山东省高速公路主要绿化树木叶片硫、铅含量分析

汽车尾气会给高速公路路域环境带来一定程度的硫（S）、铅（Pb）污染,而绿化树木可通过吸收作用从而有效降低这些污染物在空气中的含量,目前这方面的研究较少。对山东省高速公路路侧主要绿化树木叶片S、P质量分数的研究表明,I107杨树（Populus Linn.）叶片S、Pb质量分数与高速公路车流量呈显著正相关。I107杨树叶片S、Pb质量分数对高速公路路域环境污染具有一定指示作用,不同路段杨树叶片的S、Pb质量分数存在明显差异,济青高速公路路侧杨树叶片的S、Pb质量分数最高,其次是京沪高速,最低的是日东高速。I107杨和龙柏对S污染物的吸收能力较强,其次是垂柳（Salix babylonica L.）,较差的是紫叶李（Prunus cerasifera cv.Pissardii.）、大叶女贞（Ligustrum lucidumAit）和雪松（Cedrus deodara（Roxb.）Loud）;而I107杨和紫叶李对Pb的吸收能力较强。     

江苏省典型高速公路沿线土壤重金属分布特征及影响因素研究

【目的】加强高速公路沿线土壤重金属污染管控及农业安全生产,亟需明确高速公路周边土壤重金属的分布特征与影响因素。【方法】选择贯穿江苏省境内的4条典型高速公路（沪宁、京沪、宁通和连霍）周边土壤为研究对象,利用高精度X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）测定土壤重金属含量,从而分析高速公路沿线土壤重金属的空间分布特征,并探究其主要影响因素。【结果】(1)高速公路沿线表层土壤镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）含量总体呈南高北低、南北向公路小于东西向公路的分布特征,部分点位土壤Cd存在超标现象;(2)距公路路肩距离是影响两侧土壤重金属含量的重要因素,主要影响范围在50 m内,不同土地利用类型条件下土壤金属含量差异较大,路龄越长,土壤重金属富集系数越大。【结论】高速公路沿线表层土壤均存在重金属累积现象,其中Cd的累积最为明显,深层土壤重金属受到公路交通的影响较小。公路交通对沿线土壤重金属含量的影响主要在50 m以内,并且受到沿线土地利用类型、路龄和车流量的共同影响。在高速公路两侧设置不同范围的绿化带种植防护林,可在一定程度上防控重金属向周边农田的扩散与风险。     

城郊公路两侧土壤和蔬菜中铅含量及分布规律

通过对广州市三条交通干线两侧的菜地及蔬菜中的Pb含量的分析表明,交通对蔬菜生产及环境的影响主要在公路两侧1500m的范围内,500m以内对土壤影响最显著,1500m以内对蔬菜影响显著,超出此范围,蔬菜及土壤中的Pb含量达到背景值水平。Pb对土壤的影响主要在表层,公路两侧蔬菜叶片吸附的Pb可占30%—40%之间,但通过清洗可以有效去除。交通所形成的土壤污染可以通过植被防护带有效降低。近20年来公路两侧Pb污染略有增加,这可能与汽车保有辆增加有关。     

107国道两侧土壤重金属分布及潜在生态危害研究

为了研究公路运营对两侧农田造成的重金属污染状况,以107国道新乡段秦庄村附近农田土壤为对象,按距路基不同的距离布设采样点,用F-AAS法测定土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni的含量,并采用Hakanson指数法评价重金属的潜在生态危害。结果表明公路两侧农田土壤重金属含量随距路基距离的增大而呈降低趋势,各重金属含量的峰值均出现在距路基10～30m处;公路两侧300m范围内土壤受到不同程度的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni污染和潜在生态危害,重金属污染程度为:Ni>Pb>Zn>Cd>Cr>Cu,潜在生态危害综合指数达到中等,主要污染为Cd、Ni,达到强生态危害,其次是Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn,为轻微生态危害;公路西侧土壤污染程度大于东侧;Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn主要来自机动车燃料,轮胎等机件,是典型的交通源重金属元素。     

沈哈高速公路两侧土壤重金属污染特征及评价

为探讨高速公路对农田土壤重金属污染的影响，对沈哈高速公路两侧农田60个土壤样品Ph、Cu、Zn、Cd分布状况进行了分析。结果表明，高速公路两侧在距路肩0—320m范围内，Cu、Pb和Zn全量和有效态含量总体上呈现随距离增加而降低的趋势，Cd的变化规律不明显。高速公路两侧的土壤已不同程度出现重金属富集现象，其中Pb属轻度污染且主要集中在东侧距路肩20m处，Cd属重度污染。受研究地点主导风向的影响，高速公路东侧农田土壤的Ph含量明显高于西侧。高速公路旁土壤重金属以Ph、Cd污染为主，污染物主要来源于汽车尾气。     

