Treatment Efiiciencies of Constructed Wetlands for Eutrophic Landscape River Water

The efficiencies of two types of constructed wetlands for the treatment of low-concentration polluted eutrophic landscape river water were studied in the western section of the Qingyuan River at the Minhang campus of Shanghai Jiaotong University. The first wetland was a single-stage system using gravel as a filtration medium, and the second was a three- stage system filled with combinations of gravel, zeolite, and fly ash. Results from parallel operations of the wetlands showed that the three-stage constructed wetland could remove organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus successfully. At the same time, it could also decrease ammoniacal odour in the effluent. Compared to the single-stage constructed wetland, it had better nutrient removal efficiencies with a higher removal of 19.37%-65.27% for total phosphorus （TP） and 21.56%- 62.94% for total nitrogen （TN）, respectively, during the operation period of 14 weeks. In terms of removal of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, turbidity, and blue-green algae, these two wetland systems had equivalent performances. It was also found that in the western section of the test river, in which the two constructed wetlands were located, the water quality was much better than that in the eastern and middle sections without constructed wetland because COD, TN, and TP were all in a relatively lower level and the eutrophication could be prevented completely in the western section.     

Root zone microbial populations, urease activities, and purification efficiency for a constructed wetland

In order to investigate the effects of microorganisms and their urease activities in macrophytic root zones on pollutant removal, four small-scale plots (SSPs) of vertical/reverse-vertical flow wetlands were set up to determine: a) the relationship between the abundance of microorganisms in the root zones and water purification efficiency; and b) the relationship between urease activities in the root zones and pollutant removal in a constructed wetland system. Total numbers of the microbial population (bacteria, fungi, and actinomyces) along with urease activities in the macrophytic root zones were determined. In addition, the relationships between microbial populations and urease activities as well as the wastewater purification efficiencies of total phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), biochemical oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD₅), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were also analyzed. The results showed that there was a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.9772, P < 0.01) between the number of bacteria in the root zones and BOD₅ removal efficiency and a significant negative correlation (r = -0.9092, P < 0.05) between the number of fungi and the removal efficiency of TKN. Meanwhile, there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.8830, P < 0.05) between urease activities in the root zones and the removal efficiency of TKN. Thus, during wastewater treatment in a constructed wetland system, microorganism and urease activities in the root zones were very important factors.     

Pseudomonas putida GM6在活性污泥中的生物强化除磷

The enhanced biological phosphorus removal （EBPR） method is widely adopted for phosphorus removal from wastewater, yet little is known about its microbiological and molecular mechanisms. Therefore, it is difficult to predict and control the deterioration of the EBPR process in a large-scale municipal sewage treatment plant. This study used a novel strain isolated in the laboratory, Pseudomonas putida GM6, which had a high phosphate accumulating ability and could recover rapidly from the deteriorated system and enhance the capability of phosphorus removal in activated sludge. Strain GM6 marked with gfp gene, which was called GMTR, was delivered into a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor （SBR） of low efficiency, to investigate the colonization of GMTR and removal of phosphorus. After 21 days, the proportion of GMTR in the total bacteria of the sludge reached 9.2%, whereas the phosphorus removal rate was 96%, with an effluent concentration of about 0.2 mg L^-1. In the reactor with the addition of GMTR, phosphorus was removed quickly, in 1 h under anaerobic conditions, and in 2 h under aerobic conditions. These evidences were characteristic of EBPR processes. Field testing was conducted at a hospital sewage treatment facility with low phosphorus removal capability. Twentyone days after Pseudomonas putida GM6 was added, effluent phosphorus concentration remained around 0.3 mg L^-1, corresponding to a removal rate of 96.8%. It was therefore demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida GM6 could be used for a quick startup and enhancement of wastewater biological phosphorus removal, which provided a scientific basis for potential large-scale engineering application.     

