大剂量锰对小麦生长的影响

小麦缺锰时，施锰有良好效果；但土壤中含锰量过高，小麦就引起锰中毒。潮土施加Ｍｎ大于２５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，小麦籽实产量下降１３．７％，差异达显水平；加Ｍｎ大于１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，小麦拔节期生长高度明显下降，植株分蘖少且下部叶片尖端枯萎；加Ｍｎ２５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，植株瘦小，不分蘖，旗叶叶尖估萎，穗小，顶部小穗不孕呈白色，成熟推迟；加Ｍｎ５０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，植株死亡。土壤施加锰的安全浓度应小于２５０ｍｇ／     

西南麦区高产多穗型小麦单株分蘖特征研究

为探究西南麦区特殊生态环境下高产多穗型小麦单株分蘖出现规律、成穗规律及其与产量形成的关系,以3种穗型小麦为试验材料,采用田间调查、室内体视解剖观察和间接酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)等方法,分别对单株分蘖出现时间和茎顶端生长进行了调查统计,对茎蘖内源赤霉素(GAs)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、分裂素(ZR)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)的含量进行了测定,比较分析了以上因素与分蘖穗部性状的关系。结果表明,与大穗型和中间型小麦相比,高产多穗型小麦单株分蘖平均出现时间(7.41d)和相邻分蘖发生的平均间隔时间(2.66 d)最短;相邻分蘖顶端原基生长阶段均差(1.10)最小。相邻分蘖的GAs、IAA、ZR和ABA含量平均差值最小,分别为0.59、1.01、0.13、8.73 ng·g-1FW;二级分蘖的IAA/ABA(0.65)和ZR/ABA(0.08)最高,IAA/(ZR+ZT)(1.06)最低,3个比值与一级分蘖的相关比值差距最小。相邻分蘖穗部结实性状的平均差值最小,分别为穗粒数1.69、单穗平均粒重2.31mg、不孕小穗数0.87和结实小穗数1.61;单株成穗率(87.50%)和单株平均粒重(23.75g)最高。综上,在3种穗型小麦中,多穗型小麦单株各分蘖的出现和生长存在着更为均匀的协调关系,使得分蘖成穗较高,这有利于西南麦区特殊生态环境下单株产量因子的合理构成和突破性品种的选育。     

气候条件对冬小麦穗数的影响研究

田间试验研究气候条件对冬小麦穗数的影响结果表明,初冬剧烈降温或越冬期负积温多、极端最低气温低、降水量少,冬小麦遭受严重冻害而影响其穗数,且其影响程度取决于返青后分蘖生长发育状况。高产栽培条件下有的年份间冬小麦单位面积穗数相差较大,这与年后幼苗阶段生长时间长短、积温多少有关。生长时间长、积温多则穗数多,反之则少。穗数多的年份,适时播种的小麦是通过促进中等分蘖生长发育,进而提高成穗率而增加其穗数;晚播冬小麦则补偿了冬前积温不足,延长了幼苗阶段生长时间,巩固冬前分蘖,增加春季分蘖,并使其提前通过春化阶段,进入光照阶段,幼穗分化开始早、时间长,促进冬小麦分蘖生长发育而提高其穗数。故年后幼苗阶段生长时间长、积温多的年份,应推迟第一肥水时间,防止冬小麦群体过大、基部节间过长而造成倒伏。     

恩施地区气温与小麦生长的关系

通过对湖北省六个主导小麦品种在恩施地区的叶龄生长变化和分蘖发生的记载,得出小麦的叶龄生长变化及分蘖发生与温度之间的相互关系,为恩施地区小麦播种期的确定及苗期管理提供参考依据。     

氮素营养水平对冬小麦产量及生物学性状的影响

2007～2008年在河北廊坊中国农业科学院国家测土施肥中心实验室试验基地的低肥力砂质潮土上,进行氮素营养水平对冬小麦产量及生物学性状的影响研究。结果表明:在喷灌低肥力土壤条件下,小麦产量与氮素营养成二次曲线关系,在每公顷施氮量为239.63 kg时获得最高产量。在每公顷施氮量为60～300 kg范围内,氮素营养促进了冬小麦株高的增加,提高了冬小麦的分蘖数、叶面积指数和最终收获穗数。氮素营养水平与冬小麦分蘖数、叶面积指数和最终成穗数成正相关的线性关系。     

小麦营养限制因子的初步研究

通过盆栽试验，初步研究了小麦在灰潮土和黄红紫泥土的营养限制因子。结果表明，两种土壤上，施Ｃｌ都有较好的增产效果，在灰潮土上，Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ是小麦生长的营养限制因子；在黄红紫尼土，Ｚｎ，Ｍｎ，Ｍｏ，Ｂ是其生长的营养限制因子。     

