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1.
红壤团聚体特征与坡面侵蚀定量关系   总被引:9,自引:4,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
为明确红壤结构特征对坡面侵蚀过程的影响,选取6种典型红壤为研究对象,通过团聚体稳定性分析和野外原位人工模拟降雨试验,就红壤团聚体稳定性特征与坡面侵蚀过程定量关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明:在野外尺度上,红壤团聚体稳定性是影响坡面侵蚀的重要因素;能定量描述土壤可蚀性的团聚体特征参数Ka,与径流强度、产沙强度等侵蚀参数显著相关;将Ka代入WEPP模型,建立了细沟间侵蚀预测方程,方程可决系数较高(R2=0.86),显示了较好的预测性能。该研究扩展了团聚体稳定性作为土壤可蚀性指标的适用范围,为红壤侵蚀机理研究提供了新思路。  相似文献   

2.
为了解坡面整地措施对坡体稳定性的影响和土壤物理性质对土壤抗剪强度的差异性,选取石匣小流域4个标准样地,通过测量多个土壤物理性质指标(土壤容重、土壤含水率、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、紧实度和液限),研究不同坡面整地措施的土壤临界剪切力随深度的变化,以及土壤抗剪切破坏能力的强弱关系和影响因素。结果表明:原状土的临界剪切力随深度的增加而增加;通过库伦公式得出的土壤抗剪强度与土壤临界剪切力的回归方程为σ=0.0123τf+0.6308。土壤物理性质对抗剪强度的影响不同,紧实度、容重与含水率对抗剪强度的影响相对较大。对于不同的坡面整地措施,土壤抗剪切能力强弱顺序为梯田水平条裸地,其中,在水平条上种植针叶树,土壤抗剪切能力优于种植阔叶树。在北京石匣地区,布设坡面整地措施时,需因地制宜地增加田面宽度,并种植针阔混交林以增加土壤抗剪强度。  相似文献   

3.
降雨和径流条件下红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程   总被引:13,自引:7,他引:6  
为明确第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面侵蚀过程特征,采用人工模拟降雨和径流冲刷相结合试验,研究坡度、流量和降雨因素对坡面细沟侵蚀过程影响。结果表明:1)坡面侵蚀过程呈现明显阶段性,试验条件下侵蚀前3 min为层状面蚀为主的初始阶段,细沟出现后转变为细沟侵蚀为主的细沟发育阶段。降雨以及增加坡度和流量能加快细沟发育速度和侵蚀速率;2)各侵蚀阶段平均侵蚀速率关系为初始阶段细沟发育阶段细沟稳定阶段。初始阶段侵蚀速率对各水动力学参数响应关系为水流功率坡度水流剪切力单位水流功率=流速流量。细沟发育阶段平均侵蚀速率与水流功率、水流剪切力和坡度关系密切,而细沟稳定阶段侵蚀速率只与坡度和流量相关;3)水流功率是与初始阶段和细沟发育阶段关系最密切的水动力学参数,侵蚀初始阶段的层状面蚀、单独径流冲刷和降雨-径流作用下细沟侵蚀发生的临界水流功率分别为0.091、0.121、?1.691 N/(m·s)。试验在小尺度条件下初步揭示了红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程特征,为南方红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀预报模型和侵蚀防治提供理论参考。  相似文献   

4.
坡面水流中不同层次红壤团聚体剥蚀程度研究   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
为了明确坡面水流中运移距离对不同层次红壤团聚体自身剥蚀程度的影响,选取3个地区(咸宁、进贤、长沙)典型红壤为研究对象,通过团聚体稳定性分析和室内冲刷水槽试验,就不同层次红壤团聚体稳定性与坡面水流中自身剥蚀程度间定量关系进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,湿筛法及Le Bissonnais法中的快速湿润、预湿润振荡测得不同层次团聚体稳定性为表层红壤最弱,其次为网纹层,铁锰淀积层最强,而慢速湿润无明显规律,消散作用和机械破碎作用是不同层次红壤团聚体的主要破碎机制;不同层次红壤团聚体在5个运移距离后的剥蚀程度均表现为铁锰淀积层<网纹层<表层;描述团聚体相对机械破碎指数的RMI与5种运移距离后的团聚体剥蚀程度Wr/Wi、剥蚀系数α相关关系显著,利用RMI和运移距离x2个参数建立了坡面水流中不同层次红壤团聚体剥蚀程度预测方程,方程决定系数较高(R2=0.88),显示了较好的预测性能。该结果为研究红壤侵蚀机理提供了参考,对完善土壤侵蚀模型具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

