干湿循环对土壤斥水性的影响

处于地表的各类土壤总是处于不断的干湿循环过程,土壤性质也会因此而发生改变。本文通过试验对干湿循环过程中斥水性土壤的"斥水–亲水"特性展开研究,试验结果表明:干湿循环对斥水性土壤的接触角及斥水性有重要影响。在干湿循环过程中,增湿时的初始状态不同则其初始接触角会发生变化,土壤斥水性对初始状态的敏感性随着黏粒含量的增加而增大。干湿循环开始时,土壤越干则初始接触角越大。当黏土和黏壤土试样含水量减小时,增湿或脱湿过程中滴水穿透时间(waterdroppenetrationtime,WDPT)先增加后减小,在某一时刻达到峰值,试样含水量相同时,脱湿过程所对应的WDPT要明显小于增湿过程,两种类型的土样在干湿循环中均没有临界含水量。随着含水量的降低,壤质砂土的WDPT是不断增加的,且干湿循环过程中斥水性砂土并没有出现峰值,存在明显的临界含水量。     

不同斥水剂作用下土壤斥水度测定及其变化规律

为获得不同斥水剂作用下土壤斥水度的变化规律,分别采用十二烷基硫酸钠、硅烷偶联剂KH-550与二氯二甲基硅烷改性砂土和十八烷基伯胺改性黏土,获得了不同斥水程度的改性土壤,并采用滴水穿透时间法、酒精溶液入渗法和接触角测定法获得了改性后土壤的斥水度及其随时间变化规律。结果表明:1)二氯二甲基硅烷改性砂土表现为极度斥水等级,且斥水性长期稳定,可作为制备斥水砂土的优选;硅烷偶联剂改性砂土的斥水性初期不明显,随着时间增长明显增强,最终可达极度斥水等级;但此类改性砂土易结块,均匀性及分散性较差,不推荐作为制备斥水砂土的优选;十二烷基硫酸钠改性砂土的斥水性不明显,且改性方法复杂耗时,不宜用来制备斥水砂土。2)当十八胺含量分别为0.2%、0.3%和0.6%时,改性黏土分别可达中等、严重和极度斥水等级,斥水性长期稳定,可作为制备斥水黏土的优选。3)将十八胺含量为0.5%的改性黏土掺入天然砂土混合制得的改性混合土,亦有不同程度的斥水性。当改性黏土含量为1%~3%时,改性混合土尚无明显斥水性;当改性黏土含量为3%~10%时,改性混合土斥水等级为中度;当改性黏土含量为10%~50%时,改性混合土斥水等级可达到严重。该成果可为深入研究土壤斥水性及其工程应用提供参考。     

斥水剂作用下非饱和土壤抗剪强度测定及其变化规律

为获得斥水性土壤抗剪强度的变化规律,采用二甲基二氯硅烷(dimethyldichlorosilane,DMDCS)作为斥水剂,获得了不同斥水程度的改性砂土。在此基础上配制了不同斥水剂体质比和不同含水率的改性砂土及不同亲水黏土质量分数的改性混合土,并采用非饱和土直剪仪开展了不固结不排水剪强度试验。结果表明:1)不同DMDCS体质比下的5种改性砂土斥水等级均为极度。改性混合土的斥水等级受DMDCS和黏土含量的共同影响。相同DMDCS体质比下,随着黏土含量的增加,改性混合土的斥水性能不断减弱;相同黏土含量下,随着DMDCS体质比的增加,改性混合土的斥水性能不断增大。2)不同DMDCS体质比、含水率及黏土含量下的改性土壤抗剪强度均可用摩尔-库仑强度准则描述。DMDCS体质比从0增至1%时,黏聚力从19.6陡降至10.4 kPa,随后缓慢降低,最终趋于稳定。内摩擦角则随着DMDCS体质比的增加缓慢减小,从0时的16.2o降至3%时的11.8o;随着含水率的增加,改性砂土黏聚力逐渐减小,而内摩擦角呈先升后降形态;随着黏土含量的增加,改性混合土黏聚力显著增大,内摩擦角表现为先升后降,变幅不大。纯改性砂土的黏聚力仅为9.3 kPa,而掺入5%的黏土时,其黏聚力骤升至27.2 kPa;当黏土质量分数为50%时,混合土黏聚力为55.1 kPa;内摩擦角最大值为16.2°(黏土质量分数15%),最小值为9.7°(黏土质量分数50%)。该成果可为深入研究斥水性土壤力学性能及工程应用提供参考。     

