北疆荒漠植被梭梭立地土壤养分“肥岛”特征研究

利用典型调查和地统计学方法,对古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭"肥岛"养分特征进行了研究。结果表明,大梭梭、小梭梭根部具有较强的"肥岛"效应,而枯死梭梭的这种效应较弱。大梭梭、中梭梭、小梭梭根部各土壤养分指标含量表现出大梭梭>中梭梭>小梭梭的规律。发育阶段对梭梭根部养分富集率有极大影响,但冠幅边缘养分指标的富集程度受发育阶段的影响则不显著。基径、株高和冠幅的大小与梭梭根部土壤碱解氮的富集率呈极显著的正相关(p<0.01),与速效钾的根部富集率呈极显著的负相关关系(p<0.01),速效磷根部富集率与基径有显著的正相关关系(p<0.01)。三株代表梭梭的平均有效作用范围小于冠幅的平均直径。通过克里格插值图分析研究区土壤养分含量均高于周围,表现出"肥岛"特征。     

准噶尔盆地南缘绿洲——荒漠过渡带梭梭“肥岛”效应特征

通过野外调查取样和室内分析的方法研究了绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型灌木梭梭的灌丛下,灌丛间不同层次土壤养分、盐分的差异,旨在揭示干旱荒漠区灌丛的"肥岛"效应特征。结果表明:(1)灌丛下土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾都明显高于灌丛间的,其中表层(0～10cm)土壤分别比灌丛间的高83.1%、113.5%、44.6%、111.8%,土壤电导率提高了167.7%,土壤养分在灌丛下聚集,并且表层含量最高,形成灌丛的"肥岛效应",从而使灌丛植被所覆盖土壤的肥力性状明显区别于未受灌丛影响的土壤。(2)沙漠腹地的土壤养分富集率大于沙漠边缘,其"肥岛"效应也明显大于沙漠边缘的,灌丛土壤全氮和速效磷的富集率较沙漠分别高了25.3%和15.1%。沙漠腹地灌丛下土壤养分的富集程度高可能是荒漠植被适应逆境的一种机制,有利于荒漠植被的生长繁殖和干旱区绿洲生态屏障的形成。     

基于“肥岛”效应探讨人工梭梭土壤养分时空演变趋势

为阐明不同林龄人工梭梭对干旱荒漠区土壤养分利用机制及时空演变趋势,选取了乌兰布和西南缘营建年限为2,5,10,15,30 a的人工梭梭为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内试验的方法,分析了不同林龄梭梭土壤养分空间分布及其富集效应。结果表明:(1)人工梭梭土壤养分表现出显著的成层化分布特征,整体表现为0—10 cm10—20 cm20—40 cm,其中表层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾均比深层平均高82.0%,228.2%,172.7%,39.0%,表层土壤养分积累更明显,说明表层土壤中的大部分养分主要从植物的枯落物质中获得。(2)水平方向土壤养分含量在15～30 a表现出显著差异,根部、灌丛内及株间空地土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾分别增高了30.8%和38.0%,196.7%和15.6%,22.5%和8.3%,56.4%和10.6%,且富集率显著高于其他林龄,表层(0—10 cm,10—20 cm)表现出随林龄增高而增加的趋势,深层(20—40 cm)则先降低后升高。说明人工梭梭林在种植15 a后其土壤养分"肥岛"效应强于低林龄,而在10 a生长旺盛,养分消耗量大,"肥岛"效应较弱。(3)梭梭各生长指标均与有机质和碱解氮富集率显著相关(p0.05),其中与有机质极显著相关(p0.01),说明随着林龄的增加,土壤有机质与碱解氮含量累积较为明显。其中有机质的空间异质性最明显,而速效磷、钾时空异质性较弱。由此也进一步表明了干旱荒漠区人工梭梭与土壤养分间具有明显的时空耦合关系。     

干旱区三种荒漠植被“肥岛”土壤颗粒变异特征研究

利用典型调查和统计学方法,对新疆3种典型荒漠植被胡杨、梭梭和柽柳的“肥岛”土壤颗粒特征进行了研究.结果表明:胡杨“肥岛”土壤颗粒以砂粒和粉粒为主;梭梭“肥岛”颗粒组成以砂粒为主;塔河研究区柽柳“肥岛”的砂粒含量与粉粒含量相当,但远大于黏粒含量;阜康研究区柽柳“肥岛”以粉粒为主.3种植被对砂粒表现出不同的富集作用,并且不同发育阶段的土壤颗粒的富集率大都差异不显著.     