19种湿地植物对铜、铬、镍吸收与分配的差异

An experiment was carried out to investigate the variations in metal uptake and translocation among 19 wetland plant species in small-scale plots of constructed wetland using artificial wastewater containing 2.0 mg L^-1 copper (Cu), 1.0 mg L^-1 chromium (Cr), and 2.0 mg L^-1 nickel (Ni). More than 97% of Cu, Cr, and Ni were removed from the wastewater by the wetland plant species. There were more than 100-fold differences in the metal accumulation and more than ten-fold differences in the metal concentrations among the 19 plant species. These plants accumulated as high as 8.8% of Cu, 20.5% of Cr, and 14.4% of Ni when they were grown in the wetland soaked with the wastewater. Several plant species were found to be highly capable of accumulating one, two or all the three metals. The results indicated considerable variations in the metal removal abilities through phytoextraction among the 19 wetland plant species. It can be concluded that the selection of appropriate plant species in constructed wetland can be crucial for the improvement of metal removal efficiency of the wetland system.     

上海郊区河流沉积物N、P释放的初步研究

A laboratory study was conducted to observe the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sedimentsunder both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The samples used were five creek sediments and a fish-pondsediment (as a comparison) obtained from suburban Shanghai. High loads of nitrogen and phosphoruswere found in the creek sediments. Total nitrogen of the sediments ranged from 1.17 to 5.95 g kg^-1; totalphosphorus from 608.63 to 2 033.95 mg kg^-1. Making up more than 90% of the total nitrogen, organicnitrogen was the dominant nitrogen fraction in the sediments; where as inorganic phosphorus was the dominant phosphorus fraction, which made up more than 85 percent of the total phosphorus. Cabound phosphorus fraction dominated inorganic phosphorus, which occupied more than 50% of the total. A large amount of ammonium was released from the sediments under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the anaerobic releases were slightly greater than the aerobic. In addition, ammonium contents in the aerobic waters decreased sharply after reaching the peaks because of strong nitrification, compared with the relatively maintained ammonium peaks in the anaerobic waters. Anaerobic phosphate releases were much greater than the aerobic and the released ortho-phosphate was mainly from Fe-bound phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the sample of the dredged creek were the lowest, showing that creek dredging could effectively remove contaminants from the surface of sediments and weaken the release potentials of nitrogen and phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the fish-pond sediment were greater than those from the creek sediments though its total nitrogen and phosphorus were not the highest, which was probably due to the larger amount of biologically degraded organic matter in the fish-pond sediment.     

黄土高原土壤养分的损失

The soil nutrient losses due to excessive soil loss on Loess Plateau were studied by means of runoff plots and systematical determination of soil nutrients both in sediments and runoff.The results show that the amounts of nutrient losses depended on the amounts of ersoion sediments.Along with sediment,11-197kg nitrogen/hectare and 9-174kg phosphorus/hectare were lost,accounting for 92.46-99.47 percent of the total amount of nitrogen loss and 99.85-99.99 percent of the total amount of phosphorus loss respectively.The nutrient losses,very small in runoff,were mainly attributed to erosion of a few rainstorms during a year.The nutrient level in sediment was mostly higher than that in the original soil.Planting grass evidently redued the losses of soil nutrients.The N level was lower in runoff than in rainfall so that the N loss from runoff could be made up by rainfall.Fertilizer application to crops raised the nutrient level in runoff.     

曹娥江流域河流污染特征对土地覆被的响应

This study addressed the relationship of river water pollution characteristics to land covers and human activities in the catchments in a complete river system named Cao-E River in eastern China.Based on the hydrogeochemical data collected monthly over a period of 3 years,cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) were adopted to categorize the river reaches and reveal their pollution characteristics.According to the differences of water quality in the river reaches and land use patterns and average population densities in their catchments,the whole river system could be categorized into three groups of river reaches,i.e.,non-point sources pollution reaches(NPSPR),urban reaches(UR) and mixed sources pollution reaches(MSPR).In UR and MSPR,the water quality was mainly impacted by nutrient and organic pollution,while in NPSPR nutrient pollution was the main cause.The nitrate was the main nitrogen form in NPSPR and particulate phosphorus was the main phosphorus form in MSPR.There were no apparent trends for the variations of pollutant concentrations with increasing river flows in NPSPR and MSPR,while in UR the pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing river flows.Thus dry season was the critical period for water pollution control in UR.Therefore,catchment land covers and human activities had significant impact on river reach water pollution type,nutrient forms and water quality responses to hydrological conditions,which might be crucial for developing strategies to combat water pollution in watershed scale.     