5.
元谋干热河谷坡面表层土壤力学特性对其抗冲性的影响   总被引:12,自引:5,他引:7  
为了研究元谋干热河谷区坡面表层土壤的抗侵蚀性能,通过对燥红土机械组成、团聚体组成、基质吸力、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ等参数的分析,并用原状土进行冲刷试验测定土壤的抗冲指数ANS,探讨了这些参数对土壤抗冲性的影响。结果表明,土壤分散率和ANS(soilanti-scourability)呈一元三次多项式变化,随着分散率的逐渐增加,ANS逐渐下降,ANS随着平均重量直径MWD的增大呈幂函数增长,随着基质吸力、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ的逐渐增加,ANS也呈对数函数增长;ANS与各力学参数的相关程度依次为:抗剪强度τf>φ>MWD>分散率>基质吸力>c,逐步回归表明,黏聚力c、平均重量直径MWD和抗剪强度τf与ANS呈较好的线性关系(R2复=0.983),偏相关系数(RMWD(0.915)>Rc(0.829)>Rτf(0.776))表明水稳性团聚体的稳定性、颗粒及团聚体之间的胶结凝聚力和土壤抵抗水流的剪切破坏力对ANS影响较大。  相似文献   

6.
西南地区黄壤坡面径流冲刷过程研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
土壤分离是土壤坡面侵蚀产沙的必要途径和重要过程,准确预测土壤分离过程对完善土壤侵蚀物理模型具有重要意义。利用变坡钢槽,在不同坡度(8.8%~46.6%)流量(0.5~2.5 L s-1)组合下,研究了喀斯特地区黄壤分离速率与坡度、流量以及水流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率的关系。对比了相同流量典型坡度组合下黄壤与黄土的分离速率差异。研究结果表明,喀斯特地区黄壤的分离速率随坡度和流量的增大而增大;坡度和流量的多元回归分析结果能够很好地预测土壤分离速率值(R2=0.9)。水流功率和单位水流功率与黄壤分离速率呈现较好的幂函数关系,决定系数比较接近(R2=0.83、0.79);而水流剪切力预测黄壤分离速率较差(R2=0.18)。黄土的土壤分离速率明显大于黄壤,且二者分离速率差异随坡面冲刷流量的增大而增大。尽管坡度、流量、水流功率和单位水流功率都可以很好地预测土壤分离速率,且回归方程形式与国内他人研究相差不大,但方程中表征土壤可蚀性的系数相差较大,体现了黄壤坡面侵蚀过程及其受径流影响作用的特殊性。  相似文献   

7.
新型W-OH材料对崩积体土壤分离速率的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
崩岗崩积体土壤颗粒容易脱离母体而发生侵蚀,而新型亲水性聚氨酯材料(W-OH)能有效增加土壤颗粒之间的粘结力,从而抑制侵蚀的发生。为此,通过变坡式水槽实验,研究不同浓度的W-OH材料(2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%)对崩岗崩积体土壤分离速率的影响。结果表明:W-OH材料能够显著降低崩积体土壤的分离速率,土壤分离速率的大小随W-OH浓度的升高而降低;由于固结表层的存在,W-OH材料显著改变了表层土壤的侵蚀过程,使得土壤分离速率与坡度、水流剪切力、水流功率等参数之间的函数关系相对于对照发生了改变,并且表层土壤发生分离的临界水流剪切力也得到了提升。  相似文献   

