川西北生态环境恶化综合治理能化害为利

通过川西北12县调查,由于森林严重破坏,与日俱增的工业污染,进一步加剧了长江上游生态环境恶化。建议:1.把恢复长江上游生态平衡提到国家总体战略高度,予以重视,2.提高该地区森林覆盖度,是恢复长江上游生态平衡的基础;3.加速开发水力资源,以电护林,以林涵水,是恢复生态平衡的根本大计;4.加强综合治理和综合利用,化害为利。     

采取综合配套措施,积极防治人为破坏

采取综合配套措施,包括广泛宣传《条例》、《细则》,增强广大人民群众的法制观念;严肃查处典型案例,巩固扩大治理成果;采取果断有力措施,开展毀林开荒大检查,充分利用行政手段,明确和完善具体政策;加强队伍建设,建立乡规民约;建立健全水土保持机构,协调各个方面共同防治人为破坏,近5年来,基本上煞住了人为破坏的歪风。     

Challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation

I discuss future challenges and opportunities in genetic approaches to biodiversity conservation. Resolving taxonomy uncertainties and identifying diverged evolutionary units within species are both bedevilled by a plethora of definitions: the challenge for the conservation community is to come to an agreed definition of species and for a unit within species for conservation purposes. For genetic management in the wild, the main challenge is to apply well-established genetic principles to management, especially of fragmented populations. Fears about outbreeding depression are preventing rational use of gene flow for genetic rescue; predicting the risk of outbreeding depression is the most important unmet scientific challenge in the field. The major challenge in genetic management of captive populations of threatened animal species is to institute explicit management to minimize genetic adaptation to captivity, so that reintroduction success is maximized. The development of low cost genome sequencing offers many research opportunities and challenges. For example, there are opportunities to identify genes involved in speciation and a major challenge is to devise molecular tests to predict reproductive isolation between populations. Genomics offers opportunities to provide higher precision estimate for many parameters of importance to conservation. A major challenge is to devise means to assess, on a genome-wide basis, genetic diversity that is important to adaptive evolution. There is a challenge to develop simple inexpensive means to monitor genetic diversity of species on a global scale. Many of the most important practical challenges concern application of current genetic knowledge to the management of threatened species.     

Materials for sustained and controlled release of nutrients and molecules to support plant growth

Controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) are a branch of materials that are designed to improve the soil release kinetics of chemical fertilizers to address problems stemming losses from runoff or other factors. Current CRFs are used but only in a limited market due to relatively high costs and doubts about their abilities to result in higher yields and increased profitability for agricultural businesses. New technologies are emerging that promise to improve the efficacy of CRFs to add additional functionality and reduce cost to make CRFs a more viable alternative to traditional chemical fertilizer treatment. CRFs that offer ways of reducing air and water pollution from fertilizer treatments, improving the ability of plants to access required nutrients, improving water retention to increase drought resistance, and reducing the amount of fertilizer needed to provide maximum crop yields are under development. A wide variety of different strategies are being considered to tackle this problem, and each approach offers different advantages and drawbacks. Agricultural industries will soon be forced to move toward more efficient and sustainable practices to respond to increasing fertilizer cost and desire for sustainable growing practices. CRFs have the potential to solve many problems in agriculture and help enable this shift while maintaining profitability.     

White wine with red wine-like properties: increased extraction of grape skin polyphenols improves the antioxidant capacity of the derived white wine.

Lower antioxidant activity in white wines in comparison to red wines lies in the low grape-skin-derived polyphenol content. This paper reports the analysis of the antioxidant capacities of white wine samples obtained along two different processing procedures directed to enrich the wine with polyphenols. White wine samples derived from whole squeezed grapes stored for increasing periods of time (up to 18 h) contained increasing concentrations of polyphenols (from 0.35 to 0.55 mmol/L) and, in parallel, exhibited increased capacity to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit copper ion-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. However, addition of increasing concentrations of alcohol (up to 18%) to the whole squeezed grapes remarkably augmented the extraction of grape skin polyphenols into the wine up to 1.25 mmol/L, resulting in an increased capacity of the wine to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit LDL oxidation, to an extent similar to that of red wine. The extent of LDL oxidation inhibition was directly related to the wine polyphenolic content (r = 0.986). It is concluded that processing white wine by imposing a short period of grape skin contact in the presence of alcohol leads to extraction of grape skin polyphenols and produces polyphenol-rich white wine with antioxidant characteristics similar to those of red wine.     