斥水膨胀土的水力稳定性

由于对斥水性黏土的斥水稳定性缺乏认识，斥水土应用仅针对斥水干砂，而干砂的力学性质较差，应用范围非常有限。为充分扩展斥水土的应用范围，该研究用十八胺对吸附性较强的膨胀土进行斥水改性，并对不同斥水度的松散膨胀土吸附水蒸气后的斥水稳定性展开研究，在此基础上进行5种膨胀土击实试样（亲水膨胀土、亲水膨胀土+亲水砂、亲水膨胀土+斥水砂、斥水膨胀土、斥水膨胀土+斥水砂）的水力稳定性研究。结果表明：水气吸附试验前不同斥水度（包括轻微斥水）的膨胀土在吸附稳定后都变成了极度斥水，且各测试点都均匀斥水。击实后的斥水膨胀土与斥水膨胀土+斥水砂试样，在较大的含水率变化范围内均表现出了斥水性。与其他试样相比，斥水膨胀土+斥水砂的水力性能最好，它使膨胀土的膨胀率从33.9%下降为3.45%，收缩裂隙度从18.75%下降为3.6%，与亲水膨胀土相比，斥水膨胀土的基质吸力与强度参数并没有出现明显的改变。膨胀土较强的吸附性及斥水团聚体的存在是斥水膨胀土产生特殊的斥水性与水力特性的主要原因。研究可为斥水性黏土在农业工程中的应用及推广提供思路，同时也为扩展斥水性土壤的应用范围提供相应的试验基础。     

土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响简

土壤中优先流的存在会造成肥料利用率降低以及土壤深层甚至地下水污染.为确定土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响,通过室内含大孔隙土柱定水头入渗实验,以长武黑垆土及渭河砂土为研究对象,分析不同土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响.结果表明：1）相同质地,当土壤初始含水率大于其斥水性的峰值含水率时,湿润锋运移深度随着土壤初始含水率的增大而增大,反之湿润锋运移深度随着初始含水率的增加而减少,不同质地土壤湿润锋运移速度随土壤粉粒质量分数升高而减慢;2）累积入渗量受到土壤储水性及斥水性的双重影响,导致与湿润锋的运移趋势并不一致,黑垆土对照CK组及优先流O-C-30组（除7.04％含水率外）累积入渗量随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,渭河砂土CK组及O-C-30组均呈现2阶段特征,累积入渗量先随着土壤初始含水率的增加而减少,之后随土壤初始含水率的增加而增加;3）Kostiakov入渗模型能很好地拟合累积入渗量随时间的变化过程,适用于存在优先流的土壤入渗模拟.该研究结果对土壤优先流水分模拟具有一定的指导意义.     

