亚热带区域几种典型人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价

针对不同经营模式对林地土壤的物理性质、化学性质和生物学性质的影响,采用主成分分析方法直观定量地研究了亚热带区域几种典型人工林生态系统林地的土壤质量指数和土壤退化指数,揭示了土壤质量指数之间的相关性和差异性、以及土壤退化指数之间的相关性和差异性,并很好地识别出了土壤质量指数和土壤退化指数的主要成分。分析结果基本上反映了不同生态类型林地土壤质量状况,主成分分析土壤质量指数得分以常绿阔叶林最高,其次是混交林和阔叶纯林,连栽杉木纯林最低;主成分分析土壤退化指数表明,与次生常绿阔叶林比较,其中连栽杉木纯林退化幅度最大,而混交林和阔叶纯林次之。从而对其林地土壤质量进行了准确评价,为杉木人工林的可持续利用提供直接依据,并为亚热带区域人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价提供参考。     

杉木人工林皆伐对林地径流水化学特征的影响

杉木人工林皆伐前后径流水化学特征研究结果表明，杉木人工林皆伐后引起林地土壤养分大量流失，皆伐后2年内土壤N素、P素、盐基离子（K^ ,Na^ ,Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ）的可溶性盐分的流失增量分别为20.54kg/hm^2、0.817kg/hm^2、42.67kg/hm^2和774.44kg/hm^2，表晨杉木人工林具有一定的调节、富集和保持土壤养分的能力。     

格氏栲天然林与人工林土壤异养呼吸特性及动态

通过用静态碱吸收法对中亚热带福建三明格氏栲自然保护区内的格氏栲天然林和33年生的格氏栲人工林及杉木人工林的土壤异养呼吸进行为期2年的定位研究。结果表明，三种森林枯枝落叶层呼吸和无根土壤呼吸速率季节变化均呈单峰曲线，最大峰值出现在5月至6月，最小值出现在12月至1月。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层呼吸速率平均值分别为CO2 79．88、44．37和21．02mgm^-2h^-1，无根土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为CO2 217．4、85．85和94．04mg m^-2h^-1。2002年枯枝落叶层呼吸速率和无根土壤呼吸速率主要受土壤温度影响，但在极端干旱的2003年则主要受土壤湿度的影响。双因素关系模型（R=ae^bTW^c）拟合结果优于仅考虑土壤温度或土壤湿度的单因素关系模型，土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释不同年份枯枝落叶层呼吸和无根土壤呼吸速率季节变化的82％～85％和85％～92％。不同森林枯枝落叶层呼吸对土壤温度和湿度的敏感性均高于无根土壤呼吸的。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层呼吸年通量分别为C3．76、2．63和1．23t hm^-2a^-1，无根土壤呼吸年通量则分别为C3．44、2．79和1．49t hm^-2a^-1。不同森林土壤异养呼吸通量的差异主要与枯落物数量和质量、土壤有机质数量和质量的差异有关。杉木林枯枝落叶层呼吸对干旱敏感性高于格氏栲（天然林和人工林）的，而人工林（杉木和格氏栲）的土壤有机C对干旱敏感性则要高于格氏栲天然林。     

皆伐对不同坡度及结构的林分土壤理化性状的影响

选择人工林伐区3种不同坡度和4种不同结构林分的林地作为试验地,研究分析各种林地皆伐作业前后土壤理化性状的变化情况.结果表明:皆伐后除土壤容重和结构体破坏率2项指标增大外,其余土壤理化性质指标均下降.土壤持水性能变差,孔隙度减小,养分含量降低,且土壤理化性质的变化幅度与林地坡度大小及林分结构有关.主成分分析结果表明:皆伐对不同坡度林地土壤理化性质的干扰程度,由大到小依次为30°的林地、23°的林地和16°的林地;皆伐对不同结构林分林地土壤理化性状的干扰影响,由大到小依次为短轮伐期阔叶林(尾叶桉纯林)林地、杉阔混交林林地、马杉混交林林地和杉木纯林林地.从有利于环境保护,减少采伐作业对不同坡度和不同结构林分林地土壤理化性状影响的角度,提出了相应的技术措施.     