绥满公路路侧典型植被区土壤重金属污染特征及评价研究

以绥满公路(301国道)黑龙江境内海林至亚布力段为研究区,对公路沿线三种典型植被下,距公路不同距离的297个样点表层土壤(0～20cm)中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、As元素含量的分析。结果表明,所调查公路旁侧土壤重金属平均含量与背景值相比,5种金属含量普遍较高,但三种不同类型植被土壤重金属平均含量无显著差异。各种类型土壤的单因子和综合污染指数计算数据显示,Cd类型Ⅰ为重污染,类型Ⅱ和类型Ⅲ为中度污染,Zn、Cu、Pb、As轻度污染,综合污染指数等级均达到中度污染。相关性分析结果显示公路建设营运是造成公路路侧土壤Pb、Cd、Cu等重金属污染的主要原因。复层结构的林带土壤主要污染区距公路约40～60m范围之内,纯乔木组成的林带土壤主要污染区距公路约70～100m范围之内,农田土壤主要污染区距公路约70～100m范围之内。复层结构的林带能阻止重金属污染物向更远处扩散,能缩小公路污染影响范围,纯乔木组成的林带阻止重金属污染物扩散效果不明显。     

宜兴市农田保护区重金属铅污染状况研究

本文对宜兴市冶炼厂、蓄电池厂等含Pb废气、污水排放的企业周围农田与公路两侧的农田进行重金属Pb污染状况监测,分析了耕层土壤Pb污染分布模式及其特点,在此基础上探讨了土壤Pb含量与水稻糙米中含Pb量的关系。     

洛阳城区及郊区土壤中Pb的分布特征及化学形态研究

对洛阳城市不同功能区表土中的Pb含量与化学形态以及工业和交通对土壤Pb污染的影响进行了研究,结果表明洛阳城市表土中Pb的含量分别为工业区(126.94mg kg-1)>城市道路(77.44mg kg-1)>居民区(59.76mg kg-1)>郊区农用地(52.39mg kg-1)>公园(41.43mg kg-1)>高校校园(36.49 mg kg-1)。工业区周围的土壤Pb含量随与工业区距离的增加而下降,应用地积累指数评价,洛阳城市土壤Pb污染处于轻度到中度污染之间,其中工业区和城区道路地积累指数较高,这些区域的土壤已受到Pb的较强污染。公路和铁路沿线两侧土壤中Pb含量分布也随距离的增加而下降,交通沿线两侧最大的Pb浓度在主导风向一侧10米附近。城市土壤Pb的化学形态以残余态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,各形态比例为残余志>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>有机结合态。     

城市公路绿化带土壤有机碳的分异

根据地表植被和形成年限不同将城市公路绿化带土壤划分为不同的类型,应用同位素示踪理论和质量平衡原理探讨土壤有机碳(SOC)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)的来源和迁移规律。结果表明,城市公路绿化带SOC和DOC变幅较宽、离散程度较大;SOC和DOC含量无显著相关性;不同类型土壤SOC或DOC含量间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。贵阳市公路绿化带SOC中的C4-C为原始土壤所具有。表层土壤源于SOC的DOC含量较少。大气颗粒物和雨水中的DOC是土壤表层DOC的主要来源。在各公路绿化带整个土壤剖面层次1δ3CSOC值相近。新城公路绿化带土壤剖面来源于土壤腐殖类物质的DOC占土壤总DOC的比例随着土壤深度的加深有降低趋势。老城的公路绿化带土壤剖面中,随着时间的增加,源于土壤腐殖类物质的DOC逐渐增加,并随着土壤剖面的加深,这种现象更为突出。     

长白山自然保护区道路影响域土壤Zn和Pb分布及污染分析

分别在长白山自然保护区北坡的阔叶红松林、针叶林和岳桦林等3种森林中不同利用强度的6个路段,垂直于道路设置长50 m、宽10 m采样断面,在距路基4、12、20、28、40和48 m随机采集表层0~20 cm土壤,利用ICP-ES测定土壤样品中Zn和Pb的含量。研究不同森林类型、不同利用强度道路50 m路域范围土壤重金属含量、分布特征和污染状况。结果表明:随道路利用强度增强,在阔叶红松林和岳桦林带,路域50 m范围土壤Zn和Pb含量增加明显;在针叶林带,路域50 m范围土壤Pb含量增加明显;随道路利用强度增强,Pb在阔叶红松林带路域土壤中积累范围为12~28 m,在针叶林带路域中积累范围为20~40 m,在岳桦林带路域0~50 m范围积累都明显;与阔叶红松林带土壤相比,岳桦林带路域土壤Pb含量变化对道路产生的Pb污染更敏感;利用强度强的岳桦林带路域土壤Zn和Pb的污染分指数最大,分别为1.49和1.52,都为轻度污染。     

