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立枯丝核菌毒素的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani kühn)寄主范围广且腐生性强,主要危害禾本科、茄科、豆科和十字花科等43科260多种植物,造成水稻、玉米和马铃薯等作物产量严重减少以及品质下降。目前种质库中尚未发现高水平的抗源,因此无法借助转基因手段培育抗立枯丝核菌的新材料。立枯丝核菌致病因子主要为毒素和细胞壁降解酶,基于病原菌和植物互作关系,本文着重阐述了立枯丝核菌毒素提取工艺的发展、成分鉴定、生物活性及致病机理,旨在为进一步深入研究立枯丝核菌及其相关病害的有效防治提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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为探讨牛粪发酵沼液的抑菌机理,以立枯丝核菌为研究对象,进行了试验研究。采用平皿培养方法:培养基表面分别均匀涂布1mL5种不同处理的沼液,即不作处理沼液、沼液灭菌、离心上清液、无菌膜滤液和菌体溶液,中心接种立枯丝核菌并于生化培养箱中28℃培养96h,每12h测量立枯菌落的生长直径以计算抑制率,同时借助分子生物学手段鉴定了沼液中起抑制作用的微生物。试验结果表明菌体溶液和不作处理沼液对立枯的抑制效果较好,抑制率最高可达74%和53%,离心上清液的抑制效果次之,无菌膜滤液和沼液灭菌处理的抑制作用较弱,一般在20%以下;对沼液中的微生物菌群进行了分离、纯化与筛选,获16株菌种,并与立枯丝核菌进行对峙培养试验,其中nfd-9和nfd-16具有较强抑制作用,其他菌株几乎没有抑制作用。将nfd-9、nfd-16与立枯对峙交界面处进行了扫描电镜观察,结果显示:这2株微生物通过竞争、拮抗和重寄生等作用来抑制立枯丝核菌的生长,从而到达防止病害的目的。经分子生物学技术鉴定,确定了nfd-9和nfd-16分别为米根霉菌(Rhizopus oryzae)和哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)。研究结果为进一步了解沼液抑制真菌的机理提供一定的理论参考。 相似文献
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为探讨牛粪发酵沼液的抑菌机理,以立枯丝核菌为研究对象,进行了试验研究。采用平皿培养方法:培养基表面分别均匀涂布1 mL 5种不同处理的沼液,即不作处理沼液、沼液灭菌、离心上清液、无菌膜滤液和菌体溶液,中心接种立枯丝核菌并于生化培养箱中28℃培养96 h,每12 h测量立枯菌落的生长直径以计算抑制率,同时借助分子生物学手段鉴定了沼液中起抑制作用的微生物。试验结果表明菌体溶液和不作处理沼液对立枯的抑制效果较好,抑制率最高可达74%和53%,离心上清液的抑制效果次之,无菌膜滤液和沼液灭菌处理的抑制作用较弱,一般在20%以下;对沼液中的微生物菌群进行了分离、纯化与筛选,获16株菌种,并与立枯丝核菌进行对峙培养试验,其中nfd-9和nfd-16具有较强抑制作用,其他菌株几乎没有抑制作用。将nfd-9、nfd-16与立枯对峙交界面处进行了扫描电镜观察,结果显示:这2株微生物通过竞争、拮抗和重寄生等作用来抑制立枯丝核菌的生长,从而到达防止病害的目的。经分子生物学技术鉴定,确定了nfd-9和nfd-16分别为米根霉菌(Rhizopus oryzae)和哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)。研究结果为进一步了解沼液抑制真菌的机理提供一定的理论参考。 相似文献
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生物防治微生物的应用方式对生防效果具有显著影响。本研究利用分离到的生防菌株T12孢子粉、有机肥吸附菌丝(菌丝吸附)和固体发酵产品(固体发酵)3种水稻纹枯病生防菌的应用方式,研究了3种应用方式对水稻纹枯病发病率、微生物数量以及水稻抗病性酶活性的影响,分析了不同应用方式的生防效果。结果表明,生防菌株T12鉴定为棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)。孢子粉、菌丝吸附和固体发酵的应用方式都能够防控水稻纹枯病,其中固体发酵应用方式的防效最好,防治率为89.5%。相较于孢子粉处理,应用菌丝吸附和固体发酵的方式能够显著(P0.05)增加水田中立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)菌核表面附着的木霉菌数量。水稻移栽20 d测定水稻茎秆上木霉菌数量显示,固体发酵和菌丝吸附应用方式有利于木霉菌在水稻茎秆定殖;水稻移栽60 d、100 d和130 d测定木霉菌数量表明,孢子粉处理木霉菌数量高于固体发酵处理,固体发酵处理高于菌丝吸附处理(P0.05)。水稻生育期内,对照处理立枯丝核菌数量从41 cfu-g-1增加到272 cfu-g-1,孢子粉处理和菌丝吸附处理水稻茎秆上立枯丝核菌数量低于对照处理,但均高于固体发酵处理(P0.05)。测定水稻几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性的结果显示,3种应用方式都能够诱导水稻产生抗性,相较于孢子粉处理,菌丝吸附和固体发酵处理能够在水稻生育期内持续诱导水稻产生抗性。棘孢木霉T12菌株固体发酵产品的应用方式更有利于对水稻纹枯病的生物防控。 相似文献
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《土壤与作物》2017,(3)
为了探索丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对甘草的侵染特性,揭示土壤相对含水量不同条件下AM真菌对甘草生长及甘草酸含量的影响,以盆栽甘草为研究对象,分别接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、聚丛球囊霉(G.aggregatum)和幼套球囊霉(G.etunicatum)4种AM真菌,研究了土壤在不同相对含水量条件下AM真菌对甘草的侵染率及侵染后甘草的株高、主根长、地上干重、地下干重及甘草酸含量等,结果表明,接种的4种AM真菌均能与甘草形成丛枝菌根,形成了丰富的丛枝、泡囊结构,侵染率达到70%以上,显著促进了甘草的生长;在50%和65%的土壤相对含水量条件下,AM真菌都对甘草生长有促进作用,在土壤相对含水量小于35%时,甘草生长不良,甘草酸含量低;综合分析土壤在各个不同相对含水量处理中,接种摩西管柄囊霉的甘草适应生长的范围更大,甘草酸含量更高,综合来看,摩西管柄囊霉更有利于提高甘草对干旱的适应性,促进甘草生长效果显著,并且在干旱条件下仍保持较高的甘草酸含量。 相似文献