风沙土农田培肥地力措施研究——以宁夏回族自治区为例

试验研究宁夏回族自治区大田风沙土培肥途径结果表明,各种培肥措施均能明显提高风沙土农田土壤全量养分和速效养分含量,且对土壤团粒结构有较明显影响,其中施有机肥处理影响最大,显著提高土壤蓄水性能。N、P、K配施处理土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾增幅较大。与单施无机肥和单施有机肥相比,有机肥与无机肥配施培肥措施可显著提高土壤全量养分和速效养分     

不同沙丘下梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)主根周围土壤特征的差异性研究

为探明沙漠建群种植物个体周围土壤养分和盐分空间分布及成因,对艾比湖湖区边缘三种类型沙丘下梭梭主根周围土壤含水量,电导率,全量养分和速效养分的变化进行了研究。结果表明:1固定性沙丘在表层(0~10 cm)处土壤含水量最小,流动性沙丘和半固定性沙丘在浅层(10~20 cm)处最小,以距离主根面3m处表现最为显著(P0.05)。2流动性沙丘和半固定性沙丘土壤有机质和全氮的结构性和空间自相关性均较弱,固定性沙丘养分(全量养分、速效养分)的结构性则较好。3三种沙丘土壤养分的空间分布不均,主要以条状和斑块状分布,整体上呈现出一定的集聚趋势,其中流动性沙丘和固定性沙丘集聚范围在0~2 m圈层,但纵向集聚范围中,流动性沙丘以浅层(10~20 cm),固定性沙丘以较深层(20~40cm)出现集聚,形成"肥岛"。4流动性沙丘土壤电导率对沙丘的影响较其他各特征因子占主导地位,半固定性沙丘和固定性沙丘养分因子占主导地位。     

北疆荒漠植被梭梭立地土壤盐分特征研究

利用典型调查和地统计学方法对古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭立地土壤盐分特征进行了研究.结果表明:大梭梭、小梭梭和枯死梭梭根部都表现出明显的"盐岛"效应.发育阶段对梭梭根部土壤SO2-4,Cl-、总碱度、总盐的富集具有重要影响,而对Ca2+,Mg2+,K+,Na+,pH的影响则不大.基径、株高和冠幅的大小与总盐的根部富集率呈显著的正相关(P<0.01),而与pH值的根部富集率没有明显的相关关系.3株梭梭总盐的平均有效作用范围在梭梭的冠幅之内.通过克里格插值图分析得出梭梭土壤pH、总碱度和总盐含量大都在梭梭中心出现最高值,呈现岛状分布.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同立地条件下土壤呼吸特征

水蚀风蚀交错带是黄土高原土壤侵蚀最严重地区,该地区立地条件复杂,土壤质地有较大的空间变异性,对生态系统碳循环过程产生重要影响。该文选取土壤质地为立地条件的主要参考因子,利用便携式CO2分析仪对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同立地条件下2种典型灌木(柠条和沙柳)土壤呼吸特征进行了连续2a的野外对比研究,分析不同立地条件下灌木林地土壤呼吸之间的差异,阐明土壤呼吸的动态变化及其对土壤温度的敏感性。结果表明:在不同立地条件下,柠条林地黄绵土土壤呼吸高于风沙土,相反,沙柳林地风沙土土壤呼吸高于黄绵土。每种灌木林地在不同立地条件下土壤呼吸呈现明显的季节性变化,土壤呼吸速率的高峰值出现在7、8月份。不同立地条件下土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈现显著指数函数关系,每种灌木林地黄绵土土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数Q10高于风沙土,从而对土壤温度的响应更为敏感。     

黄土丘陵区小流域植被恢复的土壤养分效应研究

研究了安家坡小流域荒草地、山杏林地、农地、油松林地、灌木林地、弃耕地等地类的土壤养分特征。结果表明,植被系统具有较强的养分表层富集功能;不同植被恢复类型对土壤养分含量有明显的影响,主要表现在不同土层土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、硝态氮和铵态氮含量在不同植被类型间存在显著的差异性;人工灌木植被对土壤的培肥作用高于乔木植被;农地弃耕(撂荒)有一定的土壤培肥作用;对水土流失极为严重的黄土丘陵沟壑区来说,在退耕还林还草时应优先考虑恢复灌木和草本等先锋植被;在土壤质量改善到一定程度时,再进行乔木的间植;农地弃耕是一种节省人力物力而其生态环境效应又很好的双赢途径。     