川西3种亚高山针叶林的养分和凋落物格局分析

Investigations were conducted to quantify litterfall, and litter and nutrient accumulation in forest floor, and to acquire information on litter decomposition and nitrogen and phosphorus release patterns in three different subalpine coniferous forests, a plantation （P1）, a secondary forest （SF）, and a primitive forest （PF）, in western Sichuan, China. The litter trap method was used to evaluate litterfall with the litterbag method being utilized for litter decomposition. Seasonal patterns of litterfall were similar in the three forests, with two peaks occurring in September-November and March-May. The plantation revealed an annual litterfall of 4.38 x 103 kg ha-1, which was similar to those of SF and PF, but P1 had a lower mass loss rate and a higher C/N ratio. The C/N ratio may be a sound predictor for the decomposition differences. N concentrations of leaf litter in both the secondary forest and primitive forest increased first and then decreased, and the percentages of their final/initial values were 108.9% and 99.9%, respectively. P concentration in the three forests increased by the end of the study. The results of litterfall and decomposition indicated that in the plantation the potential to provide nutrients for soil organic matter was similar to those of SF and PF; however, its slower decomposition rate could result in a somewhat transient accumulation of litter in the forest floor.     

乡镇企业废水的综合再利用计划和湿地战略: 实例研究

A waste water reuse engineering was designed and then operated in Hongshan,a small town in Zhejiang Province,China,in order to solve pollution and shortage of water resources due to the development of rural enterprises.The results showed that series-structure design and cycling model were two effective modes of saving water and decreasing pollutants into environment,and wetland strategy should be a component part of the integrated planning for waste water reuse of rural enterprises.This case study could provide a basis for the optimum utilization and pollution avoidance of water resources.     

土壤地下渗滤法处理分散生活污水的新技术: 两段厌氧土壤渗滤沟系统

The low removal efficiency of total nitrogen （TN） is one of the main disadvantages of traditional single stage subsurface infiltration system, which combines an anaerobic tank and a soil filter field. In this study, a full-scale, two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was designed and operated to evaluate the feasibility and performances in treating sewage from a school campus for over a one-year monitoring period. The raw sewage was prepared and fed into the first anaerobic tank and second tank by 60% and 40%, respectively. This novel process could decrease chemical oxygen demand with the dichromate method by 89%-96%, suspended solids by 91%-97%, and total phosphorus by 91%-97%. The denitrification was satisfactory in the second stage soil trench, so the removals of TN as well as ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） reached 68%-75% and 96% 99%, respectively. It appeared that the removal efficiency of TN in this two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was more effective than that in the single stage soil infiltration system. The effluent met the discharge standard for the sewage treatment plant （GB18918-2002） of China.     

潜流人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水的净化效果

为了提高潜流人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水中污染物的去除效果,该试验通过改变湿地内部结构构建了4个潜流人工湿地单元,选用灰砖块和碎石做湿地填料,冬夏季轮作栽培齿果酸模和大狼把草,考察湿地运行期间对厌氧消化后猪场废水的净化效果。结果表明：湿地单元经过80 d的启动,运行稳定,有植物湿地比无植物对照湿地提前10 d左右进入稳定期。运行期间,各湿地单元对废水中氨氮（ammonia nitrogen,NH4+-N）、总氮（total nitrogen, TN）、总磷（total phosphorus,TP）和化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,CODCr）的去除率与气温变化均呈现显著线性正相关。在水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）为4 d,进水中CODCr、NH4+-N、TN、TP浓度分别为520、110、120、10 mg/L左右时,4个湿地单元对CODCr、TP的去除率分别在60%和70%以上,对NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为28%～67%和32%～58%,植物对CODCr及TP去除的贡献分别稳定在10%和4%左右,植物对氮的去除效果受气温影响较大,夏季对NH4+-N和TN去除的贡献分别可达13%和12%。与一般潜流人工湿地比较,改进的波形潜流人工湿地对NH4+-N、TN和CODCr的平均去除率提高均在3%以上,对TP去除效果差异不显著（P＞0.05）。该研究可为构建大规模的潜流人工湿地处理畜禽养殖废水提供理论依据和技术支持。     

