高寒地区农牧交错带土壤侵蚀研究

利用土壤中铯的放射强度之变化,对甘肃省高寒地区农牧交错带不同退化草原和不同开垦年限的耕种土壤的侵蚀程度进行了研究。土壤样品取自海拔2600－3000m的7个县镇18个地点,土壤为黑钙土。研究发现,中度退是原（MDP）和重度退化草原（HDP）中的^137Cs放射强度分别比轻度退化草原（LDP）下降12％和46％。草原土壤开垦后,^137Cs放射强度明显下降,开垦8年、16年、41年后,^137Cs的放射强度分别只有LDP的41％,35％和33％。研究还发现,如果底土砂粒含量高于表层,用耕层砂粒含量的变化而估算土壤侵蚀程度成为可能。草原开垦后,随土壤侵蚀的增加,土壤有机质明显下降,开垦8年、16年、41年后土壤有机碳分别下降25%,39%,55%,土壤侵蚀和有机质矿化是有机碳下降的主要原因。     

不同开垦年限白浆土土壤磷库特征

以我国三江平原地区不同开垦年限的白浆土为研究对象,采用Hedley等首次提出经Agbenin J.O.Tiessen H改进的方法对土壤磷库组成成分进行研究,即连续浸提法对土壤中不同形态磷素变化特征进行研究,结果表明:长期开垦施肥可显著增加土壤中活性无机磷(Resin-Pi和NaHCO3-Pi)和有机磷(NaHCO3-Po)的含量,NaOH-Pi随开垦年限增加含量升高,且其占总无机磷的比例随开垦年限增加而增加,开垦0 a最低(3.89%),开垦30 a后比例达到最高值(41.98%)。难溶性无机磷(1M HCl-Pi和Conc-HCl-Pi)占总无机磷的比例随开垦年限增加而降低(65.98%³0.98%),NaOH-Po是有机磷库的主要组成部分(57.91%30.98%),NaOH-Po是有机磷库的主要组成部分(57.91%⁸4.41%),开垦0 a比例最高(84.41%),开垦30 a后比例最低(57.91%)。在开垦前20 a有机磷是该地区白浆土土壤磷库的主要组成部分。     

林地开垦加速侵蚀下土训养分退化的研究

应用定位观测资料，研究了人为开垦林地对土壤侵蚀的影响，通过比较梁坡林地开垦不同年限后的土培养分变化动态，分析了土壤养分退化的过程及特征，结果表明，人为开垦林地后，土壤侵蚀强度剧增，呈加速侵蚀特征，在人为加速侵蚀影响下，有机质含量开垦年限之间呈y=ae^kt指数关系，土壤腐殖质组成也随开垦年限而发生变化，土壤全氮，碱解氮，有机磷是反映土壤养分退化速度的敏感性指标，林地开垦20年后，土壤有机质，有效氮，有效磷含量降低到与侵蚀黄绵土相当的水平，有效态Zn,Cu,Mn含量低于或接近临界值，已达严重退化的程度，林地及不同开垦年限的农地中，土壤pH值，CaCO3含量和CEC的变化幅分别为8．06－8．44，102－135g/kg和7.8-19.25cmol/kg，随开垦年限的增加，土壤的保肥能力明显下降。     

北方典型水稻土有机质及其组分演变特征

【目的】探究我国北方淹育型水稻土在开垦耕种过程中土壤有机质及其组分的演变特征,为提高水稻土有机质的品质、合理利用水稻土及提高其生产潜力、建设高产稳产稻田提供理论依据和数据支撑。【方法】本研究以辽宁省各地棕壤和草甸土上发育的不同开垦年限淹育型水稻土为研究对象,通过野外调查、田间定点试验及室内测试分析等手段,研究了开垦年限对水稻土有机质含量与组成及其腐殖质特性的影响。【结果】水稻土耕层有机质总量 (SOM) 随开垦年限的增加维持在18.60～26.30 g/kg之间,与开垦年限无显著相关关系 (P > 0.05),但易氧化有机质含量占有机质总量的比例 (ROM/SOM) 均在50%以上,并且随水稻土开垦年限增加而下降,降幅为18%～20%;有机质氧化稳定系数 (Kos) 均在1.2以下,随着水稻土开垦年限增加呈上升趋势,增幅为52%～57%,胡富比 (HA/FA) 及胡敏酸相对色度 (RF) 随开垦年限增加而增大,但胡敏酸活化度 (AD) 和土壤腐殖质的松/紧 (LCH/TCH) 明显下降。【结论】北方水稻土随着开垦年限的增加,土壤中的有机质稳定性增加,活性降低,耕层土壤对养分的供、贮能力减弱,土壤肥力水平下降,限制了北方水稻土生产潜力的发挥,应通过耕作管理和有机无机肥料配施来防止或减缓水稻土肥力的下降。     