河西走廊沙生灌木林对风沙土理化性质的影响

在河西走廊的风沙土区域,研究了梭梭、沙拐枣、花棒3种沙生灌木林对风沙土理化性质的影响.结果表明,不同沙生灌木林的风沙土孔隙度、团粒结构、蓄水量、有机质、碱效N、速效P、速效K、土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、枯落物积累厚度、枯落物积累干质量、持水量、最大持水率由大到小的变化顺序为:梭梭＞沙拐枣＞花棒＞沙滩(CK);风沙土容重、pH值、CaCO3、全盐由大到小的变化顺序为:沙滩(CK)＞花棒＞沙拐枣＞梭梭.梭梭灌木林密度较大,枯落物积累量亦大,对风沙土水土保持和涵养水源有重要作用.     

毛乌素沙地三种荒漠灌木根系分布特征与土壤水分研究

用全根系挖掘法,调查研究了风沙地生境中的黑沙蒿、杨柴、沙木蓼的根系分布特征;对根际不同土层土壤水分含量进行了观测,确定3种植物根系分布和土壤水分的响应特征。结果表明:杨柴的根系分布范围为地下0-280cm,主要分布在20-110cm,占总根重的65.86%;沙木蓼的根系分布范围0-180 cm,主要分布在0-80cm,占总根重的68.29%;黑沙蒿的根系分布范围0-240cm,主要分布在0-60cm,占总根重的62.14%。3种不同植物根系垂直分布形态特征,杨柴为“V”型分布,黑沙蒿为“伞”型分布,相比之下沙木蓼分布比较均匀。各土层中,除杨柴0-20cm土层根系分布较少外,黑沙蒿和沙木蓼表层根系分布较多;0-60cm土层中分布的根系密度最大,均表现为从土壤表层到深层逐次递减趋势;植物根系分布对土壤水分的响应显著,根系集中分布区域土壤含水量明显减小;黑沙蒿根际平均土壤水分含量最大,沙木蓼次之,杨柴最小,其与根系分布、水分利用策略密切相关。在水分资源竞争中,植物根系分布特征起到重要的作用。     

Shrubs influence arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities in a semi-arid environment

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants are essential components of ecosystem functioning; however, they remain poorly known in dry ecosystems. We examined the relationship between seven shrub species and their associated AMF community in a semi-arid plant community in southern Spain. Soil characteristics and plant physiological status were measured and related to AMF community composition and genetic diversity by multivariate statistics. We found differences in AMF communities in soils under shrubs and in gaps among them, whereas no differences were detected among AMF communities colonizing roots. Soil nutrients content drove most of the spatial variations in the AMF community and genetic diversity. AMF communities were more heterogeneous in fertile islands with low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio and vice versa. AMF genetic diversity increased in soils limited by phosphorus and with high soil organic matter content, while AMF genetic diversity increased in roots growing in soil not limited by phosphorus. Overall, we could not find a clear link between plant performance and the associated AMF community. Our findings show that different shrub species generate islands of fertility which differ in nutrient content and, therefore, support different AMF communities, increasing AMF diversity at the landscape level.     

Geo-ecological soil features and the vegetation pattern in an arid dune area in the Northern Negev,Israel

Soils are suggested to be an important factor influencing the vegetation pattern. In order to prove this hypothesis in an arid and sandy Negev ecosystem of longitudinal dunes and interdune corridors near Nizzana, Israel, the distribution of soil units and plant communities were compared on a very small-distance level. The Nizzana site has a size of nearly 100 ha. 250 soil pits with 3–5 horizons were mapped and sampled within the soil geographical monitoring. Soil water capacity and cation exchange capacity were estimated from the field data. In addition 176 plots of 100 m² were established around the soil pits with emphasis on plants, coveting the environmental gradient across the dune ridges. Plant mapping plots were arranged into groups with the same dominating perennial species and a key for the vegetation mapping was developed. In the investigated desert site topography, soil surface crust, soil texture and salt content partly can explain the distribution of plant communities. A soil classification proposal is based on these parameters and is a useful tool to indicate correlations between soil units and the vegetation pattern. Nevertheless, dependent on topography and surface and/or subsurface water flow as well as the occurrence of “fertile islands” the moisture and nutrient regimes influence the vegetation pattern with respect to plant growth to a greater extent than the soils themselves.     