几种挺水植物净化生活污水总氮和总磷效果的研究

研究了石菖蒲、灯心草和蝴蝶花3种不同植被系统、基质为河砂的潜流型人工湿地净化生活污水总氮和总磷的效果,并同无植被系统、相同基质的潜流型人工湿地净化效果进行了比较,结果表明:在较低浓度范围里无植被的人工湿地和3种有植被的人工湿地对污水中总氮有较好的去除作用,随着污水中总氮浓度的增加,虽然无植被的人工湿地和有植被的人工湿地去除总氮的效果均有下降的趋势,但有植被的人工湿地仍然能维持较高的总氮去除水平,无植被的人工湿地总氮去除效果则下降较快。在有植被的人工湿地中,以石菖蒲植被人工湿地氮素净化能力最强,其次为灯心草和蝴蝶花,这与植被自身吸收同化污水中氮素水平以及植物根系微生物作用有关。对于污水中总磷的去除,本研究中由于污水中磷素浓度较低,无植被和有植被的人工湿地对污水中磷素均有很好的去除作用,没有明显差异,但不同的植物体中磷素仍有明显的吸收同化富集现象,其中石菖蒲吸收同化磷素能力最强,其次为蝴蝶花和灯心草,植被在人工湿地系统中对于污水中总氮和总磷的去除起着重要的作用。     

利用有机覆盖物处理的人工湿地外排焦化废水研究

[目的]为进一步降低污染物浓度,提高钢铁企业水资源循环利用率。[方法]采用水平潜流人工湿地处理外排焦化废水,通过监测分析进出水中浊度、化学需氧量(COD),总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,探讨冬季人工湿地植物层不添加及添加有机覆盖物对钢铁企业外排焦化废水净化水平的影响。[结果]在低温季节,水力停留时间为5d时,不添加有机覆盖物人工湿地对外排焦化废水浊度,COD,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为68.55%,14.94%,14.20%和71.26%;添加有机覆盖物人工湿地对外排焦化废水浊度、COD,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为72.54%,21.62%,20.50%和71.88%;有机覆盖膜的保温作用使得COD去除率升幅达44.68%,TN去除率升幅达44.45%。[结论]在植物层添加有机覆盖物作为保温材料,可以提高人工湿地在低温条件下的净化效率。     

Nutrient Removal in Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetlands Treating Eutrophic River Water: Assessment of Plants, Intermittent Artificial Aeration and Polyhedron Hollow Polypropylene Balls

Seven experimental pilot-scale subsurface vertical-flow constructed wetlands were designed to assess the effect of plants [Typha latifolia L. (cattail)], intermittent artificial aeration and the use of polyhedron hollow polypropylene balls (PHPB) as part of the wetland substrate on nutrient removal from eutrophic Jinhe River water in Tianjin, China. During the entire running period, observations indicated that plants played a negligible role in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal but significantly enhanced ammonia–nitrogen (NH₄–N), nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) total nitrogen (TN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) removal. The introduction of intermittent artificial aeration and the presence of PHPB could both improve COD, NH₄–N, TN, SRP and TP removal. Furthermore, aerated wetlands containing PHPB performed best; the following improvements were noted: 10.38 g COD/m² day, 1.34 g NH₄–N/m² day, 1.04 g TN/m² day, 0.07 g SRP/m² day and 0.07 g TP/m² day removal, if compared to non-aerated wetlands without PHPB being presented.     

寒冷地区多级垂直流人工湿地系统设计及氮磷去除效率

为了解决北方寒冷地区人工湿地冬季效率低、运行不稳定的问题,设计建设了两个多级垂直流人工湿地系统(multistage vertical-flow constructed wetlands,MVCWs),处理北京房山区居民生活污水,通过工程设计以及添加碳源强化系统脱氮效果,增加磷吸附基质等措施,提高系统稳定性和污染物的去除效率。研究结果表明,湿地系统Ⅰ化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)的平均去除率为87.3%;总磷(total phosphorus,TP)的平均去除率为91.9%;总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的平均去除率为68.9%,能够全年稳定运行。湿地系统Ⅱ采取半间歇式运行方式,在0.5 m3/(m2·d)的水力负荷条件下,对COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为92.5%、53.8%、77.2%。湿地系统Ⅱ厌氧单元添加62 kg木块后,COD/TN从0.93上升到1.85,比添加31 kg木块单元对TN的去除率提高15.6%。木块作为厌氧阶段的外加碳源,有效促进了垂直流人工湿地系统对氮的去除。通过垂直流人工湿地多级合理的单元设计,在厌氧阶段添加碳源有利于反硝化脱氮以及添加吸附磷的基质,提高冬季没有植物参与时高效除氮、磷,有效地保证对各种污染物的去除效率。使该研究中的人工湿地系统能够全年稳定运行,该研究结果可为人工湿地在中国北方的推广应用提供参考。     