林地开垦加速侵蚀下土壤养分退化的研究

应用定位观测资料,研究了人为开垦林地对土壤侵蚀的影响。通过比较梁坡林地开垦不同年限后的土壤养分变化动态,分析了土壤养分退化的过程及特征。结果表明,人为开垦林地后,土壤侵蚀强度剧增,呈加速侵蚀特征。在人为加速侵蚀影响下,有机质含量与开垦年限之间呈ｙ＝ａebt指数关系。土壤腐殖质组成也随开垦年限而发生变化。土壤全氮、碱解氮、有机磷是反映土壤养分退化速享的敏感性指标。林地开垦２０年后,土壤有机质、有效氮、有效用含量降低到与侵蚀黄绵土相当的水平;有效态Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ含量低于或接近临界值,已达严重退化的程度,林地及不同开垦年限的农地中,土壤ｐＨ值,ＣａＣＯ3含量和ＣＥＣ的变幅分别为８．０６～８．４４,１０２～１３５ｇ／ｋｇ和７．８～１９．２５ｃｍｏｌ／ｋｇ。随开垦年限的增加,土壤的保肥能力明显下降。     

不同开垦年限对新疆绿洲农田土壤理化性质的影响

研究了不同开垦年限对新疆绿洲农田土壤养分的变化规律,利用主成分得分的方法评价了开垦对新疆绿洲农田土壤质量的影响。结果表明:(1)开垦有利于新疆绿洲农田土壤有机碳组分和POC/MOC值,开垦初期(0~3a)增加迅速,9a后缓慢下降并趋于一个相对稳定的水平。(2)不同开垦年限土壤含水量、pH、电导率和全盐含量均显著高于未开垦土壤(p0.05),土壤含水量和电导率在开垦初期(0~3a)急剧增加,在开垦6a前后达到最大值,此后的几年缓慢下降并趋于一个相对稳定的水平,土壤pH和全盐含量随开垦年限的增加而增加,开垦9a以后缓慢增加。(3)开垦9a以上土壤养分和有效养分含量均显著高于未开垦土壤(p0.05),并且基本呈一致的变化趋势,即随着开垦年限的增加呈先增加后趋于平稳或者降低趋势。(4)相关性分析表明,不同开垦条件下土壤养分与有效养分均呈现出一定的相关性。(5)土壤质量的各项指标主成分分析结果表明,基本确定新疆绿洲农田开垦9a后土壤质量开始退化。综合上述结果可知:短期的开垦(开垦0~9a)则有利于提高新疆绿洲农田土壤肥力及土壤养分的有效性,而长期的开垦(开垦年限13a)则造成土壤板结和盐渍化,降低了土壤养分及有效养分含量。     

开垦对退化沙质草地土壤机械组成及有机碳分布的影响

分析了退化沙质草地开垦耕种40,15,6 a的草地的土壤理化性状的特征和变化。结果表明：草原土壤开垦后,土体自然结构基本消失,分散成单粒或由不同单粒结合的微团聚体,力学稳定性降低,表层土壤粒径〈0.02 mm的黏粉粒的显著降低,0.002～0.02 mm和〈0.002 mm显著增加,随着开垦年限的延长,土壤进一步向粗粒化和单粒化演变;当草地开垦为农田后及转化为林地后,土壤质地又会逐渐逆转,林地中0-2 cm和2-4 cm深度土壤中〈0.002 mm的颗粒又会增加。同时开垦还会导致土壤有机碳下降,土壤肥力严重下降。草地开垦后土壤粒级分布的显著变化,可以反映出开垦导致的强烈土壤结构破坏和受风蚀影响的程度。     

