高压处理对牛乳清蛋白体外消化性的影响

为了评价牛乳清蛋白(WPI)加压凝胶的消化性,使用未加压WPI及加压(200～600MPa)WPI凝胶进行了体外模拟胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶消化率的测定,并用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺(SDS-PAGE)电泳的方法分析了不同压力对WPI构成蛋白消化性的影响。结果表明,经过胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的消化后,加压WPI凝胶消化率显著高于未加压WPI,分别为72.59%和61.02%;400MPa以上加压处理后,加压WPI凝胶消化率未见有明显的变化(p<0.05)。尽管未加压WPI中β-乳球蛋白不易被胃蛋白酶消化,400MPa加压WPI凝胶中的β-乳球蛋白则能被胃蛋白酶部分消化,而600MPa加压后β-乳球蛋白几乎被完全消化。此外,在胃蛋白酶消化阶段,有3500～6500u范围的多肽产物生成。     

适宜物理-酶联合改性提高酸性条件下大豆分离蛋白乳化性

为提高酸性条件下大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolates，SPI）的乳化性能，该文研究了物理-酶联合改性对SPI（pH值为4）的乳化性能影响，通过对比确定了物理-酶联合改性，即超声波-酶复合改性和挤压膨化-酶复合改性两种改性方法在酸性条件下的乳化性能效果最好；并通过对改性后 SPI（pH 值为4）进行溶解性、游离巯基、二硫键、粒径、扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope，SEM）和激光共焦扫描显微镜（confocal laser scanning microscopy，CLSM）分析，从蛋白结构变化上进一步揭示了乳化性能提高现象的原因。结果表明：超声波联合植酸酶-酸性蛋白酶改性的 SPI （Uphy-aci-SPI）的乳化活性（emulsifying activity index，EAI）为0.53 m2/g，比未改性SPI（0.18 m2/g）显著提高了196%（P<0.05），乳化稳定性（emulsifying stability index，ESI）为17 min，比未改性SPI（13.5 min）显著提高了25.9%（P<0.05）；挤压膨化联合菠萝蛋白酶改性的SPI（Ebro-SPI）的EAI为0.46 m2/g，比未改性SPI显著增加了155%（P<0.05），ESI为17 min，比未改性SPI显著增加了25.9%（P<0.05）。在pH值为4的条件下对物理-酶联合改性的SPI的性质分析发现，物理-酶联合改性的SPI与未改性SPI相比，物理-酶联合改性的SPI的溶解性显著增加（P<0.05）；物理-酶联合改性的SPI的乳状液平均粒径减小，CLSM观察乳状液中油与蛋白溶液稳定共融，改善了油滴之间的空间排斥力。物理-酶联合改性的SPI游离巯基的含量显著增加（P<0.05），二硫键含量显著降低（P<0.05）。SEM观察物理-酶联合改性的SPI为结构松散、破碎均一的微观结构。由此可见，乳化性能的提高是通过深层改变蛋白的结构来实现的。该研究可为探索提高酸性条件下SPI的乳化性能的方法提供理论依据。     

蚕豆蛋白酶法改性增溶工艺优化及功能性研究

为了拓宽蚕豆蛋白在食品中的应用,解决传统工业方法制备的蚕豆蛋白溶解性差的问题,本文以传统的碱溶酸沉法提取的蚕豆蛋白为原料,采用限制性酶法对其进行增溶改性工艺优化,并对改性后的蚕豆蛋白的功能性质进行了研究。结果表明:风味蛋白酶是提高蚕豆蛋白溶解性的适宜用酶,酶解改性的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶14、酶加量(ES)0.1%、温度58℃、pH值7.5、酶解时间30 min,此条件下蚕豆蛋白的溶解性达到99.73%。改性后的蚕豆蛋白的溶解性、起泡性、乳化性及乳化稳定性在酸性和碱性条件下均显著提高,泡沫稳定性在碱性条件下显著提高,持水力在pH值为2~12的范围内显著下降。     

等离子体对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白溶解性和乳化特性的影响

鹰嘴豆作为植物蛋白的优质来源,营养价值高,但功能性质较差无法满足现代食品工业需求。该研究利用介质阻挡放电(Dielectric Barrier Discharge,DBD)等离子体对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(Chickpea Protein Isolates,CPI)进行改性处理,研究不同处理时间(0、1、2、3、4 min)对CPI溶解性、乳化特性、结构的影响及其之间的相关性。结果表明:经等离子体处理后,鹰嘴豆分离蛋白溶液的pH值降低,电导率增加。溶解性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性得到显著的改善(P 0.05)。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明等离子体处理并未改变CPI的组成成分及种类,但7S和11S等主要亚基条带强度增加。等离子体处理后α-螺旋含量、自由巯基含量和表面疏水性显著增加(P 0.05),无规卷曲含量降低(P0.05),表明蛋白的高级结构发生改变。扫描电镜显示随着处理时间的延长,样品的尺寸减小,表面结构变得更为松散。利用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析表明,不同处理时间后,蛋白结构的变化与功能性质的改善呈现较强的相关性。等离子体处理4 min后,CPI的溶解性及乳化特性达到较优效果,研究结果可为开发利用鹰嘴豆分离蛋白和指导实际生产实践提供技术支持。     