THE INFLUENCE OF BLOWING SOIL TRAPPED BY SHRUBS ON FERTILITY IN TABERNAS DISTRICT (SE SPAIN)

The purpose of this study is to relate soil properties affected by the deposit of materials by the wind to the percentage of vegetation surface that facilitates their accumulation. To do this, we applied artificial wind and compared its effects to natural conditions by making use of the ‘fertility islands’ generated by some species of bushes under their canopies in semiarid environments and, which according to many publications, modify soil characteristics substantially. Two very common species in our flat semiarid study area, Hammada articulata and Artemisia barrelieri, were chosen for comparison. Soil was sampled in gaps between shrubs and under canopies. Some shrubs were subjected to extra wind, whereas others were kept under natural conditions. At the end of this first stage, the islands under the canopies were sampled again, and any differences found in the data were studied. Increased retention of material affects the fertility of soils. Thus, we observed, for example, an increase in biomass carbon showing greater biological activity. Finally, we performed a statistical analysis, which resolved our hypothesis on the influence of the percentage of plant surface on the soil parameters. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

温带沙漠土壤空间分布的尺度依赖性研究

Spatial variation is a ubiquitous feature of natural ecosystems, especially in arid regions, and is often present at various scales in these regions. To determine the scale dependence of the heterogeneity of soil chemical properties and the dominant scales （factors） for soil heterogeneity in arid regions, the spatial variability of soil resources was investigated in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Central Asia at the scales of 10-3, 10-2, 10-1, 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104 m （from individual plant to population or community to ecosystem）. Soil chemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus were considered in the investigation. At a scale of 10-1 m, which represented the scale of individual plant, significant enrichment of soil resources occurred under shrub canopy and ＂fertile islands＂ formed in the desert ecosystem. Soil EC exhibited the largest heterogeneity at this scale, indicating that individual plants exerted a great influence on soil salinity/alkalinity. Soil nutrients exhibited the greatest heterogeneity at a scale of 102 m, which represented the scale of sand dune/interdune lowlands （between communities）. The main important factors contributing to soil spatial heterogeneity in the Gurbantunggut Desert were individual plants and different topographic characteristics, namely, the appearance of vegetation, especially shrubs or small trees, and existing sand dunes. Soil salinity/alkalinity and soil nutrient status behaved differently in spatial heterogeneity, with an inverse distribution between them at the individual scale.     

沙漠腹地咸水滴灌林地土壤养分、微生物量和酶活性的典型相关关系

鉴于塔里木沙漠公路防护林所处环境条件和管理模式的特殊性及在南疆社会、经济发展中的重要性,试验选择四种不同矿化度(2.58、5.75、8.90、13.99 g L-1)水滴灌的防护林地,采集0~5 cm、5~15cm、15~30 cm、30~50 cm四层土样为研究材料,主要采用典型相关分析法,对防护林地土壤养分因子、微生物量因子和酶活性因子中每两组变量间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:三组变量土壤养分、微生物量、酶活性中,每两者之间均有显著的典型相关变量存在,而且基本能够代表变量总体相关信息;土壤养分与土壤微生物量的相关性主要由养分中的全氮、速效氮、有机质、全磷含量和土壤微生物量中的放线菌数量、微生物量碳和微生物量磷引起的;土壤养分与土壤酶活性的相关性主要由土壤有机碳、速效钾含量与土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶活性的相关性引起;土壤微生物量与土壤酶活性的相关性主要由土壤微生物量磷、微生物量氮与土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性的相关性引起;滴灌水矿化度对塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤养分和微生物量的效应明显,高矿化度水不利于土壤养分积累和微生物生存。     

天山北坡林沿土壤养分含量的区域差异特征研究

以天山北坡为研究区域, 采用野外调查与试验分析相结合的方法, 选取5个土壤养分指标: 有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和总盐, 应用多元统计分析方法, 分析了天山北坡3个区段(昭苏-特克斯、新源-巴音布鲁克、巴里坤-伊吾)林沿土壤不同层位(0~5 cm、5~20 cm、20~40 cm)养分含量的分布特征及差异性。结果表明: 天山北坡西段(昭苏-特克斯、新源-巴音布鲁克)土壤养分含量比天山北坡东段(巴里坤-伊吾区域)高。3个区段不同深度土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均存在明显差异, 其中0~5 cm土层有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的平均含量均比5~20 cm、20~40 cm高; 5~20 cm土层有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的平均含量均比20~40 cm高; 总盐含量不具有明显的垂直分层现象。按全国第2次土壤普查标准, 天山北坡3个区段土壤均属肥沃级。昭苏-特克斯区段、新源-巴音布鲁克区段0~5 cm、5~20 cm、20~40 cm土壤养分各指标含量变化具有一定的规律, 而巴里坤-伊吾区段土壤养分各指标含量变化具有良好的独立性。天山北坡西段(昭苏-特克斯、新源-巴音布鲁克)植被类型较多, 植被覆盖度较高, 土壤较为肥沃, 大部分区域为夏牧场, 人类活动以放牧为主, 对该区段土壤要防止过度放牧所造成的植被退化与水土流失。天山北坡东段(巴里坤-伊吾)因土壤中砾石较多, 植被类型较少, 植被覆盖度较低, 人类活动包括放牧、林业种植与旅游, 与西段相比东段土壤的养分含量较低, 所以应以保持生境原貌为主, 避免人为扰动后的生境退化。     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的玉米根系吸水影响因素分析