淮南市石楠叶片重金属分布特征、来源及对大气污染的指示作用

以典型绿化树种石楠叶片为研究对象,采集了淮南市区6个不同功能区种植的石楠叶片,分析石楠叶片中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的分布特征、来源及对大气污染的指示作用。结果表明:淮南市商业交通区叶片中Pb、Zn平均浓度显著大于公园绿地(P0.05),分别是公园绿地的2.95,1.78倍;煤炭运输区叶片中Cu平均浓度显著大于居住区(P0.05)和公园绿地(P0.05),其分别是居住区和公园绿地的2.30,2.81倍,而叶片中Ni和Cr在各功能区的差异无统计学意义。石楠叶片中Pb、Zn主要来自交通排放,Cu主要来自于煤炭开采、燃煤发电以及交通运输,Ni和Cr主要来自自然源。叶片中Cu、Pb、Zn浓度与叶面尘中Cu、Pb、Zn总量呈显著正相关,说明石楠叶片中Cu、Pb、Zn浓度受到叶面尘中Cu、Pb、Zn总量的显著影响。石楠叶片中Cu、Pb、Zn主要是从大气中吸收,而Ni和Cr主要是从土壤中吸收,利用石楠叶片对大气中Cu、Pb、Zn的监测可以取得良好的效果。     

上海城市中心区不同类型绿地土壤重金属污染特征

对上海城市中心城区公园绿地土壤和道路绿地土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd和Ni的污染特征进行了研究,发现除Cr和Ni外,土壤中重金属均出现富集现象,且公园绿地土壤中重金属含量普遍低于道路绿地土壤;土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价结果表明6种重金属中,Cd污染最严重,其潜在生态危害系数最高,总体上公园绿地土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险处于中等水平,而道路绿地土壤重金属污染则处于较高水平,且均受Cd污染控制;多元统计分析结果表明,中心城区绿地土壤中重金属主要源于交通排放和工业活动释放,道路绿地土壤重金属更易受交通排放污染的影响。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Some Tree Leaves along the Main Road in an Agricultural Area

Four types of tree leaves were investigated (olive, fig, oak, and carob). The tree leaf samples, washed and unwashed, were analyzed for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Variable levels were found in these plants. In addition, all heavy‐metal concentrations of the samples were significantly higher than their counterparts of the control, indicating heavy‐metal pollution was taking place. Very high correlations were found between heavy metals in the same plant, between different plants, and between plants and soil, indicating common sources of heavy metals, possibly soil and soil pollution sources such as traffic. The accuracy of the analytical method used for heavy metals was checked by analysis of standard reference materials, rye grass (CRM 281) and spinach leaf (SRM 1570a). The percentages of recovery of both reference materials for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were better than 93%.     

Distribution of Road Salt Residues, Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons across a Highway-Forest Interface

Automobile traffic pollutes roadside environments with a range of contaminants. In this study, we investigate the distribution patterns of different contaminant classes in topsoils across a highway-forest interface north-east of Vienna, Austria, in order to assess spatial pollutant distribution and evaluate the filtering effect of roadside forests. We collected soil samples along transects perpendicular to the highway, and analyzed the soils for road salt residues (Na), total and mobile heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Roadside soil pollution was highly heterogeneous. All contaminants followed an exponential-like decrease with distance from the road, reaching background levels at 5 to 10 m from the road curb. Traffic-born heavy metals in the immediate roadside zone tended to be more mobile than heavy metals of predominantly geogenic origin at greater distances from the road; the presence of road salt residues could have contributed to the elevated heavy metal mobility near the road. The forest vegetation acted as filter for PAHs shown by a sharp concentration increase at the forest edge. PAHs are likely transported with airborne soot particles that are scavenged by the wax-coated coniferous needles at our study site.     