小麦分蘖形态学特征X射线-CT无损检测

针对传统小麦分蘖形态学特征需采用人工接触或有损方法获取,不仅过程繁琐、主观性强而且会影响小麦后续生长。为实现小麦分蘖性状快速、准确、无损测量,该文提出一种基于X射线断层成像的小麦分蘖形态学特征提取方法。首先构建了小麦分蘖X-ray CT断层扫描成像系统,采用滤波反投影(filtered back projection,FBP)断层重建算法和图形处理单元(graphics processing unit,GPU)加速算法快速获取小麦分蘖茎秆断层图像,设计了专门的分蘖图像分析算法实现对小麦分蘖形态学特征参数(分蘖数、分蘖角度、分蘖茎粗和分蘖壁厚)的无损检测。该研究对107株小麦植株测量结果表明:分蘖数测量准确率可达100%,分蘖角度、茎粗和壁厚的平均测量误差分别为3.65%,4.84%和7.86%。该技术相较于人工测量方法和石蜡切片方法,能够对小麦分蘖形态学特征进行较为精准无损检测,实现单株测量效率约200 s,对于小麦功能基因组和抗倒伏能力品种的筛选具有重要的研究意义。     

砂姜黑土小麦分蘖成穗及其调控研究

采用盆栽试验和小区试验相结合的方法 ,对砂姜黑土上不同小麦品种的分蘖成穗特性及其调控进行了研究 .结果表明 ,兰考 90 6分蘖发生快、多且衰亡也最快 ,分蘖成穗率较低 ,主要是由于二、三级分蘖发生较多 ,越冬期具有 4张以上叶片的分蘖才能成穗 .温麦 6号分蘖发生平稳 ,成穗率最高 ;百农 64分蘖力中等 ,增加一定的施肥量能明显提高分蘖成穗率 .不同生长调节剂对兰考 90 6分蘖成穗有明显的调控作用 ,以 6 BAt和 2 ,4 D控制分蘖成穗效果最为明显     

不同土培条件下荧蒽在水稻和小麦中的分布特征

通过盆栽试验方法,在荧蒽污染的黄棕壤和潮土上种植水稻和小麦,分别设置空白（CK）、低（L）、中（M）、高（H）4个污染浓度水平,比较荧蒽对作物生长的影响和两种不同土壤中植物体荧蒽的分布情况。结果显示,在试验设置的荧蒽污染浓度下,荧蒽未对两种植物的生长造成抑制,相反还促进了植物某些部位的生长;水稻和小麦各部位的荧蒽含量随土壤荧蒽含量的增加而增大;植物体内荧蒽的传导系数随土壤荧蒽含量的增加而减小,且两种土壤的趋势一致。黄棕壤和潮土有机质、养分、阳离子交换量等性质影响植物体内荧蒽的运移和富集;水稻茎叶对荧蒽的富集能力强于小麦,而小麦籽粒富集荧蒽的能力强于水稻。     

优化栽培管理对四川丘陵旱地不同穗型小麦分蘖质量与产量形成的影响

为探究优化栽培管理对四川丘陵旱地不同穗型小麦分蘖质量与产量形成的影响,本研究于2017—2019年,以大穗型品种川麦104和多穗型品种川农16为材料,在秋闲季秸秆覆盖配施干猪粪条件下适期早播形成优化栽培管理,并以当地常规栽培管理为对照,解析优化栽培管理对小麦分蘖质量与产量形成的影响。结果表明,优化栽培管理下有效分蘖发生速率提高65.7%,发生期较常规栽培缩短1.6 d,第一、第二叶位分蘖发生率分别提高8.0和27.4个百分点,拔节时第一、第二叶位分蘖叶龄分别达到4.1和3.1;优化栽培管理提高了小麦拔节期N含量和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量,开花期NSC含量也较常规栽培管理提高1.0~3.4个百分点;优化栽培管理下拔节期、开花期、成熟期干物质积累量显著增加,主茎干物质积累量分别提高39.8%、12.7%和9.9%,分蘖干物质积累量分别提高99.2%、35.3%和37.1%,且成熟期分蘖干物质占比较常规栽培管理增加6.2个百分点,收获指数由0.40增加到0.45(两品种两年均值)。通径分析表明,有效穗是限制两种穗型小麦产量提升的关键因子,优化栽培管理下川麦104有效穗增加11.0%~18.4%,增产13.5%~30.5%;川农16有效穗增加4.5%~8.7%,增产22.2%~23.7%。研究认为,秋闲季秸秆覆盖配施干猪粪条件下适期早播形成的优化栽培管理,可充分发挥系统优势,促进植株氮素吸收和光合生产,减弱主茎与分蘖的非对称竞争,促进优势分蘖成穗、增产,是适合四川丘陵旱地绿色丰产的栽培管理模式,配合大穗型小麦增产效果更佳。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.