为探索土壤质地、植物生长状况和气象条件对不同土壤水分条件下根系吸水速率的影响机理,该文以相对根吸水速率与土壤含水率的关系衡量土壤水分有效性,利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟了3种土壤（壤黏土、黏壤土和砂壤土）中不同玉米生长状况（包括叶面积指数、根系深度和根系剖面分布）或蒸发力条件下根系吸水速率随含水率的动态变化,确定了不同条件下根系吸水速率开始降低的临界含水率。结果表明：土壤质地、植物的叶面积指数和根系分布及大气蒸发力都对根系吸水动态曲线的临界含水率有一定影响,其中根系深度和根系分布形状还影响根系吸水速率与含水率关系曲线的形状,但在3种土壤中,根系吸水速率的动态变化对植物生长和大气蒸发力的响应不同。总体而言,3种土壤临界含水率的大小是壤黏土＞黏壤土＞砂壤土;临界含水率随大气蒸发力的升高而升高,随根系深度和深层根系分布的增加而降低;各因子对玉米根系吸水影响程度的大小是土壤质地＞根系分布形状＞根系深度＞大气蒸发力＞叶面积指数。     

Effect of desert plant ecophysiological adaptation on soil nematode communities

Nutrient source limitation in desert ecosystems enhances competition among plant communities, leading to creation of microhabitats beneath the shrubs that can determine composition and abundance of soil organisms. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of plant ecophysiological adaptation on soil nematode communities in the rhizosphere of tightly interweaving shrubby communities. Soil samples were collected monthly under the canopies of three perennial desert shrubs: Artemesia herba-alba, possessing the allelopathic ability to dominate in relationships with other plants; Reaumuria negevensis, a salt-resistant plant; and Noea mucronata, a typical dry desert shrub. An inter-plant area was used as a control. The results demonstrated that soil water content (SWC) and total organic carbon (C_org) were significantly different under different plants and inter-plant areas, with the highest values found under R. negevensis (SWC) and N. mucronata and R. negevensis (C_org). Plant parasite and omnivore-predator nematodes were more sensitive to the ecophysiological individual features of observed plants versus the total number of nematodes and bacteria- and fungi-feeding nematodes. Generally accepted ecological indices such as Wasilewska (WI), trophic diversity (T), maturity (MI, MMI), basal (BI), enrichment (EI), structure (SI), and channel (CI), pointed to specific ecological conditions under canopies of the observed plants.     

咸水滴灌下塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工防护林土壤水盐动态

为揭示咸水滴灌下塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工防护林的土壤水盐动态规律,研究了4-7月份各灌水周期内土壤水盐的时间变化特征和二维空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)咸水滴灌下的防护林土壤水盐动态具有显著的周期性规律;一个周期内(1~15 d),水分先后经历了快速下降(1~4d)、缓慢变化(4~10 d)和基本稳定(10~15 d)三个时期,整体呈幂函数递减规律(y=8.746t-0.270,t=1,2,3…);盐分则先后经历了脱盐(1~7 d)和积盐(7~15 d)两个阶段,整体变化规律符合抛物线函数(y=0.009t2-0.138t+2.269,t=1,2,3…)。(2)水平0~60 cm空间上的土壤水分呈一元线性递减分布,而盐分呈一元线性递增分布;垂直0~120 cm空间上的土壤水分表现为较明显的单峰曲线,其峰值位于20 cm土层处,而盐分分布满足逆函数模型,并在表土层距滴头45~60 cm处有显著积盐现象,含盐量高达10~20 g kg-1。由于受灌溉、蒸发、气温、降雨、植被等环境因素及土壤自身空间变异性等的影响,具体不同时空尺度上的绿地土壤水盐动态既具有一致性规律又表现出差异性特征。本文可对区域土壤水盐动态预测、盐渍化评估以及灌水制度进一步优化等提供科学支撑。