三江平原水稻田耕层土壤铁随开垦年限的动态变化

以三江平原不同开垦年限水稻田为研究对象,分析了水稻田耕层土壤铁随开垦年限的动态变化情况。结果表明,随开垦年限增加,水稻田耕层土壤全铁呈指数形式递增;游离态铁以波动形式增加,3和11a时为波谷,5和14 a时为波峰;络合态铁开垦前期逐年增加,8 a后增加到1 562.41 mg/kg,随后逐渐减少;无定形态铁呈指数递减趋势。氧化铁的游离度先升高后降低,开垦8 a时达到最高值0.46;络合度在开垦前8 a逐年上升,5～8 a增速降低,8 a时达到最高值0.18,之后逐年下降;活化度则呈指数形式下降。土壤淹水状况和耕作管理方式的不同造成水稻田和大豆田氧化铁游离度、络合度和活化度随开垦年限变化趋势的差异。水田开发使湿地表土游离态铁、络合态铁和无定形态铁含量增加,氧化铁游离度升高,水稻田耕层土壤氧化铁络合度和活化度低于天然湿地,高于大豆田。     

沙漠-绿洲交错带小麦地土壤养分变化特征对耕种时间的响应

利用相关分析及土壤退化指数,对比研究了古尔班通古特沙漠与奇台县绿洲交错带荒地、盐碱地、小麦地土壤的养分含量、指数的特征、变化规律和退化程度。结果表明:（1）土壤有机质与表层全氮呈相关性较高的正相关,与碱解氮相关性差。（2）土壤表层速效养分含量下降快于下层。（3）随耕种时间的延长,小麦地土壤养分的全氮、全磷、全钾含量变化较小,而速效成分均大幅度的下降。其中,速效钾下降速度最快,达-38.18 mg/（kg·a）,碱解氮其次,为-14.875 mg/（kg·a）;速效磷仅为-4.486 mg/（kg·a）。（4）未耕地的土壤养分退化指数（SNDI）为-11.30%,明显低于耕种的小麦地。（5）小麦地的年均土壤养分退化指数在最初的3年里为4.317%,随后的2年（5年）是6.485%,而后5年（10年仅为0.788%,即早期退化速度快,随着耕作年限的增加（> 5年）,土壤退化速度迅速减缓。     

东北黑土区荒地开垦种稻后土壤养分及pH值的变化特征

以东北黑土区荒地(0年,为对照土壤,原始自然草甸植被)和不同开垦年限(12年、25年、35年、45年、62年和85年)稻田(地形、种植制度、施肥和水分管理等大致相同)土壤为研究对象,研究了荒地开垦种稻后土壤养分及土壤p H值的变化特征。结果表明,随开垦种稻年限的延长,土壤有机碳含量大体表现为先上升后下降趋势,在种稻85年时,0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤有机碳含量显著低于荒地(P0.05),下降幅度分别为19.93%和25.51%,年下降率分别为0.09 g kg~(-1) yr-1和0.10 g kg~(-1)yr-1。土壤全氮、全磷含量随种稻年限延长大体呈下降趋势,种稻85年时,0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤全氮含量分别下降了33.83%、41.31%和33.07%,土壤全磷含量分别下降了17.76%、21.71%和21.83%。0~20 cm土壤碱解氮含量呈逐渐下降趋势,20~40 cm和40~60 cm土壤碱解氮含量在种稻25年间和25~45年间呈下降的趋势。土壤速效磷含量呈波动变化,但以增加为主。土壤速效钾含量大体呈先上升后下降趋势。土壤p H值随种稻年限延长呈缓慢上升趋势,以20~60 cm土壤p H上升最为明显。因此,东北黑土区荒地开垦种稻后土壤由酸性趋于中性发展,土壤酸度得到改善,但土壤肥力明显下降,应注重有机碳的补充及氮磷钾肥的适量施用,以维持和提高土壤肥力水平。     

The dynamics of different organic and inorganic phosphorus fractions in soils from the south of Santa Fe province,Argentina

Abstract

The effect of fractioning organic (Po) and inorganic (Pi) phosphorus components on phosphorus form and availability in long‐term cultivation (1) was studied. The study analyzed a Typic Argiudoll soil under three cropping systems: permanent pasture, long‐term cultivation, and mixed pasture and cultivation use. One soil had been cultivated for at least 50 years and one was cultivated for at least 30 years.