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为明确丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对促进绿化苗木镉(Cd)吸收的影响,通过盆栽试验比较接种不同AM真菌对12种绿化苗木Cd吸收的差异,并进一步分析接种对金叶六道木根际微生物数量和AM真菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,12种绿化苗木,加Cd处理6个月后,其叶片浓度的变化范围为0.25~2.59 mg·kg-1。接种AM真菌处理组的叶片Cd含量均高于不接菌处理组。相比未接种,接种AM2摩西球囊霉(BGCAM00164)后金叶六道木叶片中Cd含量增加147.9%,故选择金叶六道木进行后续研究。接种AM212个月后,金叶六道木的根、枝、叶Cd浓度分别为164.7、22.86和10.57 mg·kg-1,为不接菌处理的2.64倍、2.06倍和1.76倍,全株总Cd含量达5078μg·株-1,显著高于不接菌对照(1745μg·株-1)。相比不接菌对照,接种AM2后降低了转移系数,将其更多吸收的Cd固定在根内,从而减少对植株的损害。接种AM真菌增加了AM真菌PLFA生物量,但降低了根际土壤微生物细菌和真菌PLFA生物量。所有样本中丰度较高的AM真菌为球囊霉科(Glomus)、类球囊霉科(Paraglomus)和原囊霉科(Archaeospora)。球囊霉科占总AM真菌的55%以上,是金叶六道木根际的主要优势种群。接种AM2后球囊霉丰度显著增加,由对照的61.8%上升至77.4%,但AM真菌的整体多样性和丰富度则表现为下降。接种AM1后类球囊霉科丰度显著增加,由对照的13.1%上升至17.8%,但球囊霉丰度无显著变化。主成分分析结果表明Cd和AM真菌接种可以改变金叶六道木根际AM真菌群落结构。总体而言,接种AM真菌(摩西球囊霉)能提高金叶六道木对土壤重金属Cd污染的修复效率,其联合修复技术可扩展Cd污染土壤植物修复的应用范围。 相似文献
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由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Ktihn)引起的纹枯病是玉米产业一个突出的世界性难题,为探讨玉米纹枯病发病后的蛋白表达机制,本研究以高耐纹枯病玉米(Zea mays)自交系R15和高感自交系掖478为材料,分时段(0、12、24、36和48 h)提取接菌后叶片总蛋白,利用IEF/SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳技术,对抗、感材料的总蛋白表达差异结果进行了比较分析.结果表明:在蛋白表达谱600~800个清晰蛋白点中,部分蛋白质(多肽)的表达量在两自交系中存在着一定的差异;对其中15个差异表达蛋白进行了基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/MS)分析鉴定,并且结合数据库和生物信息学软件分析,确定了莽草酸激酶Ⅰ、铁氧-硫氧蛋白还原酶催化亚基(FTR-C)等蛋白增量表达,而磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基、光合系统Ⅰ反应中心N亚基等蛋白减量表达,其中增量表达的蛋白能诱导抗病系统的启动,而减量表达的蛋白会抑制物质和能量代谢途径,最终导致植株感病死亡. 相似文献
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This greenhouse study aimed to analyze the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal associations on maize (Zea mays L. hybrid Pioneer 3905) in order to compare their functional compatibility and efficiency. The AM fungus species used for this study were Glomus aggregatum, G. etunicatum, G. mosseae, and G. versiforme. Shoot and leaf masses, chlorophyll, soluble protein, total and reducing sugar, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) concentrations, and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in the maize leaves were analyzed. The root colonization ranged from 26% to 72% depending on the AM fungus species. Leaf mass was significantly higher when maize plants were colonized with G. etunicatum in comparison to the non‐AM control. The mycorrhizal effect on dry leaf mass ranged from 15.9% to 23.9% depending on the AM species. However, the total shoot mass did not differ significantly among the treatments. The mycorrhizal treatment had a marginally significant effect on the chlorophyll concentrations in maize leaves. The protein concentration was the highest in the plants colonized with G. etunicatum and the N percentage was significantly higher in the leaves of plants colonized by G. versiforme or G. aggregatum than those with G. mosseae. However, the AM colonization did not significantly alter the GS activity among the treatments. The highest sugar concentrations were detected in the leaves of plants colonized by G. versiforme. The sugar concentrations as well as the C percentage were lower in the leaves of plants colonized by G. etunicatum compared to the other mycorrhizal treatments but the values were comparable to the non‐AM control. Our overall results suggest that the expression of the mycorrhizal potential in the maize host plants varies among AM fungal species. 相似文献
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磷胁迫下AMF对玉米生长的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究在低磷的南方酸性红壤中,3种磷水平(20、40、60 m g/kg)下,接种丛枝菌根真菌G.m osseae和G lom us versif orm e对玉米营养生长的影响。结果表明,菌根的形成可使玉米的株高、鲜重增加,促进玉米的营养生长;在低磷水平下,菌根侵染率最高,玉米的株高、鲜重增加也最显著,其中接种G.m osseae的处理其株高和茎叶鲜重的增加达到极显著水平。 相似文献
