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磷肥对日光温室番茄磷营养和产量及土壤酶活性的影响 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7
采用盆栽方法进行了不同施磷(P2O5)水平下,日光温室番茄产量、不同生育期番茄磷素分配、干物质积累、土壤速效磷含量和酶活性研究,并确定了适宜番茄生长的最佳施磷量与土壤速效磷含量。结果表明,随着磷肥施用量的增加,土壤速效磷含量及番茄各组织含磷量相应增加;当施用P2O5达到0.53 g/kg(处理5),土壤速效磷含量在60~77 mg/kg时,较适宜番茄生长,番茄产量和单果重达最高,根系和茎叶干物质积累也达到最好水平。当施磷量超过0.53 g/kg时,造成土壤和植株磷累积过高,易引起土壤盐害,降低土壤酶活性,从而降低干物质积累和番茄产量,影响土壤的可持续利用。 相似文献
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秸秆还田对酸性水稻土培肥增产效应分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《农业研究与应用》2016,(3)
以贺州当地常规稻为材料,针对贺州市酸性水稻土,通过2年(2014-2015)的田间定位试验,研究了秸秆还田对土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响。试验结果表明:1秸秆还田能显著提高土壤有机质含量,秸秆还田延续2年后,有机质含量平均增加2.31 g/kg,平均增幅为9.00%,其中,第1年(2014年)平均增加1.59 g/kg,占总增量的68.83%;2秸秆还田能有效提高土壤有效养分含量,全氮平均增加0.06 g/kg,平均增幅3.42%,速效磷平均增加1.41 mg/kg,平均增幅4.03%,速效钾平均增加3.44 mg/kg,平均增幅5.41%;3秸秆还田能显著提高水稻产量,秸秆还田第1年和第2年分别平均增产5.02%和6.84%,增产效应以第1年为最明显,此外,秸秆还田对水稻的增产效应,因区域的不同而存在较大差异,以土壤肥力较低的土壤最为明显。 相似文献
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冬小麦?夏玉米体系磷效率对塿土磷素肥力的响应 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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《植物营养与肥料学报》2018,(6)
【目的】研究鴥土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系磷肥利用效率(PUE)和土壤肥力(磷素)的关系,可以界定土壤磷素的最佳管理范围及合理施磷量,为实现作物高产和减少磷素损失提供理论依据。【方法】采取鴥土长期定位试验5个不同磷素水平的土壤,有效磷含量依次为3.90 (F1)、15.00 (F2)、23.60 (F3)、35.70 (F4)和50.00(F5) mg/kg进行盆栽试验,供试作物为小麦‘小偃22’和玉米‘郑单958’。每个磷素水平土壤上设置5个施磷量(P2O5 0、30、60、90、120 kg/hm~2)。作物成熟后,收获地上部所有植株,晒干、脱粒后测定地上部生物量、籽粒产量,籽粒和秸秆样品粉碎后测定其含磷量。作物收获后均匀采集盆内土样约50 g/盆,风干并混匀后分别过1 mm和0.15 mm筛,测定土壤速效磷和全磷含量。计算冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系磷肥利用效率与土壤磷素水平的关系。【结果】F1土壤增施磷肥可显著提高小麦和玉米的籽粒产量,与P0相比,所有施磷处理小麦增产52.2%~119.7%、玉米增产94.7%~212.7%;F2、F3、F4和F5土壤磷肥增产效果不显著。经过两季作物种植,与P0相比,F2土壤施磷60 kg/hm~2、120 kg/hm~2和F5土壤施磷120 kg/hm~2显著提高了全磷含量,其他磷水平土壤全磷含量无显著变化;F1、F2、F3、F4和F5土壤施磷处理的土壤速效磷含量分别增加了-4.08%~434.69%、26.49%~112.77%、6.74%~48.24%、4.07%~43.65%和-4.84%~28.29%。冬小麦磷肥利用效率(PUE)与土壤Olsen-P之间呈显著的正相关关系(P 0.05),P30、P60、P90和P120线性关系决定系数分别达到0.996、0.899、0.760和0.820。夏玉米PUE在P30下随土壤磷素水平的提高呈二次抛物线形式增加,据此可得出在Olsen-P为12.32 mg/kg时PUE达到100%,当土壤速效磷为33.63 mg/kg时PUE达到最大值155.24%;在P60、P90和P120时,PUE随土壤Olsen-P含量上升而直线增加,Olsen-P分别达到12.22 mg/kg、16.64 mg/kg和14.39 mg/kg后维持在一个水平。整个冬小麦-夏玉米体系PUE随土壤速效磷的变化趋势和夏玉米类似,冬小麦(P30)和夏玉米(P30)总施磷量为P2O5 60 kg/hm~2时,可算出土壤速效磷为17.97 mg/kg时PUE达到100%;当速效磷达到40.11 mg/kg时,PUE达到最大值131.51%。在同一磷素水平土壤上,随施磷量增加,小麦和玉米PUE均显著降低,尤其是施磷量高于60 kg/hm~2后。【结论】关中鴥土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系,小麦季土壤速效磷应大致控制在17~40 mg/kg范围内,玉米季土壤速效磷控制在13~34 mg/kg范围内进行管理;整个冬小麦-夏玉米体系将土壤速效磷大概控制在17~40 mg/kg范围内,总推荐施磷量为P2O5 60~120 kg/hm~2为宜。 相似文献
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近30年我国典型水稻土肥力演变特征 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
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湖南双季稻种植区不同生产力水稻土肥力特征的研究 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
通过对湖南省8个双季稻种植区田间采样并结合水稻产量测产,研究了不同生产力水稻土的有机质(全有机质和腐殖质组成)和养分含量状况(全量和有效养分),分析其环境意义。结果表明,湖南省双季稻种植区高产水稻土的有机质、全氮和速效磷含量分别为47.7411.59 g/kg、2.700.72 g/kg和39.814.21mg/kg,均达到非常丰富的水平;中产水稻土的有机质、全氮和速效磷含量也处于丰富水平,与高产水稻土比较,其差异不显著;低产水稻土的上述养分显著低于高产和中产水稻土。高产水稻土的速效钾含量处于中等水平(105.8322.73 mg/kg),中产和低产水稻土速效钾含量处于缺乏和严重缺乏水平。经过长期的培肥,高产水稻土的有机质、全氮和速效磷含量均达到非常丰富的水平,有机质库和磷库均处于丰富水平和盈余状态。高产水稻田土壤的质地一般为壤土和粘壤,固持钾的能力弱,速效钾含量不丰富,应该重视施用化学钾肥、有机肥和稻草还田,保持土壤钾库的平衡和提高。多数中产水稻土的有机质和养分均比较丰富,只要采用最佳的田间管理,可以实现高产水稻土的产量目标。低产水稻土的结构一般都比较差,养分缺乏,应加强改良和培肥管理,提升其土壤肥力。 相似文献