Modeling exposure-biomarker relationships: Applications of linear and nonlinear toxicokinetics

Establishing and characterizing exposure-biomarker relationships represent important steps to understanding how exposure to a harmful environmental toxin ultimately leads to disease in human populations. Here, we present a statistical model to characterize a nonlinear exposure-biomarker relationship and use occupational benzene exposures to illustrate the application. We also attempt to estimate the range of linear metabolism of benzene by fitting our model to data from a recent study of biomarkers (benzene-oxide-albumin adducts) measured in a population of Chinese workers exposed to benzene. Estimating the parameters of interest is difficult due to within and between subject variability in exposure and biomarker levels and because of exposure measurement error.     

应用系统科学原理论证县级水土保持规划初探

该文运用系统科学原理对县级水土保持规划的论证进行了探讨, 提出了运用整体性原理论证规划的系统观点, 用相关性原理论证规划的结合度;用有序性原理论证规划的层次结构;用动态性原理论证规划的进度安排;用分解综合原理论证规划的措施体系;用创造思维原理论证规划的先进性;用验证性原理论证规划的指标体系;用反馈原理论证规划的可操作性。     

我国农牧交错带资源环境现状与可持续发展对策

阐述了我国东部农区与西部牧区之间生态过渡带———农牧交错带独特资源与环境特征 ,指出该区应打破系统的封闭性 ,引进负熵促进系统从无序向有序、从低级向高级演化 ,调整农业产业结构 ,使农牧业系统良性耦合 ,实现资源优化配置 ,积极扩大对内对外开放 ,获取外源能量流、物质流、价值流和信息流 ,开拓新的经济增长点和就业渠道     

Technologies for the diagnosis and remediation of Fe deficiency

The objective of this paper is to review the developments in the last few years in two important issues related to Fe deficiency in plants. First, the current knowledge on the possible ways to carry out the diagnosis and prognosis of Fe deficiency in plants is discussed. This includes discussion on the best ways to carry out a meaningful analysis of Fe-containing compounds in different plant parts. We will also discuss other measurement techniques that can permit to assess the Fe nutritional status in plants, including leaf chlorophyll concentrations and others. Second, the new developments in management techniques to control and remediate iron deficiency are discussed. This includes possible improved ways to supply Fe compounds available to plants, both to the soil and to the irrigation water. We also discuss possible ways to supply directly the plant with Fe containing compounds, either to the foliage or to the stem. A particular emphasis is given throughout the paper to fruit tree crops growing in Mediterranean areas.     

发展广西农业及农村经济的若干对策与建议

通过首次全国农业普查资料,对广西农业及农村经济的现状及在全国的地位做了说明与分析, 并提出了充分发挥政府功能, 积极发展多种经营, 发挥资源优势, 提高农村从业人员素质, 加快小城镇建设,完善农村市场, 加快农业开放步伐等建议与对策。     

溢油对贝类的毒害效应以及生态风险评价

通过磁力搅拌和超声波乳化等手段模拟海上溢油事故,采用常见的4种原油和4种燃料油开展对贝类的毒害效应以及生态风险评价。结果表明：根据8种油品对褶牡蛎的96h-LC50得出这8种油对褶牡蛎的整体上毒害作用的大小顺序是：F120=F180〉-20#〉F380〉TJ015〉TJ014〉TJ002〉TJ016;根据8种油品对缢蛏的96h-LC50得出这8种油对褶牡缢蛏蛎的整体上毒害作用的大小顺序是：F180〉F120〉-20#〉F380〉TJ002〉TJ015〉TJ014〉TJ016;根据8种油品对褶牡蛎的96h-LC50得出TJ016和TJ002对褶牡蛎属于低毒中风险,TJ015和TJ014对褶牡蛎属于低毒高风险,F380和-20#对褶牡蛎柴油属于中毒高风险,F180和F120对褶牡蛎属于高毒极高风险;根据8种油品对缢蛏的96h-LC50得出TJ016对缢蛏属于低毒中风险,TJ015、TJ014、TJ002和F380对缢蛏属于中毒高风险,-20#、F180和F120对缢蛏属于高毒极高风险。总之,对贝类而言,燃料油毒性比原油更大,缢蛏相对褶牡蛎对油品毒害作用更为敏感。     