8.
通过开展不同流量(20,30,40,50,60 L/min)条件下的室内模拟细沟水流冲刷试验,研究不同容重(1.06,1.15,1.18,1.21 g/cm3)对喀斯特黄壤分离能力(D c)的影响,并建立土壤分离能力预测经验模型。结果表明:流量与容重均显著影响土壤分离能力,当容重为1.06 g/cm3时,D c随流量呈幂函数递增,而在其他更高的容重条件下,D c随流量呈线性增加;同一流量条件下,D c随容重增加呈线性减小,且减少趋势在高流量条件下更为明显;幂函数方程可分别描述D c与水流剪切力(τ)、水流功率(ω)、单位水流功率(P)、过水断面单位能量(E)间的关系,利用水流剪切力来预测土壤分离能力(R 2=0.96)更为理想;细沟可蚀性系数(Kτ、Kω、K P、K E)及临界水动力学值(τC、ωC、P C、E C)随容重增加均呈减小趋势,且容重与细沟可蚀性系数(Kτ、Kω、K P、K E)间存在线性关系。研究结果为阐明喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀机理、建立该地区土壤侵蚀过程模型提供理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
基于水蚀预测模型的红壤坡面侵蚀主要影响因素研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用229场侵蚀性自然降雨的小区观测数据,率定并验证了典型红壤坡面水蚀预测(WEPP)模型,并对模型的敏感性检验和弹性系数进行了分析。结果表明,红壤坡面土壤侵蚀对降雨量、雨强、细沟可蚀性、临界剪切力、坡长、坡度等6个输入参数的变化具有强敏感性;地表径流量对降雨量具有强敏感性,对雨强、初始饱和导水率、有效水力传导系数等参数存在弱敏感性。这些参数是影响红壤坡面侵蚀产沙产流的主要因素。  相似文献   

10.
坡面薄层水流的土壤分离实验研究   总被引:13,自引:8,他引:5  
土壤分离是土壤侵蚀的重要过程之一。准确预测土壤分离对完善土壤侵蚀物理模型具有重要意义。利用变坡水槽实验测试了土壤分离速率与坡度和流量的关系,并与水流剪切力、水流功率和单位水流功率三种水动力参数进行比较,结果表明:土壤分离速率随着坡度和流量的增加而线性增加;当流量小于某一临界流量时,土壤分离将不发生;利用坡度和流量回归的线性模型能准确预测土壤分离速率;在水流剪切力、水流功率和单位水流功率三个水力参数之间,水流功率是描述土壤分离速率的最好参数;比较坡度-流量模型与水流功率模型,认为坡度-流量模型更具有实用性和  相似文献   

11.
Critical shear stress is an important soil parameter governing detachment by runoff which appears in numerous erosion models. Soil shear strength has been often presented as the best soil property to predict critical shear stress. However, only a few studies have documented the relationship between soil shear strength and critical shear stress, and the results obtained have sometimes seemed contradictory. This is why we have put together all available data about the relationship between critical shear stress and soil shear strength in order to analyse and discuss its significance and its generality. Results showed that contradictions between different studies mainly arise because total shear stress is a poor predictor of detachment on rough soils. When grain shear stress is used rather than total shear stress, a significant relationship between saturated soil shear strength and critical shear stress does exist. Soil shear strength may thus be used to predict critical grain shear stress. However, it is recalled that in general only total shear stress is predicted by erosion models, which makes detachment predictions difficult on rough natural soils.  相似文献   

12.
Detachment of soil particles by the processes of splash from rainfall and shallow flow from surface runoff is influenced by soil cohesion, soil aggregate properties, and characteristics of this flow. We have evaluated relationships between rates of detachment, aggregate size, and tensile strength of the soil. Soil and water losses were determined in the laboratory from sieved air‐dry samples on three aggregate size ranges of two clay loam soils differing in particle‐size distribution and organic matter. Tensile strength was measured for each aggregate size range. The results showed that as clod size increased, detachment rates increased and interaggregate tensile strength decreased. Wash erosion increased as initial clod size increased despite a decrease in runoff. Final rates of loss by splash were greater from the largest clods than from the smaller clods. Finally, splashed material was larger in size than material washed off. The fact that the size of the splashed material was larger than washed‐off material shows that material in the wash suffered more impact by raindrops and thus was more likely to be fragmented.  相似文献   