田林老山中山杉木人工林水文作用的研究

1982～1990年,对田林县老山林场中山杉木人工林及草坡地的水文要素进行定位对比观测研究。结果表明,杉木林冠对大气降雨量的截留、再分配;林分对增加林地枯枝落叶量与容水量,改良土壤物理特性,增加土壤蓄水等方面具有显著的水文生态效益。     

黄土高原丘陵区不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响

对晋西北黄土高原丘陵区持续利用30年的小叶锦鸡儿人工林、农田、杨树林、小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林地以及撂荒地的土壤理化性状进行了研究。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质影响很大。小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林以及小叶锦鸡儿人工林可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤酶活性、有机质和全N含量,从而改善土壤肥力。混交林和小叶锦鸡儿人工林的土壤培肥作用高于杨树纯林。粗放的农业耕作措施提高土壤容重,降低土壤养分含量,使土壤退化。撂荒地一定程度上可以起到培肥土壤的作用。在黄土高原丘陵区,种植小叶锦鸡儿人工林以及小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林是较好的生态重建和植被恢复方式。     

重庆四面山几种人工林地土壤抗蚀性分析

选择重庆四面山张家山林场5种人工林为研究对象,通过浸水实验,对林地表层土壤的抗蚀性能及其与土壤理化性质关系进行了研究,结果表明:(1)不同人工林地土壤抗蚀性能差异显著,土壤抗蚀指数表现为木荷石栎混交林地最大(87.2%),其后依次为枫香木荷石栎香樟混交林地(83.5%)、杉木纯林地(73.3%)、杉木马尾松混交林地(69.0%),杉木马尾松木荷混交林地最小(52.5%).(2)林地土壤抗蚀性能随土壤深度和浸水时间的增加而降低,表现为土壤抗蚀指数0-10 cm土层为10-20 cm土层的1.1～1.6倍,土壤抗蚀指数与土粒浸水时间成二次多项式函数关系,林地土壤抗蚀指数与其理化性质存在显著的线性关系.     

杉木木荷混交林涵养水源功能和土壤肥力

杉木是我国南方的主要造林树种,但杉木连栽会引起林地生产力下降和生态环境恶化。营造杉木混交林是防止地力衰退的有效途径之一[1～2]。许多学者对杉木的混交林进行了专项研究[3～4],但研究杉木木荷混交林土壤性状的报道较少,本文重点介绍杉木木荷混交林25年生林分对土壤改良作用的影响。     

重庆四面山5种人工林土壤入渗特性对比

为揭示人工林在生长过程中对森林水文功能的影响,于2013年6—7月,利用双环入渗法对三峡库区重庆四面山5种人工林(杉木纯林、杉木+马尾松针叶混交林、木荷+杉木+马尾松针阔混交林、木荷+香樟+石栎+枫香阔叶混交林、木荷+石栎阔叶混交林)的土壤入渗特性进行研究,并与2008年相同实验方法所得数据进行对比。结果表明:1)4种混交林的土壤储水能力均大于杉木纯林,在5种林地土壤饱和储水量中,杉木纯林2013年比2008年减小11.76%,针叶混交林、针阔混交林、阔灌混交林、阔叶混交林2013年较2008年分别提高了19.24%、11.94%、17.98%和7.53%;2)人工林的生长可以增强林地的入渗能力,与2008年相比,2013年5种林地的土壤水分入渗初渗速率分别增加了52.8%、115.8%、51.1%、15.9%和49.9%,平均入渗速率也有增加;3)对5种林地的土壤水分入渗进行模拟,Horton模型比Kostiakov模型及Philip模型模拟效果更好。     

抚育方式对杉木人工林生态系统的影响

通过建立径流场,进行不同抚育方式对杉木人工林水土流失,土壤肥力及林木生长5a的定位研究,结果表明,传统杉木抚育方式导致了杉木幼林地严重水土流失,不同扶育方式林地水土流失表现为：扩穴连带抚育＞块状抚育＞不抚育,随抚育破土面积增大,林地表层土壤砂质化愈明显,林地养分含量下降,抚育对林地的干扰地干扰主要在0－20cm土层,不同抚育方式杉土生长效应表现为：扩穴连带抚育＞块状抚育,随时间推移,抚育对杉木生长的影响逐年缩小,抚育方式是影响杉木人工林长期生长力维持的重要人为因子。     