再生水水质对斥水和亲水土壤水分特征曲线的影响

为探求再生水灌溉对斥水和亲水土壤水力特性的影响,该文选用有代表性的斥水黏壤土和亲水黏壤土、斥水砂土和亲水砂土,测定其在自来水、再生水和其他4种生活污水条件下的土壤水分特征曲线,采用主成分分析法得到不同水质综合指标,分析水质综合指标对不同土壤水分特征曲线的影响,采用van Genuchten-Mualem模型对黏壤土土-水曲线的参数进行拟合,并分析水质综合指标对黏壤土累积当量孔径分布、比水容量和水分常数的影响。结果表明:在相同基质吸力情况下,黏壤土含水率随水质综合指标增加(水质变差)而减小,砂土的含水率随水质变化不大;在低吸力段,斥水和亲水黏壤土的比水容量随水质综合指标的增加而增加;土壤进气值与水质综合指标呈显著负线性相关关系(R~2分别为0.94和0.78);相同水质条件下,斥水土壤的进气值比亲水土壤小;随着水质综合指标的增加,斥水和亲水黏壤土的极微孔隙降低,而中等孔隙和大孔隙增加,小于某当量孔径的累积百分比增加;随着水质综合指标的增加,斥水和亲水黏壤土的田间持水率、凋萎系数、有效水和易利用水比例均减小,但再生水对田间持水率和易利用水比例降低作用不显著。研究结果可为大面积再生水灌溉及其管理提供一定的理论依据。     

斥水红黏土的增湿强度特性研究

在红黏土中加入十八胺使其由亲水变为斥水,分别对亲水和斥水土进行不同容重下增湿和不增湿直剪试验,通过试验对不增湿条件下红黏土由亲水变为斥水后的抗剪强度变化规律及增湿对亲水和斥水红黏土抗剪强度的影响展开研究。试验结果表明:不增湿条件下,亲水土壤变为斥水后其强度会降低,且随着正应力的增大斥水土壤抗剪强度降低越明显;增湿对亲水土壤影响较大,而对斥水土壤的影响则较小。随着容重的增大,亲水与斥水土的抗剪强度都会增大,增湿对两类土壤的影响随着容重和正应力会发生改变,利用土壤的斥水特性来提高土壤增湿条件下的抗剪强度时,需要综合考虑土壤的容重及所处的应力状态。     

再生水灌溉对土壤斥水性的影响

深入探求再生水灌溉条件下不同土壤中水分和溶质的分布及斥水性变化规律,能为再生水灌溉条件下土壤斥水性产生原因及其影响因素的研究提供一定的参考。选用砂土、砂姜黑土、塿土和盐碱土进行土柱再生水灌溉试验,取样测定不同灌水量条件下剖面土壤的潜在斥水性、含水率、Cl-、有机质(organicmatter,OM)含量及电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)等。结果表明:再生水灌溉后,塿土及盐碱土分别出现0～2,1～3级斥水性,砂土及砂姜黑土为0级斥水性,4种土表层表现出较强的斥水性。土壤斥水性随再生水灌水量和灌溉时间的增加而显著增强,并且灌水量越大,斥水性差异性越显著。4种土有机质含量OM与土壤斥水持续时间变化值TR呈正相关关系,Cl-含量、EC值与土壤斥水持续时间变化值TR呈负相关关系。相比较其他3种土而言,砂土更适合再生水灌溉。     

微咸水灌溉对斥水土壤水盐运移的影响

土壤斥水性影响着作物的产量,为了研究微咸水灌溉对斥水土壤水盐运移的影响,进行了室内土柱微咸水入渗试验。对比了不同矿化度和斥水程度对两种土质水盐运移的影响,探讨了微咸水入渗后土壤斥水性的变化特征。结果表明,不斥水土壤的入渗能力随矿化度的增加而增加。亲水和斥水土壤的入渗率均可采用Kostiakov公式简单模拟。斥水土壤入渗能力在矿化度为1?g/L时达到最大,超过1?g/L后则随矿化度的增大而减小。微咸水入渗的累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离呈良好的线性关系,斥水性土壤中的相同剖面水盐的含量比不斥水的减小。微咸水入渗后土壤产生了一定的斥水性。该研究表明微咸水灌溉对盐渍化土壤的水盐分布和斥水性均有一定程度的影响。     