The effects of several modifications of these soils were analyzed. Short‐term modifications were determined in a greenhouse experiment in which two successive crops were grown after an initial fertilizer treatment. Long‐term cultivation induced a loss of P, which was considerably greater than the losses of total C or N. Similarly, decreases in pH, extractable P (2), resin‐extractable P, Na‐bicarbonate and Na‐hydroxide Pi, and Na‐bicarbonate Po indicated a long‐term loss of plant‐available Pi with management practices over time.

Increases in some forms of P were observed. Sodium‐hydroxide Po, an organic P form, did not show a significant trend but appeared to increase with years of cultivation. Resin‐extractable Pi was the only fraction that increased significantly as a result of P fertilization.

The relationship observed between dry weight and P concentration of greenhouse plants with the different organic and inorganic P fractions suggests that both types of determinations may be used to predict crop response to P fertilization.     

Changes in organic and inorganic phosphorus composition of two grassland soils and their particle size fractions during 60–90 years of cultivation

Changes are reported in the chemical and biological composition of soil phosphorus (P) in a Black Chernozemic silt loam (Blaine Lake Association) and a Dark Brown Chernozemic sandy loam (Bradwell Association) during 60–90 years of cultivation. Cultivated and adjacent uncultivated soils were sampled, separated into particle size fractions by physical dispersion and the fractions subjected to a sequential chemical extraction to remove several forms of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and organic phosphorus (Po). In the uncultivated Bradwell soil significant amounts (7%) of secondary (NaOH extractable) Pi forms were associated with high levels of labile (bicarbonate and resin extractable) Pi. These secondary Pi forms, which were concentrated in the finer particle size fractions (<2μm), contributed to the P loss during cultivation of the coarse textured Bradwell soil, whereas all P loss in the Blaine Lake soils was due to Po losses alone. Sulphuric acid extractable P (thought to be mainly apatites) accumulated in both soils under cultivation, particularly in the coarse silt (50–5 μm) fraction. Labile P fractions were greatly reduced during cultivation, indicating a significant reduction in available P and P fertility of cultivated soils. This reduction in P fertility was closely tied to soil organic matter losses.     

Land‐Use Effects on Soil Nutrient Cycling and Microbial Community Dynamics in the Everglades Agricultural Area,Florida

Soil subsidence has become a critical problem since the onset of drainage of the organic soils in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), which may impair current land uses in the future. The objectives of this study were to characterize soil microbial community‐level physiology profiles, extracellular enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient pools for four land uses: sugarcane, turfgrass, pasture, and forest. Long‐term cultivation and management significantly altered the distribution and cycling of nutrients and microbial community composition and activity in the EAA, especially for sugarcane and turf fields. The least‐managed fields under pasture had the lowest microbial biomass and phosphorus (P) levels. Turf and forest had more microbial metabolic diversity than pasture or the most intensively managed sugarcane fields. Land‐use changes from sugarcane cropping to turf increased microbial activity and organic‐matter decomposition rates, indicating that changes from agricultural to urban land uses may further contribute to soil subsidence.     

Cultivation affected the level of inorganic phosphorus more than the organic pool of the Pampas soils in Argentina

The effects of land use on soil organic and inorganic phosphorus (P) stocks were assessed in the Pampas, Argentina. Three hundred and eighty-six paired sites widely distributed over an area of ca. 50 Mha were sampled. Land use types included soils under trees, uncropped soils, cropped soils at the pasture phase of a mixed rotation, cropped soils at the crop phase of a mixed rotation, and flooded soils. Slight differences in organic P stocks were found among land uses. Organic P was 21–35% lower in flooded soil than in the other treatments in the 0–100 cm depth. Inorganic P was significantly lower (ca. 27%) in pasture and cropped soils than in the uncropped controls at 0–25 cm depth. The ratios of organic P/inorganic P and organic C/organic P decreased with depth and did not significantly differ among the sites. The influence of cultivation on inorganic P to a depth of 100 cm depended on the initial phosphorus content of the soil. Soils rich in phosphorus lost substantial amounts of their phosphorus stocks, in some cases losses were as high as 70%, whereas phosphorus-poor soils presented only small changes in their inorganic P levels.     