COMPARING FARMERS' PERCEPTION OF SOIL FERTILITY CHANGE WITH SOIL PROPERTIES AND CROP PERFORMANCE IN BESEKU,ETHIOPIA

Farmers' perceptions of soil fertility change were compared with observations on soil quality changes and crop performance in soils from a chronosequence representing a range of soil ages since conversion from forest to cropland (0 to 57 years). A majority of the farmers, 92 per cent, had observed a decline in soil fertility on their land. Farmers use crop yield, indicator plants, soil softness and soil colour to judge soil fertility. They identified 11 plants that they used to indicate high soil fertility and four plants that they used to indicate low soil fertility. There was a strong correlation (r = 0·96) between soil organic matter content (loss on ignition) and farmers' ranking of soil fertility based on colour and softness of soil samples from the chronosequence. The biotest experiment with maize showed an exponential decline in biomass production along the chronosequence, confirming the results of farmers' soil fertility ranking. In the biotest, total soil N predicted produced biomass well (r² = 0·95), whereas the relationship with soil available P (Olsen) was less obvious. Among the eight analysed plant nutrients in the maize leaves, N content was found to correlate best with biomass production (r² = 0·94). We conclude (i) that there is good agreement between farmers' knowledge and scientific indicators of soil fertility and (ii) that the major reason for declining soil fertility in Beseku is the decrease in N mineralization over time. Interventions should focus on supporting farmers to implement a diversified nutrient management strategy that can maintain or increase long‐term productivity of the soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陈山红心杉土壤养分、酶活性的根际效应及肥力评价

【目的】 陈山红心杉是国家级林木良种,获国家地理标志保护。土壤肥力状况影响林木的生长,根际是植物与土壤物质直接交换的场所,研究不同林龄陈山红心杉根际和非根际土养分含量、酶活性及综合肥力状况,可进一步了解土壤养分状况随林龄的演变规律,为陈山红心杉的养分管理和合理经营提供理论依据。 【方法】 以江西省安福县陈山林场不同林龄陈山红心杉为试验对象,测定了根际和非根际土壤养分 (有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾) 含量和酶活性 (过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶),分析了根际效应随林龄的变化规律,并进一步通过主成分分析对土壤肥力进行了综合评价。 【结果】 林龄对土壤养分、酶活性具有显著影响,仅碱解氮、全氮和全磷在根际和非根际间无显著差异。养分和酶活性在根际和非根际土中随林龄变化趋势一致,反映了根际受植物根系和林地土壤的共同影响。随着林龄的增加,有机质、氮素养分 (碱解氮和全氮)、钾素养分 (速效钾和全钾)、蛋白酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性先下降后上升,总体以 10 年最低;有效磷变化趋势与之相反,全磷呈下降的趋势;蔗糖酶活性呈“下降 – 升高 – 下降”的趋势,过氧化氢酶活性变化趋势与蔗糖酶相反。有机质、碱解氮和酶活性的根际效应为正效应 (RE > 0),其余均为负效应 (RE < 0,除 20 年全氮和 40 年有效磷外),有机质和有效磷的根际效应在林龄间差异显著 (P < 0.05)。陈山红心杉根际和非根际土壤肥力综合指数 (IFI) 介于 –1.408～2.238,不同林龄土壤 (根际和非根际) IFI 变化趋势为 5 年 (2.238、2.413) > 40 年(– 0.313、0.065) > 20 a (– 0.773、–1.019) > 10 a (–1.203、–1.408)。5 年和 40 年土壤肥力综合指数表现为根际 < 非根际,主要由第二 (蔗糖酶)、第三 (速效磷和全磷) 主成分得分导致;而 10 年和 20 年土壤肥力综合指数表现为根际 > 非根际,主要是由第一主成分 (有机质、碱解氮、全氮、脲酶和蛋白酶等) 得分导致。 【结论】 随着林龄的增加,土壤肥力下降,尤其是 10 年前后最低,后虽有所恢复,但不能恢复到第 5 年水平。因此,在林木生长过程中,应在树龄 10 年左右适当补充林地土壤氮、磷养分。      