Amounts and mineralization of organic phosphorus compounds and derivatives in some surface soils of bangladesh

Concentrations of a few organic phosphorus compounds and their hydrolysis products have been determined in a number of Bangladesh soils. The amounts of DNA and its derivatives, inositol penta- and hexaphosphates, ranged from 0.16 to 1.30, and 18.5 to 130.0 ppm, respectively. The hydrolysis products of phospholipids such as choline, ethanolamine and glycerophosphate ranged from 0.36 to 3.29, 0.28 to 2.52 and 0.20 to 1.05 ppm, respectively. Multiple correlation suggested that pH, organic matter, organic phosphorus and total phosphorus were collectively related to the amounts of different organic phosphorus fractions in soil samples. Individually, DNA and its derivatives were found to be significantly related to total phosphorus and inositol penta- and hexaphosphates to organic phosphorus. Choline was significantly related to organic matter, organic phosphorus and total phosphorus; ethanolamine to organic matter and total phosphorus; and glycerophosphate to organic phosphorus.Moisture and lime promoted progressive mineralization of organic phosphorus with time. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, glucose and ammonium sulphate showed rapid initial and final mineralization. In contrast, the application of compost caused an initial luxury immobilization followed by a marked increase in mineralization with time. Maximum mineralization was observed when ammonium sulphate was added to samples in submerged conditions. The least mineralization occurred when lime was added to samples at 50% of field moisture capacity.     

Measurement of dry deposition to vegetative surfaces

The importance of dry deposition was assessed to oak and pine trees, in a hardwood and coniferous canopy, respectively. In both canopies, ambient particle and gas concentrations on the interior were decreased relative to perimeter concentrations due to dry deposition scavenging by the canopy. Deposition of all species was higher to perimeter leaves than to interior leaves, due both to the lower concentrations and the lower wind speeds in the sheltered interior. The deposition velocities measured to the pine needles were similar to the values measured to the oak leaves.     

Soil organic matter decline and compositional change associated with cereal cropping in southern Tanzania

The spatial analogue method and ¹³C analytical techniques were used to reveal medium‐ to long‐term changes in soil organic matter (SOM) in farmers' fields under maize in southern Tanzania. Aerial photography and detailed farmer interviews were used to relate land‐use history to declines in SOM concentration and changes in composition. The research attempted to measure the rate of SOM decline and the extent to which farmers' residue management practice was allowing cereal residues to contribute to SOM. The combination of research methods employed in this study proved to be highly complementary. Results indicate that native SOM decreased by on average 50 per cent; after 25 years of cultivation. Under current residue management with cereal residues mostly grazed and burnt there is only a relatively modest contribution from cereal residues to SOM. When cereal residues are retained in the field it is likely they will contribute significantly to SOM but they are much less likely to build SOM in the medium to long term. The paper concludes that in many situations it is probably best for farmers to allow the majority of the residues to be eaten by cattle in these systems rather than attempt to build SOM or risk nitrogen immobilization in cropped fields. The greater importance of inputs of high‐quality (e.g. legume) residues for nutrient supply in the short term is highlighted, in contrast to inputs of poor‐quality (e.g. cereal) residues in an attempt to build SOM in the longer term. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

探析美术课教学的实施

美术教育是培养学生创造意识和创造能力的良好渠道,而美术课能让学生学到绘画与创作的技能,提升学生的综合素质,使学生感受美、热爱生活。如何上好一堂美术课是教育者需要思考的问题,探讨了如何有效实施美术课教学的方法。     