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县级测土配方施肥指标体系建立研究—以江苏省江都市水稻为例 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
以江苏省江都市水稻为例,基于地力差减法预测氮肥用量、 养分丰缺指标法预测磷钾肥用量,构建县域测土配方施肥指标体系,研究分析20052011年测土配方施肥田间试验示范。结果表明,当种植水稻预测目标产量为6825~9270 kg/hm2(平均为8145 kg/hm2),氮肥推荐用量为146.42~57.4 kg/hm2(平均为207.5~ kg/hm2)。磷钾肥施用标准: 当有效磷含量高于21 mg/kg,不推荐施用磷肥;当有效磷含量在17~21 mg/kg时,推荐施磷(P2O5)量为40.5 kg/hm2;当有效磷含量在10~17 mg/kg时,推荐施磷(P2O5)量为 48 kg/hm2;当有效磷含量低于10 mg/kg 时,推荐施磷(P2O5)量为64.5 kg/hm2。当速效钾含量高于140 mg/kg,不推荐施用钾肥;当速效钾含量在115~140 mg/kg时,推荐施钾(K2O)量为 22.5 kg/hm2;当速效钾含量在60~115 mg/kg时,推荐施钾(K2O)量为40.5 kg/hm2;当速效钾含量低于60 mg/kg 时,推荐施钾(K2O)量为 82.5 kg/hm2。同时对施肥指标体系建立进行校验分析,结果表明基于试验建立施肥指标体系是可行的,从而为构建县域测土配方施肥指标体系提供了方法,达到因土施肥的目的。 相似文献
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贵州植烟土壤有机质与氮素特征研究 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
利用 GPS 定位,3 年在全省 50 个烟叶主产县采集 9340 个植烟土壤耕层土样进行分析。结果表明,贵州植烟土壤有机质和全 N 含量变幅大,平均含量分别为 29.6 g/kg 和 1.75 g/kg,达丰富水平,两者处于最适宜含量范围的土壤样本分别占 48.4 %和 64.1 %。速效 N含量平均 50.6 mg/kg,处于最适宜含量范围的土壤样本占 42.4 %。不同植烟土壤类型有机质和全 N 含量差异较大,水稻土较高,紫色土较低。植烟稻田全 N明显高于旱地。 相似文献
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中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化 总被引:21,自引:4,他引:17
根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。 相似文献
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天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
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天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
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Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xiaobo Li Yongqiu Xia Yuefei Li Todd M. Kana Sonoko D. Kimura Masanori Saito Xiaoyuan Yan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(4):783-792
Purpose
Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha–1?year–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.Materials and methods
The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N2 fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N2/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.Results and discussion
Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO3 ?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO3 ?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.Conclusions
High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification. 相似文献15.
Howard B. Ross 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,36(3-4):349-363
Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO4 +, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances. 相似文献
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation... 相似文献
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Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful
environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides
of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications
have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing
track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in
order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required
to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere
level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully
implement this new green technology. 相似文献
19.
Shu Wang 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(7):583-589
Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?108 to 8.02?×?108?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis 相似文献