13.
坡面径流剪切力分布及其与土壤剥蚀率关系的试验研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
 径流剪切力是建立土壤侵蚀过程模型重要的水动力学参数,研究径流剪切力和土壤侵蚀产沙相关关系具有重要理论和实践意义。以径流冲刷模拟试验为研究手段,研究不同流量和不同坡度组合条件下坡面侵蚀过程中径流剪切力的分布特征,并对应分析土壤剥蚀率与各阶段径流临界剪切力的相关关系。结果表明:不同试验条件下,坡面侵蚀发育各阶段径流剪切力和土壤剥蚀率随冲刷流量的增加而增加,随小区坡度的变化受临界坡度影响;土壤剥蚀率与放水流量、坡度和径流剪切力等多因子呈线性相关,与流量或坡度的大小呈正比,与径流剪切力的大小呈反比;土壤剥蚀率与各径流剪切力单因子呈幂函数或指数函数相关,随径流剪切力的增加呈增加趋势;坡面产生跌坎时的临界剪切力和坡面径流平均剪切力均可以作为土壤侵蚀预测参数。  相似文献   

14.
Soil erosion from cropland is a primary cause of soil degradation in the hilly red soil region of China. Soil characteristics and the resistance of soil to erosion agents can be improved with appropriate management practices. In this study, hydraulic flume experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of five management practices [manure fertilizer (PM), straw mulch cover (PC), peanut–orange intercropping (PO), peanut–radish rotation (PR) and traditional farrow peanut (PF)] on soil detachment. Based on the results, three conservation management practices (PC, PM and PO) increased the resistance of soil to concentrated flow erosion. The rill erodibility of different treatments was ranked as follows: PC (0·001 s m−1) < PM (0·004 s m−1) < PO (0·007 s m−1) < PF (0·01 s m−1) < PR (0·027 s m−1). The rill erodibility was affected by soil organic content, aggregate stability and bulk density. The soil detachment rate was closely correlated with the flow discharge and slope gradient, and power functions for these two factors were developed to evaluate soil detachment rates. Additionally, the shear stress, stream power and unit stream power were compared when estimating the soil detachment rate. The power functions of stream power and shear stress were equivalent, and both are recommended to predict detachment rates. Local soil conservation can benefit from the results of this study with improved predictions of erosion on croplands in the red soil region of China. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
为揭示地表结皮形成的物理机制和防止结皮形成的措施提供理论支持,该文以中国3种典型的土壤(黄土、红壤和黑土)为研究对象,采用2mmI/h(慢速),10mm/h(中速),50mm/h(快速)3种湿润速度,研究无降雨条件下不同湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响.结果表明:不同湿润速度对3种土壤的表面强度的影响程度由大到小为黄土,黑土,红壤;3种土壤中,红壤的团聚体稳定性最好,其次是黑土,黄土最差;除黄土和红壤各自慢速湿润与中速湿润对平均质量直径(MWD)的影响差异不显著,其余各种土壤不同湿润速度对MWD的影响差异均显著.  相似文献   

16.
Organic farming and improvements to agricultural sustainability are often seen as synonymous. However, an extensive European review demonstrated that in practice this is not always true. This study aims to compare the status of soil and water properties between separate fields managed in either an organic or a conventional manner. Soil samples were collected from 16 pairs of farms, throughout England, with both arable and grass fields within each pair on similar soil type. Chemical (nutrients, pesticides, herbicides) and physical (aggregate stability, field capacity, shear strength, soil organic matter, infiltration rates) soil properties were measured in four main soil texture classes in organic and conventional fields. The physical soil properties varied significantly between the different classes of texture and land use. The heavier textured soils have significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate stability and shear strength. The coarse‐textured soils have significantly lower field capacity moisture contents. The grassland has a significantly higher level of SOC, field capacity moisture content, aggregate stability and soil shear strength. However, there were no significant differences between organic and conventional treatments for any of the soil physical properties measured. There were fewer traces of agrochemicals in the soil water from the organic fields compared with the conventionally managed fields. The conventional arable fields had higher levels of total inorganic nitrogen than the other land uses and treatments. There was evidence to show that infiltration rates were significantly higher on organically managed grassland soils (7.6 mm/h) than conventionally managed grassland (2.5 mm/h) with lower stocking rates. The results suggest that improved grassland management, whether organic or conventional, could reduce predicted runoff by 28%.  相似文献   