黄芩苷对热应激条件下猪近端肾小管(LLC-PK1)细胞凋亡率及B细胞淋巴瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关X蛋白基因(Bax)表达的影响

为探讨不同浓度黄芩苷对热应激条件下猪近端肾小管细胞(pig kidney proximal tubular cells,LLC-PK1)细胞凋亡率及B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2基因(B-cellymphoma-2,Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关X蛋白基因(Bcl-2 associated X protein,Bax)表达的影响,将培养的LLC-PK1细胞随机分为7个组,Ⅰ组为37℃空白对照组,Ⅱ组为42℃单纯热应激1 h组,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ组分别为用不同浓度黄芩苷(0.01、0.1、1、10和100μg/m L)处理组后42℃热应激1 h组,运用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot分别检测Bcl-2和Bax基因及蛋白的表达,流式细胞仪(Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法)检测细胞凋亡率。结果表明,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组能显著诱导LLC-PK1细胞Bcl-2 m RNA的表达(P0.05),极显著诱导细胞Bax m RNA和蛋白的表达(P0.01),能极显著降低细胞Bcl-2和Bax m RNA和蛋白的比值(P0.01),极显著增加细胞凋亡率(P0.01),但对细胞Bcl-2蛋白的表达无显著影响(P0.05)。黄芩苷处理组与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组LLC-PK1细胞Bcl-2 m RNA的表达量均升高,其中Ⅴ组差异极显著(P0.01),Ⅳ及Ⅵ组差异显著(P0.05),Ⅲ及Ⅶ组差异不显著(P0.05),而细胞Bcl-2蛋白的表达量与Ⅱ组相比均差异不显著(P0.05);同样与Ⅱ组相比,黄芩苷处理的各组细胞Bax m RNA及蛋白的表达量均降低,其中Ⅴ及Ⅵ组差异极显著(P0.01),其余各组差异显著(P0.05);除Ⅲ组外,其他各组细胞Bcl-2和Bax m RNA及蛋白的比值与Ⅱ组相比均显著升高(P0.05),其中Ⅴ组细胞Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的比值差异极显著(P0.01);细胞凋亡率仅有Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组相比差异不显著(P0.05),而Ⅴ及Ⅵ组细胞凋亡率极显著低于Ⅱ组(P0.01),其余的Ⅳ和Ⅶ组显著低于Ⅱ组(P0.05)。一定浓度范围内的黄芩苷(0.1~100μg/m L)可能通过下调热应激条件下LLC-PK1细胞Bax的表达,从而提高Bcl-2和Bax的比值,降低细胞的凋亡率,对细胞起到保护作用。本研究从分子水平研究黄芩苷缓解热应激对猪LLC-PK1细胞的损害作用,可为明确其解热机制提供理论基础,并为其在临床上的应用提供有价值的参考资料。     

提高大豆蛋白冻融后乳化性改性工艺优化

为了制备出经冷冻-融化后仍能保持较高乳化性的大豆蛋白,试验以葡聚糖为糖基化供体,采用湿法糖基化技术改性大豆蛋白。根据单因素试验的结果,建立了Box-Behnken模型对加工工艺进行优化,所得的模型拟合度高,切实可行,可用于实际分析和预测。利用响应面分析法探讨了蛋白浓度、蛋白与糖质量比、反应时间3因素对改性产物冻融前后乳化活性和乳化稳定性的影响,优化的工艺条件为:大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)质量浓度40 mg/mL,SPI与葡聚糖的质量比为1∶3,反应时间4 h。在此条件下得到的改性产物冻融稳定性显著(P0.05)高于未改性蛋白,冻融前后的乳化活性(emulsifying activity index,EAI)分别是空白对照样的1.687和1.780倍,乳化稳定性(emulsion stability index,ESI)分别是空白对照样的1.367和1.274倍。傅里叶红外光谱证明葡聚糖通过共价键接到大豆蛋白分子中,研究结果为制备冷冻食品加工专用大豆蛋白的产业化生产提供参考。     

