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1.
森林生态系统健康快速评价研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
运用北京市"十五"森林资源二类清查数据,以北京市西山林场为例,从森林生态系统的完整性、稳定性、可持续性建立森林生态系统健康快速评价指标体系.使用层次分析法确定指标权重,运用综合评价模型对森林小斑尺度上北京市西山林场森林生态系统健康状况进行了评价.结果表明,(1)北京西山林场367个小斑中,70.3%的小斑处于亚健康状态.(2)确定的3类8个指标,能比较客观地反映北京市西山林场森林生态系统的健康状况,且简便易用,具有一定的科学性和可操作性.  相似文献   

2.
华北土石山区典型天然次生林生态系统健康评价研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为客观评价我国华北土石山区天然次生林的健康状况,利用现有资料结合定性分析,确定适合本研究区域的森林生态系统健康评价指标3大类共12个,运用SPSS 19.0统计软件,采用定性与定量相结合的方法对指标进行筛选,确定森林健康评价指标体系,包括结构性指标、功能性指标和抗干扰性指标3大类6个指标,通过层次分析法计算指标权重,并应用评价模型对北沟林场天然次生林100个小班进行森林健康评价。结果表明:北沟林场天然次生林100个小班大部分处于健康状况,面积为29 600m2,占样地总面积的74.0%。因此,还需加大这一地区的森林经营,使森林结构更加具有稳定性、抗干扰性和活力,使其达到健康森林群落的理想结构。  相似文献   

3.
退耕还林地生态系统作为森林生态系统的一种,其生态健康状况代表了退耕还林工程实施的效果,代表其生态服务功能和资源自我更新的能力。基于退耕还林生态效益和森林健康两方面构建的退耕还林生态健康评价体系,以吴起县为例,对陕北地区退耕还林生态系统健康状况进行评价研究,提出该区维持森林生态系统健康的意见和建议,同时也为其他地区退耕还林生态健康评价提供理论依据和参考。  相似文献   

4.
北京市八达岭林场森林生态系统健康性评价   总被引:42,自引:0,他引:42  
以野外实地调查为基础.在可操作性、科学性、可比性、可接受性原则指导下,采用复合结构功能指标法对八达岭林场各小班林分物种多样性、群落层次结构、郁闭度、灌木层盏度、年龄结构、林分蓄积量、土壤侵蚀程度、病虫害危害程度进行健康评价并划分4个等级,在林分尺度上森林的理想结构可简单表述为复层、异龄、混交林结构,具有比较发达的灌木层和草本层,并且具有较高的生物多样性和生物生产力。这样的结构具有较高的稳定性、抗干扰性和活力。是健康森林群落的理想结构,以此为八达岭林场森林健康经营提供科学的理论依据。  相似文献   

5.
城市生态系统健康与否关系到城市的可持续发展,开展城市生态系统健康评价研究可为制订城市规划、生态和环境保护规划提供科学的依据。以重庆市为例,选取城市生态系统活力、组织结构、恢复力、服务功能和动态变化5个方面,作为城市生态系统健康评价的指标体系。基于主成分分析法确定指标的权重,运用模糊数学评价方法对重庆市2004—2011年的生态系统健康状况进行评价分析,另外,为了反映重庆市生态系统健康的优劣程度,选取上海、青岛和成都2011年的生态系统健康状况与重庆作横向对比评价。结果表明:重庆市2004—2011年生态系统健康状况呈逐年良性发展态势;在2011年城市生态系统健康状况对比评价中,上海最优,成都其次,重庆第三,青岛相对最差。最后,提出了改善城市生态系统健康水平的建议。  相似文献   

6.
生态连清理论在森林生态系统服务功能评估中的实践   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
当前,国际上生态系统服务功能研究体系框架已相对完善,但缺少一套针对森林生态系统服务功能评估体系.中国森林生态连清体系创建及完善,填补了这一空白.该体系巧妙地将森林资源清查体系和森林生态系统定位观测研究网络(CFERN)有机结合,通过森林资源清查体系直接获取森林资源信息,CFERN生态站获取生态系统各个生态过程的机制及参数,实现了森林生态系统服务功能的科学化评估.通过CFERN生态站连续观测对生态参数的纠偏,森林生态系统服务各项指标评估过程中所需的生态参数得以实时更新,使森林生态连清体系对森林生态系统服务评估具备了连续监测的功能.这一体系已在国家、林业重点工程、省级及地区等层面广泛应用,将森林生态系统服务功能评估工作推进了一大步,为我国森林经营管理、森林水土保持功能评估、生态恢复等提供科学的数据支撑.  相似文献   

7.
BP神经网络在森林健康预警中的应用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以河北省北沟林场的森林生态系统健康预警为主线,首先通过定量分析和定性分析相结合的方法对森林健康预警指标进行筛选,确定了预警的指标体系;进而基于BP神经网络的基本原理建立了森林生态系统健康预警模型,对森林生态系统健康状况进行了预警。结果表明,北沟林场森林生态系统整体处于绿色和蓝色警戒内,健康状况良好。  相似文献   

8.
华北土石山区油松林生态系统健康评价   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
以华北土石山区51块油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林标准地为研究对象,运用主成分分析法选取主成分指标,运用聚类分析法对标准地进行分类,通过构造综合评价指数对其生态系统健康状况进行评价。结果表明:所选样本可分别被判定为Ⅰ级优质健康、Ⅱ级良好健康、Ⅲ级一般健康、Ⅳ级亚健康和Ⅴ级不健康5级,Ⅰ级优质健康的油松林标准地共有6块,其中5块为很少有人为干扰的天然林,1块为人工林,其他健康级别全部为人工油松林,依次为12块1、1块、18块和4块;评价方法能够比较客观地反应所调查油松林的健康状况,具有一定的科学性和可操作性,可达到定量化评估华北土石山区油松林生态系统健康的目的,对该区森林生态系统健康经营具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

9.
灌区生态系统健康二级模糊综合评价模型及其应用   总被引:9,自引:8,他引:1  
传统灌区的不合理建设给灌区内生态环境造成了很大影响,因此需要一种新的生态型灌区建设模式来指导灌区可持续发展。该文探讨了灌区生态系统健康的内涵,并根据灌区生态系统健康的内涵和指标筛选原则,选取相互独立且反映灌区生态系统结构属性、环境要素、功能要素及社会经济要素4个方面的典型敏感指标,组成灌区生态系统健康评价指标体系,提出了由层次分析法和模糊数学理论相结合的二级模糊综合评价法,构建出灌区生态系统健康的评价模型。并用此评价北京市北野厂再生水灌区的生态系统健康性。结果表明:模型很好的表征了北野厂再生水灌区生态系统健康疾病的现状。现模型能较好地评价灌区生态系统健康状况。  相似文献   

10.
快速城市化进程中石家庄城市生态系统健康评价   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
城市生态系统健康评价是制定城市规划、建设、管理政策的依据。结合石家庄实际情况,选取活力、组织力、恢复力、生态系统服务功能和人群健康状况构建城市生态系统健康评价指标体系。基于均方差法确定指标权重,运用模糊数学评价方法对2005—2009年石家庄城市生态系统健康进行了评价分析。结果表明:石家庄城市生态系统健康状况由2005—2007年的亚健康水平提升到2008—2009年的较健康水平。其中有利因素为组织结构、恢复力、生态系统服务功能,不利因素为活力与人群健康。主要胁迫因子为人均生活用水量、实际利用外资、万元GDP能耗、R&D经费比重、环保投资占GDP比重、居民人均收入、高层次人才比重。最后,提出了提升城市生态系统健康水平的建议。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

15.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications  相似文献   

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