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为研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对玉米秸秆降解的影响,利用玉米秸秆为材料制成网袋,采用盆栽试验,以玉米(Zea mays L.)为宿主植物,分别接种Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae,于30,40,50,60d时收获后分析玉米秸秆降解量和C、N释放量,并运用Olson的指数模型Bt/B0=e-kt计算玉米秸秆及C、N的降解系数。数据表明,接种G.intraradices、G.mosseae显著提高了玉米秸秆降解量和降解系数,与不接种处理相比,分别高出5.21%,6.26%。C释放量、碳素降解系数也明显增加。接种处理减少了N释放量,且氮素降解系数随时间延长而下降。接种处理玉米秸秆的C、N降解系数不同直接反映了其降解速度的差异,进而影响了玉米秸秆的C/N,使秸秆更易于降解。研究结果显示出丛枝菌根真菌在生态系统氮循环中具有重要意义。 相似文献
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分室法研究不同磷况下两种接种丛枝菌根玉米 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system was used to compare some chemical and biolog-ical properties of the two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus versiforme usingmaize (Zea mays) as the host plant with four added levels of available phosphorus (P). The proportion of host plant root length infected was determined at harvest. Shoot and root yields and nutrient concentra-tions were determined, together with the nutrient concentrations in the AM fungal external mycelium. Themorphology of various mycorrhizal structures of the two AM fungi was also compared by microscopic obser-vation. Inoculation with G. mosseae gave higher plant yields than that with G. versghrme, and the two fungiresponded differently in infection rate to areilable phosphorus level. Root infection rate of mycorrhizal maizecolonized by G. mosseae decreased markedly with increasing P level, and there was very poor development of the extraradical mpcelium at the highest rate of P addition. In contrast, G. versiforme showed greater tolerance to increasing P level. Elemental analysis showed that phosphorus, copper and zinc concentrations in the external mycelium differed between the two fungi and were much higher than those in the host plant. Differences in the morphology of the two fungi were also observed. 相似文献
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C. B. McAllister J. M. Garcia-Garrido I. Garcia-Romera A. Godeas J. A. Ocampo 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1997,24(3):301-305
The effect of inoculation with the saprophytic fungi Alternaria alternata or Fusarium equiseti on maize (Zea mays) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization by Glomus mosseae was studied in a greenhouse trial. Plant dry weights of non-AM-inoculated maize and lettuce were unaffected by the presence
of A. alternata and F. equiseti. In contrast, A. alternata and F. equiseti decreased plant dry weights and mycorrhization when inoculated to the rhizosphere before G. mosseae. The saprophytic fungi inoculated 2 weeks after G. mosseae did not affect the percentage of root length colonized by the AM endophyte, but did affect its metabolic activity assessed
as succinate dehydrogenase activity. Although F. equiseti inoculated at the same time as G. mosseae did not affect mycorrhization of maize roots, its effect on AM colonization of lettuce roots was similar to that with A. alternata. In the rhizosphere of both plants, the population of saprophytic fungi decreased significantly, but was not affected by the
presence of G. mosseae. Our results suggest that there may have been a direct effect of the saprophytic fungi on the mycorrhizal fungi in the extramatrical
phase of the latter, and when the AM fungus was established in the root the AM fungus was less affected by the saprophytic
fungi.
