Assessment of the effect of the climatic parameters on the distribution of the Al-Fe-humus horizons in the soils of the Russian planes

A comparative-ecological approach for studying the general regularities of soil ecology on the basis of geoinformation systems is suggested. It has been applied to analyze the distribution of Al-Fe-humus horizons. The quantitative climatic parameters of soils with Al-Fe-humus horizons have been estimated, and the relationships between them have been established. The applicability of this approach for assessing the general regularities of soil ecology is shown.     

优化书库环境加强图书保护

通过分析损害图书的各种自然因素,阐明优化书库环境、加强图书保护的重要性。     

Measuring the costs of improving the quality of the environment in the United States

The analysis in this paper is directed at comparing the relative effectiveness of meeting the objectives outlined in the recently passed Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 through taxation and through regulation. The analytical vehicle used in the analysis consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 12 producing sectors, 13 consuming sectors, 6 household categories classified by income, a foreign sector and a government. We find first that, irrespective of what type of strategy is followed, both output and consumption decline. Hence, there is an identifiable and quantifiable tradeoff between economic activity (economic growth) and the quality of the environment. Beyond this, the aggregate loss in production and economic welfare (measured by consumption expenditures and utility) is less under a policy which stresses reliance on alternative fuels than through one that requires the installation of pollution abatement devices.     

类芦的生长与VA菌根的关系分析

类芦是我国南方快速绿化水蚀荒漠化地区的优良草种。对类芦根蔸土壤中VA菌根真菌的调查表明，栽植类芦后，土壤中的VA菌根真菌数量大幅度增加，并与类芦根系形成一种协调的共生体系，极显著地促进了类芦的生长。新栽植类芦时，可在基肥中增施少量VA菌根土与磷肥，以促进土壤中VA菌根菌的快速繁衍。     

跟踪学科前沿，引导学科发展——《农业工程学报》的发展探索

论述了《农业工程学报》跟踪农业工程学科发展的成功经验，详细分析了未来《农业工程学报》跟踪学科各个专业的报道方向。指出随着学科的发展及时调整学术期刊的报道方向是科技学术期刊的任务和职责，是使期刊保证及时反映相关学科的发展，保持在学科发展中应有的促进作用，在众多期刊的竞争中立于不败之地的保证。在充分分析中国学术期刊面临的形势和问题、机遇与挑战的基础上，提出了学术期刊如何规避不利因素等应对策略，为中国科技学术期刊的发展提供参考。     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

Simulating the carbon flux between the terrestrial environment and the atmosphere

A Terrestrial C Cycle model that is incorporated in the Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE 2.0) is described. The model is a geographically explicit implementation of a model that simulates the major C fluxes in different compartments of the terrestrial biosphere and between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Climatic parameters, land cover and atmospheric C concentrations determine the result of the dynamic C simulations. The impact of changing land cover patterns, caused by anthropogenic activities (shifting agriculture, de- and afforestation) and climatic change are modeled implicitly. Feedback processes such as CO₂ fertilization and temperature effects on photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition are modeled explicitly. The major innovation of this approach is that the consequences of climate change are taken into account instantly and that their results can be quantified on a global medium-resolution grid. The objectives of this paper are to describe the C cycle model in detail, present the linkages with other parts of the IMAGE 2.0 framework, and give an array of different simulations to validate and test the robustness of this modeling approach. The computed global net primary production (NPP) for the terrestrial biosphere in 1990 was 60.6 Gt C a^?1, with a global net ecosystem production (NEP) of 2.4 Gt C a^?1. The simulated C flux as result from land cover changes was 1.1 Gt C a^?1, so that the terrestrial biosphere in 1990 acted as a C sink of 1.3 Gt C a^?1. Global phytomass amounted 567.5 Gt C and the dead biomass pool was 1517.7 Gt C. IMAGE 2.0 simulated for the period 1970–2050 a global average temperature increase of 1.6 °C and a global average precipitation increase of 0.1 mm/day. The CO₂ concentration in 2050 was 522.2 ppm. The computed NPP for the year 2050 is 82.5 Gt C a^?1, with a NEP of 8.1 Gt C a^?1. Projected land cover changes result in a C flux of 0.9 Gt C a^?1, so that the terrestrial biosphere will be a strong sink of 7.2 Gt C a^?1. The amount of phytomass hardly changed (600.7 Gt C) but the distribution over the different regions had. Dead biomass increased significantly to 1667.2 Gt C.     