Changes in soil quality due to introduction of broad-leaf trees into clear-felled Chinese fir forest in the mid-subtropics of China

Abstract. After clear-felling of a first generation Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ) forest, mixed stands of Chinese fir and Michelia macclurei (a broadleaf tree) (MCM), pure M. macclurei stands (PMS) and pure Chinese fir stands (PCS) were established in 1983. The effects on soil were evaluated 20 years after planting by measuring physicochemical, microbiological and biochemical parameters. Both broadleaf monoculture and mixtures of broadleaf and conifer exerted a favourable effect on soil fertility. A soil quality index (SQI) decreased in the order: PMS (0.62) > MCM (0.57) > PCS (0.41). Improvement in soil quality, enhanced biological activity and forest productivity demonstrated that mixed stands are an effective measure to maintain sustainable forest productivity, as well as to control soil degradation under successive stands of Chinese fir. In addition, since the microbiological and biochemical parameters measured were sensitive to the forest management, they may be potential indicators for assessing the sustainability of different management systems. The results also showed that total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and microbial biomass carbon are effective indicators of the improvement or deterioration of soil quality under forest.     

松辽平原玉米带黑土肥力退化机理研究

通过田间调查和土壤肥力指标分析，探讨了松辽平原玉米带黑土肥力退化的原因和机理。结果发现，现行的以小四轮拖拉机为主要动力的耕作制度下，土壤剖面中耕层与犁底层的界面为“波浪型”，而年年进行秋翻的玉米田，其耕层与梨底层的界面为“平面型”。而且两者耕层土壤的养分含量和理化性质等指标也有明显差异。研究还发现，现行的以无机氮磷肥为主的施肥制度和玉米连作种植制度对土壤养分平衡有很大影响。因此认为，现行的不合理的耕作、施肥及玉米连作制度是导致松辽平原玉米带黑土肥力退化主要原因。     

Downed logs improve soil properties in old-growth temperate forests of northern Iran

Dead trees, particularly downed logs, play an important role in the dynamics of forest ecosystem. Contribution of decaying wood to C and nutrient pools of forest soils depends on the tree species and degree of wood decay. However, the extent to which the downed logs affect the soil properties of temperate forests has rarely been evaluated. In this study, a mixed beech forest was selected in Liresar region of Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, to investigate if and how the presence of downed logs affected soil quality and function by comparing soils underneath degraded logs and nearby soils of the two dominant tree species(beech and hornbeam). We then explored how these effects occurred as downed logs decomposed by comparing the woods of both tree species at four degrees of decomposition. Degree of decay of downed logs was classified into four classes(DC1–DC4). Eight dead trees of each tree species were selected at the center of each sample plot. Three composite soil samples underneath each decaying log and 100 cm away from a decaying log were collected at two soil depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm) to analyze soil main physicochemical properties and microbial activity. The results revealed that downed logs affected soil physical(5% wetter than control soils), chemical(2% lower pH, 100% increase in organic C and total N in the case of hornbeam, and 2% increase in P), and biological characteristics(soil microbial respiration enhanced by 10%, and microbial biomass C 620 and 351.5 mg kg~(-1) and microbial biomass N 66.47 and 32.18 mg kg~(-1), respectively, in the cases of beech and hornbeam), thus resulting in significantly different soil microsites from those without downed logs. Presence of downed logs increased soil microbial activity and soil fertility as wood decayed. Thus, the presence of downed logs is an important factor influencing forest soils and should be taken into consideration in forest management practices.     