Phosphorus sequestration in soil aggregates after long-term tillage and cropping

Cultivated soils in the Everglades are being converted to their historic use as pastures or seasonally flooded prairies as parts of restoration efforts, but long-term cultivation may have altered soil P distribution and availability which may pose eutrophication hazards upon change in land use. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of P in soil chemical and physical fractions for contrasting long-term land management practices. The distribution of P in labile, Fe–Al bound, Ca bound, humic–fulvic acid, and residual pools in five aggregate-size fractions were measured for fields under sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) cropping for 50 years and perennial pasture for 100 years. Both land uses were characterized by a high degree of macroaggregation, as aggregates >0.25 mm contained 76 and 83% of the total soil under cultivation and pasture, respectively. Soils under sugarcane sequestered a total of 77 kg ha⁻¹ more P than pasture at 0–15 cm. The distribution of P in chemical fractions significantly varied between land uses as cultivation increased P sequestration in Ca-bound fractions more for sugarcane (244 kg P ha⁻¹) than pasture (65 kg P ha⁻¹). Pasture sequestered more P in organic pools, as storage in humic–fulvic acid and residual fractions were 26 and 25%, respectively, higher than sugarcane. Labile P was 100% higher for pasture than sugarcane, but Fe–Al bound P storage did not differ between land uses. Aggregation increased P sequestration in humic–fulvic acid and residual fractions, and P storage in organic pools increased with increasing aggregate size. In contrast, cultivation decreased aggregation and increased P accumulation in inorganic fractions. Long-term cultivation altered the distribution of soil P from organic to inorganic pools. The P stored in inorganic pools is stable under current land use, but may be unstable and pose eutrophication hazards upon onset of future land use change to the seasonally flooded prairie ecosystem.     

Long-Term Cultivation Effects on Biological C and N Fractions in a Fluvaquentic Haplustolls of Semi-arid Region of the Northern Turkey

Conversion of a native ecosystem can impact the nature and dynamics of organic carbon (C) fractions. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of cultivation and monoculture wheat production on soil organic C and biological C fractions compared to a previously flooded native pasture in northern Turkey. Soil samples were collected from four randomly selected locations of each management system. Some soil chemical [pH, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), total nitrogen (N), and organic C], physical (sand, clay, and silt), and biological properties [microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mineralizable C, and mineralizable N] were measured. Conversion of pasture to cultivated land slightly increased soil pH, but CaCO₃, total organic C (TOC), and N contents were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with cultivation. Total organic C and N contents were more than three times less in cultivated soils compared to pasture. Microbial biomass C was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with long-term cultivation, and the greater seasonal fluctuations were measured at the surface of both ecosystems. The greatest level of potentially mineralizable C was observed in the pasture rather than the cultivated soil, but the proportional distribution of mineralized C to TOC was greater in the cultivated soil. These results suggested that the long-term cultivation (15 years) of previously flooded native ecosystems increased C mineralization and resulted in 72% C loss at the surface soil. Cultivated soils have a greater potential to restore atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) if proper cultivation and management systems are used.     

Effects of Soil-Use Intensity on Selected Properties of Mollisols in Entre Ríos,Argentina

In the province of Entre Ríos (Argentina), land-use changes have been noticeable in recent years, because the portion of land devoted to pasture decreased whereas the proportion and length of crops in the rotation increased. We evaluated soil-use intensity effects on selected physical and chemical properties of a Mollisol in a crop–pasture rotation experiment located in Entre Rios. Treatments included (1) continuous cropping, (2) crop–pasture rotation, (3) pasture, and (4) natural (never-cultivated) land as a reference. Soil samples were analyzed for chemical (pH, carbon and nitrogen contents, extractable phosphorus, cation exchange capacity) and physical (aggregate stability, percolation index, bulk density, pore-size distribution, and specific surface area) properties. Clearing of the native vegetation resulted in a significant reduction of soil organic carbon content and losses of structure stability and soil porosity. No differences were seen in cation exchange capacity between native forest and cultivated land, whereas specific surface area increased with decreased levels of organic carbon content following agricultural use. Although the studied soil properties showed no significant differences when crop–pasture rotation and continuous cropping were compared, the former soil management system is recommended to maintain or promote sustainability.     