硅基材料包膜肥对红壤区双季稻生长和土壤肥力的影响

选择了高肥力田、低肥力田,通过早、晚双季稻连续2年4季的大田试验,研究了施用硅基材料包膜肥对双季稻动态生长、产量、土壤肥力、微生物量、酶活性的影响。结果表明:不论是高肥力田还是低肥力田,与传统施肥相比,一次性基施硅基材料包膜肥能提高双季稻的最大分蘖数3~6枝·兜~(-1),提高成熟期叶片的叶绿素含量,提高成熟期双季稻的生物产量7.8%~22.4%,提高年均产量3.0%~14.7%,并且在低肥力田上效果显著。与传统施肥处理相比较,施硅基材料包膜肥可以显著提高双季稻成熟期土壤中的矿质态氮含量,提高幅度为28.3%~37.7%。包膜肥对土壤中微生物群落没有影响,在低肥力田施用80%的包膜肥其土壤酶活性综合指数最高。由此可见,施用硅基材料包膜肥在南方水稻上完全可以替代分次施用常规肥料,并且在高肥力田减少20%肥料用量的情况下仍然等效,达到了减肥增效和节本省工的目的。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

大棚番茄群体结构及光分布特性与中早期产量形成关系的研究

试验研究了大棚内不同栽培密度条件下的番茄群体结构特点(叶倾角、株形、叶容量、冠层叶面积密度)及光的分布特性(相对照度、光量子数、辐射量)与产量之间的关系。试验表明:大棚番茄高架栽培群体最适密度为5.56株/m²其中早期最高产量达5940kg/亩;最适宜生理指标为:冠层叶面积密度LAD0.942m²/m²,叶容量98.6片/m²。此冠层接受的辐射量为45.6％,光量子数40.3％,冠层的相对照度38.5％,群体消光系数1.04。     

探析高校图书馆提高读者服务质量的手段

服务是图书馆永恒不变的主题,以黑龙江八一农垦大学实践为例以提高图书馆的服务质量为出发点,分析了提高读者服务质量的几种手段。     

Soils of the subtaiga landscapes on the northern spurs of the Tsagan-Daban Ridge in the Selenga Mountains

The soil cover patterns in the subtaiga landscapes on the northern spurs of the Tsagan-Daban Ridge in the Selenga Mountains have been studied. Gray-humus lithozems and bedrock outcrops are typical of the steep south-facing slopes under herbaceous pine forests. Soddy iron-illuvial podburs are formed under forest vegetation on gentle slopes of northern and western aspects with a thick mantle of loose colluvial deposits. Dark-humus metamorphic soils occur on the slopes of western and northwestern aspects below 700 m a.s.l. under secondary forb-grassy communities that replaced the initial herbaceous pine forests. Windblown hollows (yardangs) are occupied by humus psammozems under steppe pine forests. The morphological and physicochemical characteristics of these soils are discussed in the paper.     

Effect of errors in positioning the sampling points on the assessment of the relationships between the remote sensing data and the soil properties

The stochastic modeling of the shift in coordinates of the sampling points was performed for a typical land plot in Bryansk opolie with the purpose to assess the influence of the accuracy of the sampling point positioning on the predicted properties of the plow horizon. It was proved that, for agro-gray soils, an occasional shift of the sampling points by 2–6 m regarding the coordinates on satellite photographs of superhigh resolution may significantly change the correlation between the soil properties and the brightness in the infrared channel. Based on the modeling data, the 95% confidence interval was estimated for the possible correlation coefficients of such properties of the arable agro-gray soil as the density, moisture, specific surface, carbon, and mobile nitrogen content. The use of the brightness in the infrared channel as a covariate for building charts may noticeably improve the map’s quality; however, it may unjustifiably complicate the mapping units delineation.     