贵州中部岩溶丘陵区不同土地利用和管理方式对土壤肥力的影响

本文研究了黔中岩溶丘陵区几种不同士地利用和管理方式下土壤物理、化学和生物学性状的特征。结果表明,农林(林草)复合利用模式在土壤粒级组成、孔隙分布、持水性能、有机质和N、P养分、酶活性等方面表现出较好的肥力性状特征,有机无机肥配施、精细管理的灌溉农田次之,而粗放管理的旱坡耕地,土壤肥力性状严重恶化,逐步向石漠化景观演变。不同土地利用方式和管理措施显著影响土地肥力变化的程度和方向,调整土地利用结构,实行基本农田精细管理、陡坡耕地退耕还林(革)是保护土地资源,实现区域生态重建和农业可持续发展的根本途径。     

Impacts of land use/cover change on soil properties in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of deforestation on physical and chemical properties of soils under native forest in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan. Land use/cover maps of 1953, 1978 and 2002 were interpreted and analysed within GIS to quantify the shift from forest to rainfed cultivation. Six sites were sampled in a non‐changed forest and in cultivated fields, three for each. Different soil properties of texture, bulk density, organic matter, total nitrogen, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), phosphorous and potassium were analysed. Results showed that many forests were changed into cultivated lands at a rate more than the reforestation. Subsequently, adverse effects on the studied physical and chemical properties were observed. The most affected properties were particle size distribution, bulk density of surface soil and subsoil. Organic matter and CEC decreased in cultivated soil as compared to the forest soil. Cultivated soils were found to exhibit a significantly lower status in physical and chemical soil properties as compared to forest soils. This general decline in the soil physical and chemical properties, in turn, contributed to soil erosion, reduction of soil fertility and land degradation. There is an urgent need to improve soil quality by developing sustainable land use practices to reduce the rate of soil degradation and to ensure long‐term sustainability of the farming system in the study area and in similar biophysical settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川西亚高山人工云杉林地有机物和养分库的退化与调控

研究了川西亚高山云杉人工林地有机物和养分库状况 ,结果表明 :该区云杉人工林有机物和养分库严重退化 ,表现为 ,其凋落物的分解速率和周转期均较次生阔叶林和原始云杉林慢 ,致使地表枯枝落叶干物质和各种养分贮量滞留于凋落物层而不能进入土壤 ,土壤中有机质、全N、全P和碱解N含量随人工云杉林龄的增加而大幅度下降。人工云杉林份组成单一 ,其凋落物分解慢 ,归还土壤凋落物和养分数量少 ,是川西亚高山云杉人工林地土壤有机物和养分库退化的重要原因 ,人为收集凋落物积肥和人工抚育清灌 ,不断带走植被中养分是土壤有机物和养分库不断耗竭的另一重要原因。建议对该区人工成熟林抚育间伐和营造针阔混交林 ,改善成熟林下微环境和改变林份组成 ,可在很大程度上防治云杉人工林土壤有机物和养分库的退化     

人工杉木林地有机物和养分库的退化与调控

研究表明,人工杉木林地土壤有机物和养分库严重退化,地表枯枝落叶层中干和各种养分的贮量与阔叶林和混交林比较明显下降,土壤中有机质,全Ｎ量和碱解Ｎ含量的剖面分布也表现出相同的趋势。传统的炼山造林使杉木林地枯枝落叶和养分库是呈突变形式 经,林份组成单一,凋落物数量和养分含和也是杉木林土壤有机物和归库退化的重要因素。通过改进林木更新方式和改善林份组成很大程度上控制人工林有机物和养分库的退化。     

我国中亚热带缓丘区红粘土红壤肥力的演化Ⅱ.化学和生物学肥力的演化

本文着重探讨红粘土红壤化学和生物学肥力在利用过程中的演化特征,并通过聚类分析筛选出评价红壤化学和化学肥力演化的指标,并进行了相应的评价。结果表明：红粘土红壤的要草地及荒地系统由于长期受侵淋溶等退化过程的影响,土壤养分水平已跌至“保底”值．垦殖利用后,其化学肥力随着耕垦熟化过程不断提高,表现为土壤中各种速效养分及交换性Ｃａ、Ｍｇ含量均增加,而交换性Ａ１含量降低。同样,林草地系统红粘土红壤的生长学肥力