data were found to deviate from the straight line of the pseudo-first-order plots after 2 h. The model of two first-order reactions was fitted to the kinetic data and allowed to distinguish two pools for Zn: a labile fraction (Q1 ), quickly extracted with a rate constant k1 , and a slowly labile fraction (Q2 ), more slowly extracted with a rate constant k2 . The applicability of pseudo-second-order model in describing the kinetic data of Zn desorption was also evaluated.     

典型畜禽粪便厌氧发酵产甲烷潜力试验与计算

为获得符合中国现阶段畜牧业生产实际的畜禽粪便产甲烷潜力(Biochemical Methane Potential,BMP),为不同养殖场粪便管理甲烷评价提供参考,该研究选取蛋鸡粪、奶牛粪、猪粪三种主要畜禽粪便,在(37±0.5)℃条件下进行中温批式厌氧发酵试验,并利用First-order模型和修正后的Gompertz模型对试验结果进行拟合。结果表明,蛋鸡粪、奶牛粪和猪粪三种畜禽粪便的单位底物最大累积甲烷产量(B_o)分别为0.33、0.17和0.38 m~3/kg,与对应IPCC给出的亚洲地区缺省值0.24、0.13和0.29m~3/kg不一致。First-order模型和修正后的Gompertz模型均能较好地拟合三种畜禽粪便厌氧发酵产甲烷过程。BMP_(1%)(当日产甲烷量为累积甲烷产量的1%时的累积甲烷产量)均达到了试验结束时累积甲烷产量的90%以上,并且试验时间缩短了45.3%～76.6%。根据试验获得的三种典型畜禽粪便的产甲烷潜力值计算其年甲烷产生潜力,为中国畜牧业温室气体减排及相关政策制定提供参考。     

对世界女排比赛中动态防守初析

动态防守是提高防守队员接球时移动速度最有效方法。本文通过对动态防守与静态防守在比赛中效果比较，说明动态防守好于静态防守。同时分析动态防守和静态防守在防守的不同阶段移动速度情况，得出在防守同一来球时，动态防守比静态防守节省时间，建议在今后的排球比赛及训练中多采用动态防守技术。     

原位酶谱技术分析旱地长期覆盖下根际酶活性空间分布

根与土壤微生物产生的酶是土壤有机质分解的主要生物驱动因素，对土壤养分循环具有重要意义。该研究利用原位酶谱技术在不破坏作物根系的同时，研究了渭北旱塬长期覆盖春玉米根际土壤酶活性空间分布。田间试验于2020年6月在中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站进行。以春玉米"先玉335"为供试材料，采用完全随机区组设计，设置秸秆覆盖（SM）、地膜覆盖（FM）和无覆盖（CK）三个处理，于春玉米吐丝期获取根系剖面酶谱图，分析了β-葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶在春玉米根际的分布。结果表明：β-葡萄糖苷酶在秸秆覆盖下根际活性分布（热点）面积最大，是地膜覆盖的1.9倍、无覆盖的8.1倍；同时其在秸秆覆盖下延根分布距离最长为2.5 mm；与之对应，动力学拟合结果也表明秸秆覆盖下的酶动力学参数酶活最大反应速率和米氏常值最大，其土壤底物周转时间最快。亮氨酸氨基肽酶在地膜覆盖下活性分布总面积最大，是秸秆覆盖的1.8倍、无覆盖的6.4倍；其在地膜覆盖下酶活性延根分布距离最长为4.5 mm，秸秆覆盖下的酶动力学参数也为最大，底物周转时间最快。研究揭示了地表覆盖通过调节作物根际土壤酶活性空间分布促进养分吸收，实现旱地玉米高产高效的酶动力学机制。     

番茄果实采后贮藏过程中的颜色动力学模型及其应用

研究了番茄采后成熟过程中果皮颜色的变化规律，发现色泽角（H°）、色泽比（a/b）和明度等主要颜色参数的变化均符合一级动力学模型，并由实验确定了各颜色模型的动力学参数：参考变化速率常数（K_ref）和反应活化能（E_α）。在此基础上，设计了一个色泽角-时温预测器，能够预测和监控果实采后贮藏的品质变化。     

微波辅助萃取水飞蓟素的动力学机理

为了揭示微波辅助萃取水飞蓟素的动力学机理,该文选择萃取温度(78～130℃)、萃取时间(30～70min)为影响因素,用反应级数、平均表观速率常数和活化能表征物料在萃取过程中动力学行为,对比研究了微波辅助萃取(MAE)和常规的热回流萃取法(RHE)萃取水飞蓟素的过程,并在电子显微镜下分别观察了经2种方法加工后水飞蓟颗粒的微观结构。结果表明:MAE和RHE萃取水飞蓟素的过程均符合一级动力学方程的规律;MAE萃取水飞蓟素的活化能约是RHE的1/5,平均表观速率常数是RHE的48倍。观察水飞蓟颗粒微观结构发现,经MAE萃取后的结构呈现疏松排列的;而经RHE方法萃取后的结构排列紧密。这些结果表明微波的作用使萃取剂和萃取物更容易通过细胞壁,增强了水飞蓟素在基体内的扩散速度,提高了萃取率。