17.
土壤可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力是评价土壤易侵蚀程度和抗水流剪切变形能力的重要指标,目前在黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀过程中,土壤饱和条件下可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力的变化尚不明确。该研究采用室内土槽模拟冲刷试验确定不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°)和流量(2、4、8 L/min)下饱和黄绵土坡面的最大细沟剥蚀率,基于数值法、修正数值法和解析法计算土壤可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力。结果表明,3种方法所得最大细沟剥蚀率均随坡度和流量增加而增大,其中修正数值法和解析法计算的最大细沟剥蚀率更接近。土壤可蚀性参数分别是0.485、0.283和0.268 s/m,土壤临界剪切应力分别为1.225、1.244和1.381 N/m2。修正数值法可提高数值法近似计算的精度,使近似计算结果更接近解析法计算获得的理论值。饱和较未饱和黄绵土的土壤可蚀性参数略有减小(16.83%),而临界剪切应力减小了66.97%,表明土壤饱和对黄绵土土壤可蚀性参数影响很小,但大幅度削弱了土壤临界剪切应力,使得黄绵土坡面饱和后土壤侵蚀更为强烈。此外,饱和黄绵土边坡的临界剪切应力比饱和紫色土坡面大6.38%,而细沟可蚀性参数大2.35倍,表明土壤饱和对2种土壤临界剪切应力影响程度相似,但黄绵土较紫色土对土壤侵蚀的敏感性更高。研究结果可为饱和状态下不同土壤坡面细沟侵蚀模型参数的优化提供参考。  相似文献   

18.
激光微地貌扫描仪测定侵蚀过程中地表糙度   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
为研究激光微地貌扫描仪用于测定南方红壤地区地表微地貌的演变特征和规律的可行性,该研究应用亚毫米级高精度激光扫描和计算机数字图像处理相结合的方法,在野外原位研究了鄂南3个典型红壤(泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2)模拟降雨条件下坡面侵蚀过程中的地表糙度变化过程,初步探讨了降雨和径流对红壤坡面微地貌形态演变作用。结果表明:1)随着降雨进行,雨滴打击和径流搬运的联合作用导致地表糙度降低,间歇式降雨后,供试土壤泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2的地表糙度分别降低了18.2%、18.4%和11.8%;2)地表糙度变化主要发生在降雨初期,第1场降雨前后,泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2的地表糙度降低幅度分别为16.1%、19.7%和9.6%,均达到显著水平。采用亚毫米级高精度激光扫描和计算机数字图像处理相结合的方法,能很好地定量化研究坡面水蚀过程中地表糙度的演变特征和规律。研究为南方红壤区坡面水蚀过程中地表微地貌的研究提供一定的参考,对土壤侵蚀过程模拟与预测模型的研究具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

19.
This study evaluated the morphological characteristics and dynamic variation in characteristics of soil crust and iden-tified the relationships between soil crust and splash erosion under simulated rainfall.The effect of polyacrylamide (PAM) on soil aggregate stabilization and crust formation was also investigated.A laboratory rainfall simulation experiment was carried out using soil sample slices.The slices were examined under a polarized light microscopy and a scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results revealed that the soil crusts were thin and were characterized by a greater density,higher shear strength,finer porosity,and lower saturated hydraulic conductivity than the underlying soil.Two types of crusts,i.e.,structural and depositional crusts,were observed.Soil texture was determined to be the most important soil variable influ-encing surface crust formation;depositional crust formation was primarily related to the skeleton characteristics of the soil and happened when the soil contained a high level of medium and large aggregates.The crust formation processes observed were as follows:1) The fine particles on the soil surface became spattered,leached,and then rough in response to raindrop impact and 2) the fine particles were washed into the subsoil pores while a compact dense layer concurrently formed at soil surface due to the continual compaction by the raindrops.Therefore,the factors that influenced structural crust formation were a large amount of fine particles in the soil surface,continual impact of raindrops,dispersion of aggregates into fine particles,and the formation of a compact dense layer concurrently at the soil surface.It was concluded that the most important factor in the formation of soil crusts was raindrop impact.When polyacrylamide (PAM) was applied,it restored the soil structure and greatly increased soil aggregate stabilization.This effectively prevented crust formation.However,this function of PAM was not continuously effective and the crust reformed with long-term rainfall.In conclusion,this study showed that soil micromorphological studies were a useful method for evaluating soil crust formation.  相似文献   

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