岩质边坡确定性块体稳定性的研究

在岩质边坡中,岩体的失稳与破坏主要受岩体内结构面的控制,它们相互之间的空间分布位置、组合关系(包括自然边坡或边坡开挖面的产状)和结构面的物理力学性质等,对边坡的稳定都起着至关重要的作用.将野外测量的结构面资料,用一定的几何图形植入三维地形模型中,可以直观显示各软弱结构面的空间展布规律和交切关系,再根据赤平投影原理进行分析统计,确定优势产状,进而对边坡在潜在不稳定块体宽度、高度、体积、失稳模式和滑动方向做出定量的判断,从而指导现场工作人员采取处理措施.     

华北平原农村能源综合开发与农村经济发展的相关分析--以河间县为例

河北省河间县是“七五”国家科技攻关项目“12个农村能源综合试点”之一。是华北平原区的代表性县。本文详述了该县的农村能源综合开发模式及效益，并用关联分析方法，分析计算出农村能源综合开发与促进经济发展和生态环境改善的关联度。结果表明，在商品能源的供应不能满足需求情况下，农村能源综合开发已成为农村经济持续发展的动力。     

互联网冲击下的图书馆差异化功能定位

互联网对图书馆的持续发展既是机遇也是挑战。图书馆利用互联网扩大了服务范围,图书馆以往简单阅读、快速阅读的作用在减弱。因此,图书馆需要针对读者群的特点进行差异化定位,聚焦读者严肃阅读的需求,成为更专业、可靠和高效的信息源。     

Effect of the Substrates upon the Regeneration of the Engrafted Cuttings and the Yield of Engrafted Rooted Vines

Engrafted cuttings of the variety Rkaciteli on stocks B?×?R Cober 5BB and R?×?R 101-14, having endured open and covered stratification on different substrates, were planted in a polyethylene glasshouse on four artificial substrates after the postplanting preparation. The complex effect of the stock variety was examined, as well as the effects of the stratification methods and the substrates on the yield of engrafted vines. The characteristics of the regeneration of the engrafted cuttings during the stratification were established. The optimal substrates for stratification of the transplants and the growing of engrafted vines in glasshouses were defined.     

内蒙古农村地区网络普及对生活方式影响的研究

通过对内蒙古东部农村地区网络普及现状的调查,发现内蒙古农村地区使用家庭电脑的居民逐渐增多,但是多数以娱乐为主,没有运用到农业生产流通等领域。通过对内蒙古农村居民购买电脑和网络意识的分析,进一步探讨了内蒙古农村地区网络普及对于生活方式所带来的影响。     

饮用水氯消毒及余氯控制技术展望

液氯作为一种消毒剂已有上百年历史,随着社会的发展,人们对健康意识的加强,氯消毒所引发的副作用越来越引起人们的重视。通过介绍液氯消毒原理,阐述余氯的几种基本测定方法及余氯在工艺上的控制和脱氯技术现状及发展方向。     

气候变化对黄河中上游地区潜在蒸散影响的估算

采用Penman—Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散,分析1961-2010年黄河中上游地区气候因子的变化趋势,并用偏微分方法定量分析各气候因子变化对潜在蒸散的影响。结果显示：1）近50年来黄河中上游地区气温显著升高（α〈0．01）,风速和日照时间显著减少（α〈0．01）。半干旱区面积不断扩大,气候总体呈暖干变化趋势。2）潜在蒸散对实际水汽压变化最敏感,其次为最高气温、风速和日照时间,对最低气温变化最不敏感。夏季潜在蒸散对日最高气温最敏感,其他季节对实际水汽压最敏感。3）风速对年潜在蒸散变化贡献最大,其次为气温和日照时间,实际水汽压贡献最小。春夏秋冬对潜在蒸散变化贡献最大的气候因子依次为风速、日照时间、气温。温度升高、湿度减少埘潜在蒸散的正影响已被风速、辐射下降的负影响所抵消。综合考虑各气候因子对潜在蒸散的作用有助于加深对气候变化影响机制的认识,并为气候变化适应对策研究提供科学依据。