应用遥感技术动态监测土壤侵蚀的研究

在建立湖北省土壤侵蚀强度分级体系基础上 ,应用遥感技术进行了“湖北省第三次土壤侵蚀动态遥感调查” ,根据遥感资料解译结果对土壤侵蚀动态变化进行了分析 ,划分了不同的土壤侵蚀景观区。在 1995年第二次遥感调查数据的基础上 ,经过 2 0 0 0年遥感图像数据的动态监测调查 ,得出了土壤动态监测成果数据 ,进而对动态变化趋势和原因进行了分析。     

土壤侵蚀遥感监测方法及其思考

土壤侵蚀监测一直是遥感和地理信息系统应用的一个重要领域。纵观国内外土壤侵蚀遥感监测方法,概括起来有遥感影像目视解译监测法、遥感光谱分析监测法、人机交互式解译监测法、智能化土壤侵蚀监测法和模型参数化监测法5种。分析各种方法的优势及其在实际应用中所面临的困难,提出基于知识库与空间信息耦合的土壤侵蚀监测方法,以满足水土保持及其管理工作的需要。     

第二次全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查工作的做法与思考

第二次全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查的信息源为ＴＭ ,利用ＧＩＳ 软件,采用人机交互勾绘和图斑面积的直接生成与统计等的全数字化操作;工作底图为１∶１０ 万,土壤侵蚀强度判读正确率＞ ９０ ％ ,质量检查图斑不少于图幅总图斑数的５ ％ ,图斑定位偏差＜ ０ ．６ ｍ ｍ ;采用《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》判别侵蚀类型和强度。建立的全国、各省（ 区、市） 的ＴＭ 影像库及土壤侵蚀数字图、典型样地的照片库,为进行土壤侵蚀的动态监测和变化趋势分析提供了依据。     

定量遥感支持下的磐石市土壤侵蚀动态监测

以1979年的MSS和2002年的ETM遥感影像为依据,运用遥感和GIS技术,开展了吉林省磐石市土壤侵蚀动态监测研究.利用亚像元分解法提取植被覆盖信息,结合土地利用和坡度信息进行了区域土壤侵蚀强度的动态监测研究.监测结果表明,磐石市1979-2002年土壤侵蚀状况呈现加重趋势,土壤侵蚀集中分布区不断扩展,侵蚀面积增大.该监测方法省时省力,极大地提高了土壤侵蚀动态监测的速度和效率,为大范围的土壤侵蚀动态监测研究提供了有效途径.     

人机交互式解译在大尺度土壤侵蚀遥感调查中的作用

人机交互式解译是在ＧＩＳ软件支持下,由经验丰富的土壤侵蚀和遥感专业人员,进行遥感信息全数字解译。从大尺度土壤侵蚀遥感调查的特点分析了目前计算机自动解译在这方面所面临的困难,结合目视解译的基本原理论述了人机交互式解译的优势,并用人机交互式解译在贵州省土壤侵蚀遥感调查的实例说明它的科学可靠性。     

福建省土壤侵蚀遥感调查的方法和特点

按照水利部的统一部署，采用人机交互方式，于1999和2000年开展了全国第2次和第3次土壤侵蚀遥感调查工作。福建省在完成任务的过程中，与兄弟省份相比，充分发挥了“3S”技术的作用。本介绍了这两次土壤侵蚀遥感调查的过程、方法和特点，并就存在的问题进行了探讨。     

中国土壤侵蚀现状及综合防治对策研究

阐述应用 RS和 GIS技术相结合进行全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查的方法和流程 ,建立全国土壤侵蚀分类系统和强度分级指标 ,采用全数字作业的人机交互判读分析方法编制全国土壤侵蚀图 ,依靠 GIS技术建立全国土壤侵蚀属性数据库和图形数据库 ;并对调查结果进行全面深入的分析 ,揭示出其分布规律及特点 :全国土壤侵蚀从面积和强度上都是由东向西递增 ,并存在集中连片分布。最后针对其特点提出了综合防治的对策     

基于GIS的小流域土壤侵蚀影响因子遥感监测方法探讨——以黑龙江省宾县三岔河小流域为例

RS、GIS技术支持下的小流域土壤侵蚀影响因子遥感监测,是实现小流域水土流失及水土保持现状高精度动态监测和预报的重要手段。以黑龙江省宾县的三岔河小流域为例,探讨了小流域土壤侵蚀影响因子的遥感监测技术方法。     

土壤侵蚀遥感监测中植被信息知识库的应用

遥感植被度的经验判读因人为因素比重较大,影响了土壤侵蚀监测的动态效能。本文研究通过采用人工调查结合遥感判读的方式,建立植被度的遥感识别样本知识库。该方法在水土保持行业的应用上,目前尚鲜有报道。通过建立知识库,并使用GPS对其加以检查、更新,提高了样本的广泛性与精确度,从而在土壤侵蚀动态遥感监测的应用上进一步提高了精度与速度,并使遥感影像的植被判读具有一定的系统性。     

不同监测方法对土壤侵蚀监测结果的影响——以江西省潋水河流域为例

分析土壤侵蚀监测的尺度大小问题,认为在南方红壤区,区域尺度面积范围在500km^2以上较为合理,属于土壤侵蚀宏观监测范畴。将人机交互目视解译法、RUSLE模型法和流域卡口站观测法3种方法应用于江西省兴国县潋水河中尺度流域内,进行土壤侵蚀监测及对比。结果表明：用人机交互目视解译法监测的2000年土壤侵蚀量最大,约是流域卡口站观测结果的6．2倍,约是模型法监测结果的1．9倍,差异很大。其主要原因是流域卡口站观测法只观测了悬移质输沙量,推移质输沙量无法观测。此外,利用模型法,不同比例尺DEM对监测结果影响很大,其差异主要体现在土壤侵蚀强度为轻度和微度级别上。在分析不同监测方法对土壤侵蚀监测结果差异的基础上,对我国今后土壤侵蚀宏观监测工作提出了建议。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.