超声辅助制备抗冻融大豆分离蛋白工艺优化

为了提高大豆蛋白冻融稳定性,研究了超声波辅助下大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)与葡聚糖(dextran,D)发生美拉德反应改性蛋白的方法,以乳化稳定性(emulsion stability index,ESI)和乳析指数(creaming index,CI)为响应值,建立了优化工艺的Box-Behnken模型。验证试验表明,模型具有重现性和可靠性,在SPI质量浓度40 mg/m L、超声温度80℃、比功率5 W/m L条件下,与未改性SPI相比,改性后SPI乳化稳定性提高了43.80%,经1、2、3次冻融循环后乳析指数分别降低了57.76%、75.33%、96.20%。接枝物制备的乳液经冻融循环后粒径维持在50~55μm。红外光谱分析接枝物在1 010 cm-1处的C-N共价键振动增强,说明SPI和葡聚糖是以共价键的方式结合。扫描电镜结果表明,改性后蛋白颗粒更加疏松,分子间聚集程度降低。研究结果为冷冻食品专用大豆分离蛋白的产业化生产提供了理论和技术指导。     

辐照杀菌对鸡蛋蛋白液特性的影响

为了探明液态蛋蛋白液经辐照处理后有关特性的变化情况，为液态蛋的辐照杀菌技术应用提供试验依据。试验研究了不同辐照条件下鸡蛋蛋白液的pH值、色度、黏度、热变性、起泡性和乳化性的变化。试验表明，在辐照剂量0～3.0 kGy范围内随辐照剂量增大，蛋白液的pH值有所下降，但变化相对不大；蛋白液的黏度在辐照剂量0～0.4 kGy范围内随辐照剂量增大有较大下降，但剂量大于0.4 kGy 以后蛋白黏度随辐照剂量增大变化较小；蛋白液的色度随剂量增大无变化，但蛋液经加热凝固后，2.0 kGy以上剂量辐照组蛋白胶体颜色出现褐色，且随辐照剂量增大而加深；随辐照剂量增大，蛋白液起泡性能增强，但泡沫稳定性下降；随辐照剂量增大辐照后蛋白液的乳化性、乳化稳定性均下降。     

巴氏杀菌和超巴氏杀菌对牛乳清蛋白结构及热稳定性的影响

为了研究巴氏杀菌与超巴氏杀菌处理对牛乳清蛋白结构的影响,采用热力学和光谱学等方法测定乳清蛋白结构及稳定性。红外光谱分析结果显示巴氏杀菌处理对乳清蛋白二级结构影响不显著,而经超巴氏杀菌处理后的乳清蛋白中α-螺旋结构含量显著减少,无规则卷曲结构含量显著增多,结构转变的更为无序,其稳定性更好;荧光光谱分析结构表明经121℃、5 s超巴氏杀菌处理的乳清蛋白样品发生红移,说明超巴氏杀菌改变了乳清蛋白二级和三级结构;差示扫描量热法分析结果显示121℃、5 s热处理的乳清蛋白样品热变性温度为99.9℃,高于巴氏杀菌处理的乳清蛋白样品,表明超巴氏杀菌处理后的乳清蛋白样品的稳定性显著提高,期望为制备高品质乳提供理论基础。     

高压均质处理对甘薯热变性蛋白Alcalase酶解肽乳化特性影响研究

采用高压均质处理甘薯热变性蛋白Alcalase酶解肽(SPHP-Al)的乳化液,以乳化活性指数(EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(ESI)为指标,探讨了不同高压均质条件下(均质压力0.1～80MPa,均质时间0～2min),多肽浓度为0.1％ (w/V)与油相体积分数为25％(V/V)形成的SPHP-Al乳化液乳化特性的变化.在所得到最佳的均质条件下,以EAI、ESI、乳化颗粒平均粒径(d4,3)和表观粘度为指标0考察了SPHP-Al浓度(0.1、0.25、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0％,w/V)和油相体积分数(5、15、25、35和45％,V/V)对SPHP-Al的乳化特性的影响.结果显示,均质压力为50MPa和均质时间为1min时,SPHP-Al乳化效果最佳,SPHP-Al乳化液的EAI和ESI分别比未高压均质的提高了4倍(158.14m2·g-1)和8倍(318.06min);且随着SPHP-Al浓度的增加,乳化液的EAI、d4,3和表观黏度均显著减小,ESI显著增大(p＜0.05);与此相反,随着油相体积分数的增大,乳化液的EAI、d4,3和表观黏度均显著增大,ESI显著减小(p＜0.05).因此,高压均质可明显改善SPHP-Al的乳化性,且SPHP-Al浓度与油相体积分数对SPHP-Al乳化性影响显著.上述结果为SPHP-Al在食品行业中的潜在应用提供了数据支撑.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.