砾石覆盖厚度对斥水土壤入渗特性的影响及模型优选

基于室内一维垂直入渗土柱试验,研究砾石覆盖厚度(0,3,6,9,12 cm)对斥水土壤积水入渗及水分再分布的影响,并利用不同入渗模型进行拟合。结果表明:砾石覆盖显著增加斥水土壤湿润锋运移距离(p<0.05);同一时段内,各处理累积入渗量皆高于对照组(p<0.05),斥水性红壤累积入渗量与砾石覆盖厚度呈正相关关系;斥水性红壤初渗率与稳渗率随砾石覆盖厚度变化均可用指数函数来描述,决定系数分别为0.91和0.87,砾石覆盖使得斥水性潮土初渗率与稳渗率增大,其中稳渗率与砾石覆盖厚度呈二次函数关系,决定系数为0.78,覆盖6 cm时稳渗率达到最大;砾石覆盖明显提高斥水土壤剖面平均含水率,斥水性红壤和潮土最大分别增长180.8%和57.6%;隔绝蒸发条件下,再分布过程斥水土壤湿润体含水率表现为停渗时刻>再分布1天>再分布3天>再分布7天;Horton模型对砾石覆盖斥水土壤入渗过程的拟合效果最好,是分析和预测砾石覆盖斥水土壤水分入渗特征的适宜模型。     

Pore shape and organic compounds drive major changes in the hydrological characteristics of agricultural soils

A small increase in soil organic matter (SOM) content can change soil hydrological properties from a completely wettable to a partially water‐repellent state. Although considerable research describes hydrophobic compounds as a primary driver of this shift, the influence of pore shape has only been considered in a few studies and none of these has emphasized the role of different carbon compounds. Using a capillary bundle model of non‐cylindrical (wavy) capillaries, we described measured hydrological properties of five agricultural soils that have a small degree of water repellency and textures ranging from coarse sand to heavy clay. To isolate the influence of SOM, it was removed by combustion to provide an SOM‐free treatment. Water and methanol sorptivities quantified infiltration rates and soil‐water wetting angles in packed soil cores. Different cores were sectioned to measure wetting profiles and calculate diffusivity. The results from natural soils were supplemented by measurements carried out on model ‘soils’ consisting of quartz particles (50–200 µm) with four different hydrophobic states. Soil organic matter removal increased water sorptivity from about 60% for a coarse sandy soil (Haplic Arenosol) to about 290% for a heavy clay soil (Haplic Leptosol), corresponding to a decreased apparent wetting angle of 20–30°. Application of the wavy pore model suggests that the apparent wetting angle resulting from SOM removal can be several times smaller than its Young value. Generally, SOM removal increased water diffusivity values by one to two orders of magnitudes. The SOM components having the greatest impact on contact angle were hexanedioic acid and heneicosanoic acid (both hydrophilic) and docosane (hydrophobic).     

Effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter on the water repellency of model sandy soils

Soil water repellency affects the hydrological functions of soil systems. Water repellency is associated with the content and the composition of soil organic matter. In the present study, we examined the effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter contents, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio and the total organic matter content on water repellency using model sandy soils. Stearic acid and guar gum were used as the hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic compounds, respectively. Water repellency was estimated using the sessile drop method. Hydrophobic organic matter content was found to be the dominant factor affecting soil water repellency. Hydrophilic organic matter was found to increase the contact angle to some extent without the presence of hydrophobic organic matter. With the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter, the effects of the hydrophilic organic matter content on contact angle were found to be dependent on the hydrophobic organic matter content of the soil. This relationship was explained by the differences in the surface free energies of different organic matter and mineral surfaces. The contact angle increased with increasing hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio when the hydrophilic organic matter content was constant. When the hydrophobic organic matter content was constant, contact angles were roughly comparable, irrespective of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio. The contact angles were not comparable at each total organic matter content. Accordingly, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio and the total organic matter content in soil may not provide satisfactory information about soil water repellency.     