Pb胁迫对红椿（Toona ciliata Roem）生长发育及Pb富集特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了酸性紫色土、钙质紫色土和冲积土上生长的一年生红椿实生苗暴露在不同浓度Pb胁迫（0、200、450mg·kg-1和2000mg·kg-1）条件下的叶长、叶面积、生物量、各器官Pb含量特征和富集程度,并分析了红椿对Pb污染的耐性和转移效率。3种土壤下红椿都能生长,但相同浓度Pb胁迫下其在钙质紫色土中生长状况最佳,在冲积土中生长状况最差。随Pb浓度增大红椿叶片生长受到明显抑制,当土壤中Pb浓度在2000mg·kg-1时,其叶长和叶面积与对照差异极显著（P〈0.01）;Pb胁迫使得红椿根茎比发生明显的变化,还加大其叶的凋落程度,同时整株生物量随着Pb胁迫浓度的增大呈极显著降低趋势（P〈0.01）,但在土壤Pb浓度最大时其生物量仍达到对照的81.47%以上。红椿体内Pb含量与土壤Pb浓度成正相关（P〈0.01）,其6个器官中细根Pb含量最高,粗根次之,而地上部分的Pb含量较低且差异不大。红椿耐性指数值在0.67~1.06之间,表现为随Pb胁迫浓度增大,其耐性呈下降趋势。红椿富集系数与转移系数都较小且小于0.3。这些结果表明,红椿能在Pb污染较严重的土壤中较好的生存,可作为Pb污染区域潜在的土壤修复树种。     

The influence of different types of urban land use on soil microbial biomass and functional diversity in Beijing,China

Soil microbes in urban ecosystems are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors resulting from changes in land use. However, the influence of different types of land use on soil microbial properties and soil quality in urban areas remains largely unknown. Here, by comparing five types of land use: natural forest, park, agriculture, street green and roadside trees, we examined the effects of different land uses on soil microbial biomass and microbial functional diversity in Beijing, China. We found that soil properties varied with land uses in urban environments. Compared to natural forest, soil nutrients under the other four types of urban land use were markedly depleted, and accumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd was apparent. Importantly, under these four types of land use, there was less microbial biomass, but it had greater functional diversity, particularly in the roadside‐tree soils. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the microbial characteristics and physicochemical properties, such as organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus (P < 0.05), suggesting that lack of nutrients was the major reason for the decrease in microbial biomass. In addition, the larger C/N ratio, Ni concentration and pool of organic matter together with a higher pH contributed to the increase in microbial functional diversity in urban soils. We concluded that different land uses have indirect effects on soil microbial biomass and microbial community functional diversity through their influence on soil physicochemical properties, especially nutrient availability and heavy metal content.     

Features of technogenic metal pollution of roadside soil according to x-ray fluorescence monitoring data

X-ray fluorescence monitoring of technogenic metal pollution of Moscow soil near two highways with heavy traffic was fulfilled. As a result of vehicles running, the macro and microelement composition of Moscow roadside soil was seen to substantially differ from the composition of both soddy podzolic soil (typical for Moscow region) and any other soil of the temperate climatic region of Russia. The average Fe, Mn and Ti contents in soil were found to exceed the usual background level by 2–5-fold, maximum Pb content — by 10–15-fold. The lateral and depth distribution of enumerated metal contents in soil near the highways was studied. It was shown that the behavior of lateral pollutant distribution in soil has no specific exponential shape. It has local extremuma and depends on the metal nature and the roadside terrain topography. For Pb — one of the most dangerous pollutants — the mechanism of chemical transformations and the interrelation of the pollutant chemical form, its molecular weight, the dwelling time in atmosphere and the distance to the highway were discussed.     

Soil metal pollution as a function of traffic density and distance from road in emerging cities: a case study of Abeokuta,southwestern Nigeria

The distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Mn in the soil, and related soil properties was studied in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Their soil pollution source was hypothesized to be automobile traffic. Consequently, their variations were assessed as a function of traffic density, distance from road and traffic, and soil depth. Soil samples were collected from the areas of high, medium, and low traffic densities at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 m from roadside; at depths 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. The potential effects of these metals on environment and agricultural activities were also assessed. Results indicated that the major sources for the metals’ contamination are emissions from vehicles. High and medium traffic volume impacted more metals of the soils. Zinc, Cu, Cd, and Cr were concentrated at depths 0–40 cm, Pb, Ni, and Mn were concentrated at 0–20 cm and appeared bound to soil organic matter (SOM). Significantly lower concentrations of metals are found at distances of 100 m and beyond. Concentrations of these metals are generally low compared with standards and their uptake by crops is not probable. However, their continuous accumulation might be a threat in the future.