Received: 16 January 1996 相似文献
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水分胁迫及VA菌根接种对绿豆生长的影响 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
本文采用土培试验研究了水分胁迫下接种VA菌根真菌Glomusmosseae,G .sp .和G .caledonium对绿豆生长及代谢活动的影响。结果表明 ,水分胁迫严重抑制了植株的生长 ,但对VA菌根真菌的侵染能力影响不大。接种VA菌根真菌不仅有利于植株对土壤中磷和氮的吸收 ,而且明显改善了植株的水分状况 ,降低了植株叶片的脯氨酸含量 ,提高了接种株叶片的光合效率 ,显著增加了植株干物质量 ,增强了绿豆的抗旱性或耐旱性。 3种真菌中 ,以Glomusmosseae的接种效果最好。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):735-743
Effects of inoculation with three different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus constrictum, and Glomus mosseae) on arsenic (As) accumulation by maize were investigated by using soil spiked with As at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg?1. The root colonization rates by the three fungi were significantly different (G. mosseae > G. etunicatum > G. constrictum) and decreased markedly with increasing As concentration in the soil. Inoculation with G. etunicatum or G. mosseae increased maize biomass and phosphorus (P) accumulation (G. mosseae > G. etunicatum) and reduced As accumulation in shoots (G. mosseae ≈ G. etunicatum), whereas inoculation with G. constrictum had little effect on these parameters. Inoculation with G. mosseae produced greater biomass and P uptake and less shoot As accumulation, and therefore it may be a promising approach to reduce As translocation from contaminated soils to plants. 相似文献
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红三叶草丛枝菌根对有机磷的吸收 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
The capacities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus mosseae and Glomus versderme, tomineralize added organic P were studied in a sterilized calcareous soil. Mycorrhizal (inoculated with either of the AM fungi) and non-mycorrhizal red clover (Trghlium pmtense L.) plants were grown for eight weeksin pots with upper root, central hyphal and lower soil compartments. The hyphal and soil compartmentsreceived either organic P (as Na-phytate) or inorganic P (as KH2PO4) at tbe rate of 50 mg P kg-1. No P wasadded to the root compartments. Control pots received no added P. Yields were higher in mycorrhizal than innon-mycorrhizal clover. Mycorrhizal inoculation doubled shoot P concentration and more than doubled total P uptake of plaflts in P-amended soil, irrespective of the form of applied P. The mycorrhizal contributionto inorganic P uptake was 80% or 76% in plants inoculated with G. mosseae or G. verefforme, respectively. Corresponding values were 74% and 82% when Na-phytate was applied. In the root compartments of the mycorrhizal treatments, the proportion of root length infected, hyphal length density and phosphatase activity were all higher when organic P was applied than when inorganic P was added. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5):586-598
Evaluation of the performance of inoculants in undisturbed and unsterilized soils, where diverse communities of microorganisms are present, is a necessary step before using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in agricultural technology. The effects of inoculation with Glomus mosseae on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, growth, and nitrogen (N) uptake of wheat plants in unsterilized tilled and untilled soils from the Argentinean Pampas with different levels of N fertilization were assessed. The fertilization and inoculation effects depended on the tillage treatments. In no-tillage, the colonization was greater than in conventional tillage, but it was reduced by the N fertilization. In conventional tillage, the inoculation with G. mosseae increased colonization. Both conventional tillage and N fertilization promoted wheat root growth. Inoculation did not affect root growth but enhanced N concentration in roots when fertilizer was not applied. 相似文献