防治土壤侵蚀,促进福建省生态良性循环

引起土壤侵蚀的因素是多方面的,自然因素只是潜在因子,而人类对自然的过度干预或破坏,则是造成福建省土壤侵蚀的主要原因。严重的土壤侵蚀,是福建省经济发展的最大障碍。本文提出土壤侵蚀的防治措施有:制定能调动群众治山、造林种草积极性的“惠民政策”;开展以小流域为单元,采取因地制宜综合治理的措施;发展多样性农村能源;加强科学研究,提高综合治理水平。     

Bringing home the right to food in Canada: challenges and possibilities for achieving food security

We offer a critique of Canada's approach to domestic food security with respect to international agreements, justiciability and case law, the breakdown of the public safety net, the institutionalisation of charitable approaches to food insecurity, and the need for 'joined-up' food and nutrition policies. We examined Canada's commitments to the right to food, as well as Canadian policies, case law and social trends, in order to assess Canada's performance with respect to the human right to food. We found that while Canada has been a leader in signing international human rights agreements, including those relating to the right to food, domestic action has lagged and food insecurity increased. We provide recommendations for policy changes that could deal with complex issues of state accountability, social safety nets and vulnerable populations, and joined-up policy frameworks that could help realise the right to adequate food in Canada and other developed nations.     

Trace metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in sewage sludges of Kuwait

Levels of trace metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons were determined in sludge produced at the three main wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait (Ardhiya, Jahra, and Reqqa). Over the 6 mo study period (October 1984 to March 1985) levels at the three plants showed the following ranges (μg g^?1 dry weight); Cd, 0.5 to 5.0; Cu, 90 to 270; Zn, 1100 to 3000; Pb, 80 to 300; Ni, 25 to 60; Hg, 1.8 to 3.6; Ag, 1 to 35; PCBs, 0.1 to 3.6; lindane, 0.4 to 7.4; EDDT (i.e., DDT + DDD + DDE), 0.07 to 0.20; aldrin, below detection to 0.07; endrin, below detection to 0.27; dieldrin, 0.005 to 0.04). Mean levels were generally close or lower than mean concentrations reported in the United Kingdom and the United States. They were also lower than suggested concentration limits for application of sludge on agricultural land, which is one of the most cost-effective and attractive techniques for sludge disposal. For Kuwait to adopt this application, however, the characteristics of the local soil and prevailing environmental conditions, notably the frequent occurrence of severe dust storms, should be considered.     

基于土地利用和覆被变化的黄河三角洲土壤质量预警研究

该文通过1987和2002年黄河三角洲土地利用和覆被变化与土壤肥力变化的对比分析，探讨土地利用和覆被变化对土壤肥力的影响。研究结果表明：土地利用和覆被变化对土壤肥力变化有直接影响，耕地转为林草地、建设用地、盐荒地和沙地，土壤肥力均有下降趋势；林草地转为滩涂的土壤肥力明显下降，转为盐荒地的略有下降；沙地转为耕地的土壤肥力明显提高，转为林草地有下降趋势，转为盐荒地的略有提高或不变；盐荒地转为耕地的土壤肥力有较大的提高，转为林草地的保持不变或稍有下降，转为沙地的稍有提高，转为建设用地的略微下降；滩涂转为盐荒地的土壤肥力保持不变或略微下降，转为林草地的稍有提高。     

贵州省岩溶山区旱坡耕地现状与陡坡退耕对策

陡坡开垦使旱坡耕地面积扩大是造成贵州省岩溶山区水土流失严重和林业生态建设艰难的根本原因。针对贵州省旱坡耕地结构现状及造成的危害 ,从持续发展的战略角度提出 :( 1)陡坡退耕的对策措施 ,以及制定陡坡退耕计划与利用规划 ;( 2 )合理利用陡坡退耕地 ,促进农村生态经济协调发展 ;( 3)走资源集约型农业高效持续发展道路 ;( 4)解决农村发展中的问题 ;( 5 )推广陡坡退耕成功模式 ,制定因地制宜的农村发展政策等