Fire-induced soil water repellency under different vegetation types along the Atlantic dune coast-line in SW Spain

The distribution and variation with soil depth of water repellency has been studied in fire-affected sand dunes under three different vegetation types (pine forest, shrubland and sparse herbaceous vegetation) in SW Spain. The persistence and intensity of water repellency at the exposed surface of soil was measured using the water drop penetration time test and the contact angle method, respectively, in surface samples (0–3 cm) collected at burned and unburned areas. The variation of water repellency with depth in burned areas was studied in soil profiles every 5 cm between 0 and 40 cm depth. None or slight soil water repellency was observed at unburned soil sites, whereas burned soil sites showed a high degree of repellency, especially under pines and shrubland. The spatial pattern of fire-induced soil water repellency was found to be associated to vegetation types, although it was modulated by soil acidity and the soil organic carbon content. Soil water repellency was generally higher at the soil surface, and decreased with depth. Dense pine forests and shrublands showed strong and/or severe water repellency in depth, but it was rare and limited to the first five centimeters under sparse herbaceous vegetation. The heterogeneity of moisture patterns under dense pine forests or shrublands showed the existence of wetting and water repellent three-dimensional soil patches.     

基于微观球体颗粒模型的土水特征曲线研究

When variations occur in the water content or dry bulk density of soil,the contact angle hysteresis will affect the soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC).The occurrence of the contact angle hysteresis can be divided into slipping and pinning.It is difficult to determine the effect of pinning existence on SWCC by tests.In this study,the effect of contact angle hysteresis on SWCC was analyzed either in the case of no variations in soil dry bulk density with changes in soil water content or no variations in soil water content with changes in soil dry bulk density.In both cases,soil particles were simplified to the spherical particle model.Based on the geometrically mechanic relationship between the particles and connecting liquid bridges,a physical model for predicting the SWCC was derived from the spherical particle model.Adjusting parameters made the model applicable to various soils,that is,the cohesive soil was considered as micron-sized spherical particles.Through the simulations on SWCC test data of sand,silt,clay,and swelling soil,it was confirmed that the physical model possessed good reliability and practicability.Finally,the analysis of rationality of contact angle was performed based on the basic assumptions of the model.     

Water repellency of volcanic ash soils from Ecuadorian páramo: effect of water content and characteristics of hydrophobic organic matter

Water repellency of volcanic ash soils from the Ecuadorian páramo was studied by a combination of extraction and analysis of water‐repellent products, Molarity Ethanol Droplet values, water contact‐angle measurements by capillary rise, and N₂ adsorption isotherms. The undried samples studied are hydrophilic, but exhibit water repellency after moderate drying (48 hours at 30°C). The advancing water contact‐angle measured by capillary rise varies from 78° to 89°. These water contact‐angles decrease strongly after extraction of organic materials by an isopropanol–water mixture. Elemental analysis, infrared spectra and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses were used to characterize the extracts. The results show that long‐chain fatty acids and more complex non‐polar alkyl components (waxes) are the main water‐repellent materials. The deposition of such extracted materials onto hydrophilic sand leads to the rapid increase of water contact‐angle until values close to those measured on the soil samples are achieved. Assuming a coating of the mineral surface by organic hydrophobic products and using Cassie's law, the water contact‐angle of extracted materials was computed. The values ranged from 100° to 157°. Nitrogen specific surface areas of the soils studied were very small, indicating a low adsorbent–adsorbate interaction on hydrophobic surfaces. These results partially validate the hypothesis of water‐repellent materials that occur as coatings at least after a drying process.     