浸润线高度对垂直潜流湿地处理效果的影响研究

针对污染物浓度较高的猪场沼液,开展了不同浸润线高度下垂直潜流湿地处理效果的对比研究。试验结果表明：湿地浸润线可改变湿地填料层中的溶解氧分布和水力流态,从而造成了3种类型湿地系统对猪场沼液处理效果的差异;在不同水力负荷下,中浸润线垂直潜流湿地（VSSF-M）对猪场沼液中各项污染物的去除效果均好于低浸润线垂直潜流湿地（VSSF-L）和高浸润线垂直潜流湿地（VSSF-H）;中浸润线垂直潜流湿地利用溶解氧梯度在填料层内实现了好氧区、缺氧区和厌氧区的共存,从而使硝化作用与反硝化作用在同一系统内完成,提高了系统的脱氮能力;中浸润线垂直潜流湿地系统还可适当增大系统的水力停留时间（HRT）,并可优化水力流态,从而进一步改善湿地系统的净化效果。因此,结合处理效果和出水水质的稳定性,中浸润线垂直潜流湿地对浓度较高的猪场沼液具有较高的去除效率。     

蚯蚓引入垂直流-水平潜流湿地混流系统处理沼液的效果

为了避免或减少人工湿地处理厌氧发酵液发生堵塞,并提高系统处理效果,该试验将蚯蚓引入到垂直流湿地系统中,并与水平潜流湿地构成混流系统,用来处理厌氧发酵液。结果表明:采用蚯蚓垂直流湿地-水平潜流湿地混流系统处理厌氧发酵液,在进水平均有机负荷达1.82 kg/(m~2·d),水力负荷10、20 cm/d的条件下,对化学需氧量、总磷、总悬浮固体的去除率达到了90%以上,氨氮去除率达80%以上,总氮去除率也维持在60%以上。提高水力负荷对污染物的消减量更有优势,水平潜流湿地对总氮的消减优于蚯蚓生态湿地。2种水力负荷下,混流湿地出水化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、总悬浮固体均能达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》要求。蚯蚓使混流系统对化学需氧量、氨氮、总凯氏氮的去除分别提高了2%、12%、4%,同时具有同步处理污水污泥,缓解湿地堵塞的效果,处理水质基本达标,处理污泥的成本也大大降低,因此具有很大应用潜力。     

混合基质垂直流人工湿地净化废水效果

利用两种混合基质(蛭石+高炉渣、陶粒+高炉渣)构建模拟垂直流人工湿地处理化粪池出水,运行1a试验结果表明,蛭石+高炉渣基质对总鳞(TP)、总氮(TN)、NH4+-N、CODCr的去除效果要好于陶粒+高炉渣系统,而且其4个组合系统对TP、TN、CODcr、NH4+-N去除率分别大于71%、2.5%、61%、65%;水力学负荷比污染物的去除率存在密切关系:CODcr、NH4+-N、TP在水力负荷较小(30.6cm/d)时的去除率比水力负荷61.2cm/d下高;而种植美人蕉的蛭石+高炉渣组合在水力负荷为30.6cm/d,停留时间为0.848d时的处理效果较好,其对NH4+-N、TP、CODcr的去除率分别为94.51%、89.13%、66.46%,均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级B标准。     

潜流人工湿地中3种基质对氮磷净化的影响

通过潜流人工湿地装置,采用间歇运行方式考察不同停留时间下土壤、砾石、炉渣基质在以NO3--N、NH4+-N和PO4--P为主要氮组分的模拟污水对污水中氮的净化效能,并研究湿地系统基质与pH变化、NO3--N和NH4+-N净化效率的关系。结果表明,当水力停留时间为10d时,土壤-炉渣湿地的N,P净化效能高于以其他基质构建的湿地。在试验周期内,各基质的人工湿地系统NH4+-N的净化效率均高于NO3--N的净化效率,氮素的净化效能上层大于下层,湿地系统中pH值先降低后升高的拐点可作为NH4+-N氧化反应结束的指示参数。