土地利用从水稻种植至蔬菜种植的转换对土壤中磷素赋存形态的影响

Excess phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils contributes to eutrophication in water bodies. Samples (n=60) were taken from sites where rice paddies have been converted to vegetable fields for 0, < 10, 10-20, and > 20 years and analyzed for five inorganic P (P_i) fractions, three organic P (P_o) fractions, and several soil parameters to investigate how land use conversion affects P_i and P_o fractions in a peri-urban area of China with soils characteristic of many agricultural areas of Asia. Significant increases of 33, 281, 293, and 438 mg kg^-1 were found for soluble and loosely bound P_i (SL-P_i), aluminum-bound P_i (Al-P_i), calcium-bound P_i (Ca-P_i), and iron-bound P_i (Fe-P_i), respectively, after conversion from rice paddies to vegetable fields. Most of the increase in P_i was in the form of Fe-P_i, which increased from 8% of total P (TP) on paddy soil to 31% on the soil with > 20-year vegetable cultivation, followed by Al-P_i, which increased from 2% to 19% of TP. For Po fractions, there was no significant change in P concentrations. The conversion of land use from paddy fields to high intensity vegetable fields was causing significant changes in soil P fractions. Management practices were causing a buildup of soil P, primarily in the Fe-P_i fraction, followed by Ca-P_i and Al-P_i fractions. If current trends continue, a 30%-70% increase in TP could be expected in the next 20 years. Farmers in the area should reduce P application and use to maximize P uptake.     

Soil carbon pools and fluxes after land conversion in a semiarid shrub-steppe ecosystem

Worldwide soil carbon (C) losses associated with agricultural expansion and intensification have contributed significantly to increased atmospheric CO₂. Soil disturbances resulting from land use changes were shown to modify the turnover of C and the formation of soil organic matter. A native semiarid shrub-steppe ecosystem recently converted into an irrigated agricultural development in the Columbia Basin of Washington State was evaluated for several abiotic indicators that might signal changes in an ecosystem during the initial stages of conversion and disturbance. Soil samples were collected in March of 2003 and 2004 from nine sites that included native shrub-steppe and agricultural fields converted in 2001 and 2002. Disturbance from conversion to irrigated crop production influenced total organic C and nitrogen (N) storage, C and N mineralization, and C turnover. Cultivated fields had greater concentrations of total organic C and N and higher cumulative C and N mineralization than native sites after 3 years of cultivation. Soil organic C was divided into three pools: an active pool (C _a) consisting of labile C (simple sugars, organic acids, the microbial biomass, and metabolic compounds of incorporated plant residues) with a mean residence time of days, an intermediate or slow pool (C _s) consisting of structural plant residues and physically stabilized C, and a resistant fraction (C _r) consisting of lignin and chemically stabilized C. Extended laboratory incubations of soil with measurements of CO₂ were used to differentiate the size and turnover of the C _a and C _s functional C pools. The active pools were determined to be 4.5 and 6.5% and slow pools averaged 44 and 47% of the total C in native and cultivated fields, respectively. Cultivation, crop residue incorporation, and dairy manure compost amendments contributed to the increase in total soil C.     

磷肥低量施用制度下土壤磷库的发展变化──Ⅰ．土壤总磷库和有机、无机磷库

在辽西碳酸盐褐土上进行的９年试验表明，平均每年每公顷施用相当或略低于作物收获产品中含磷量的化肥磷（Ｐ）１４．４ｋｇ，既可持续地保持较高的作物产量，又可持续耕层土壤的总磷库贮量几乎不变，甚至有微小增长，其增长部分主要是有机磷；施用磷肥结合８０％收获产品喂猪、猪粪回田，则既可保持作物丰产又可显著提高耕层土壤的有机磷含量；连续施氮肥而不施磷肥可使该贫磷土壤耕层总磷库贮备显著下降。与富磷土壤不同，９年中该