Effect of subcritical hydrophobicity in a sandy soil on water infiltration and mobile water content

Recent research shows that most soils are more or less water repellent. Already subcritical water repellency may cause incomplete soil wetting and preferential flow. Both processes potentially reduce the residence time of water and solutes in the vadose zone, resulting in an enhanced risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of the present paper is, therefore, to evaluate the impact of reduced soil wettability on the soil water infiltration rate and to investigate the tendency towards preferential flow with the analysis of the immobile water content in the infiltration zone. In november 2002, a field experiment was done in a coniferous forest, 30 km N of Hannover, Germany. Soil hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the contact angles. The hydraulic conductivity of the podsolic sandy soil was measured depth‐dependent with a double‐ring tension infiltrometer in three soil horizons. To quantify possible preferential‐flow effects, a LiBr‐Tracer was added to the infiltrating water to evaluate the mobile water‐content fraction after infiltration. Additionally, infiltration rates of water were compared with infiltration rates of ethanol which were determined after water infiltration at the same locations. Results show that the actual water repellency of field‐moist soil was mainly subcritical (contact angle <90°). Water infiltration rates were reduced due to subcritical repellency by a factor of 3–170 compared with ethanol infiltration rates (exclusion of wetting effects). This spatially variable infiltration behavior was not clearly reflected neither by the small‐scale contact‐angle measurements nor by the analysis of the average immobile soil water content in the infiltration zone. We conclude that this specific infiltration behavior of water caused by small‐scale wettability effects may temporarily reduce the local connectivity of water‐flow pathways.     

Effects of contact angle on fingered flow during non-ponding infiltration into dry sand layers

Abstract

Gravity-driven fingered flow may readily occur in dry sand layers with small capillary force at the same order of magnitude as gravitational force. Capillary force is related to the contact angle. The present study examined the effects of contact angle on fingered flow development, finger size and fingertip velocity during non-ponding infiltration into dry sand layers. For contact angles of 48–87°, an induction zone always formed in the sand layer, and only one finger developed from the induction zone. Fingertip width reached a minimum value when the contact angle was approximately 70°, and the width and velocity of fingertips were negatively correlated. This finding suggests that a contact angle of approximately 70° has a physical significance for fingered flow to determine fingertip velocity and width. In addition, when the contact angle was 91°, the supplied water did not spontaneously penetrate the sand surface; instead, water drops built up on the surface and two fingers directly formed from the surface. This indicates that 90° is indeed the critical contact angle for water repellency and affects fingered flow development during non-ponding infiltration.     

Wetting of agricultural soil measured by a simplified capillary rise technique

We describe the use of a capillary rise method to measure the wettability of 10 samples of agricultural soil from Rothamsted long-term experimental sites. The samples have very similar clay contents, but organic carbon (C) contents range from 11.5 to 31.2 g kg⁻¹. Their wetting rates were interpreted by an improved method of data analysis, consistent with the Washburn equation, and showed an increase in the effective contact angle between the water meniscus and the soil with increasing C content. This corresponds to a decrease in wettability with increasing C content, and accords with other results reported in the literature. By contrast with water, we found that capillary rise for n -hexane into soil did not depend on the soil's bulk density or C content. A priori calculations of the expected wetting rates from fluid properties and an effective hydraulic radius estimated by other methods gave magnitudes and trends that agreed with our experimental data. The results show that estimates of effective hydraulic radius can provide a useful approximation for characterizing soil wetting, but that further modelling should be carried out.     

再生水灌溉对农田土壤水流运动影响的研究进展

再生水灌溉农田既可节约宝贵的水资源、缓解农业用水紧缺,同时再生水中的多种营养元素和微量元素可促进作物生长、提高粮食产量。但再生水中的物质进入农田后将引起土壤孔隙结构、团聚体结构、黏粒分散特征和水土作用关系等一系列的变化,进而引起土壤入渗性能和导水性能的改变,增大环境污染风险。该文综述了再生水中的悬浮无机固体、大分子有机质、油脂、表面活性剂和盐分对农田土壤水流运动的影响及其作用机理,指出受灌农田土壤结构性质演化过程与驱动机制、受灌农田土壤与灌溉入渗水流之间的相互作用关系为该领域亟需开展的2个研究方向。文章对再生水农田灌溉制度制定、污染风险控制和生态环境保护均有参考价值。