红三叶草丛枝菌根对有机磷的吸收

The capacities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus mosseae and Glomus versderme, tomineralize added organic P were studied in a sterilized calcareous soil. Mycorrhizal (inoculated with either of the AM fungi) and non-mycorrhizal red clover (Trghlium pmtense L.) plants were grown for eight weeksin pots with upper root, central hyphal and lower soil compartments. The hyphal and soil compartmentsreceived either organic P (as Na-phytate) or inorganic P (as KH₂PO₄) at tbe rate of 50 mg P kg^-1. No P wasadded to the root compartments. Control pots received no added P. Yields were higher in mycorrhizal than innon-mycorrhizal clover. Mycorrhizal inoculation doubled shoot P concentration and more than doubled total P uptake of plaflts in P-amended soil, irrespective of the form of applied P. The mycorrhizal contributionto inorganic P uptake was 80% or 76% in plants inoculated with G. mosseae or G. verefforme, respectively. Corresponding values were 74% and 82% when Na-phytate was applied. In the root compartments of the mycorrhizal treatments, the proportion of root length infected, hyphal length density and phosphatase activity were all higher when organic P was applied than when inorganic P was added.     

Microbial Community Changes Along a Land-Use Gradient of Desert Soil Origin

Soil harbors remarkably stabilize bacterial communities at the phylum level.However,no two soils have exactly the same structure of bacterial phyla.The structure of microbial community is strongly influenced by the type of land-use through changes in soil attributes.Using high-throughput pyrosequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques,soil microbial community structures were investigated along a land-use gradient of 100- and 27-year farmlands,a 33-year Pinus forest,a 28-year poplar forest,and a 21-year shrubland,as well as a native desert from which all cultivated systems were converted.The results revealed that the dominant phylotypes in the native soil comprised primarily of Alphaproteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Firmicutes,accounting for >71.4%of the total bacterial 16S rRNA sequence reads.Changes in land-use led to a significant decrease in these dominant phylotypes down to 33.4%.In contrast,the phylotypes with low abundance,such as Acidobacteria,Chloroflexi,Nitrospira,and Gammaproteobacteria,increased sharply from 4.5%-5.9%in the native soil to 20.9%-30.2%of the total 16S rRNA gene sequences in the cultivated soils except for the soil from the shrubland.These contrasting changes in the major taxa appear to be correlated with the changes in soil attributes.For instance,bacterial and archaeal amoA genes were found to be 960-and 3 800-fold more abundant in the soil from the 100-year farmland than the native soil.The changes in numerically less dominant nitrifying phylotypes are consistent with soil inorganic nitrogen dynamics.Quantification of the 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that bacteria and archaea were about two to three orders of magnitude more abundant in the cultivated soil than in the native soil.Hence,land-use type affects the soil bacterial community structure,which has profound consequences on ecosystem function.     

共培养对土壤重金属污染植物修复的调控作用

A co-culture of two plant materials, Astragalus sinicus L., a leguminous plant with concomitant nodules, and Elsholtzia splendens Naki-a Cu accumulator, along with treatments of a chelating agent (EDTA), root excretions (citric acid), and a control with E. splendens only were used to compare the mobility of heavy metals in chelating agents with a co-culture and to determine the potential for co-culture phytoremediation in heavy metal contaminated soils. The root uptake for Cu, Zn, and Pb in all treatments was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the control treatment. However with translocation in the shoots, only Cu, Zn, and Pb in plants grown with the EDTA treatment and Zn in plants co-cropped with the A. sinicus treatment increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, when a co-culture in soils with heavy and moderate contamination was compared, for roots in moderately contaminated soils only Zn concentration was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that of heavily contaminated soils, however, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations of shoots were all significantly lower (P < 0.05). Overall, this "co-culture engineering" could be as effective as or even more effective than chelating agents, thereby preventing plant metal toxicity and metal leaching in soils as was usually observed in chelate-enhanced phytoremediation.     

西班牙东南部旱作橄榄树果园水土保持措施: 植物带对土壤水分的动态影响

Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year period were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with rainfed olive (Olea europaea cv. Picual) trees under: 1) non-tillage with barley strips of 4 m width (BS); 2) non-tillage with native vegetation strips of 4 m width (NVS); and 3) non-tillage without plant strips (NT). The erosion plots, located in Lanjaron (Granada, south-eastern Spain), on a 30% slope, were 192 m² in area. For assessing soil water dynamics in real-time and near-continuous soil water content measurements, multisensor capacitance probes were installed in the middle of plant strips and beneath the olive tree at five soil depths (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm). The highest erosion and runoff rates were measured under NT, with a mean of 17.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 140.0 mm year^-1, respectively, over the entire study period. The BS and NVS with respect to the NT reduced erosion by 71% and 59% and runoff by 95% and 94%, respectively. In general, greater available soil water content was found under BS than NVS and NT, especially beneath the olive tree canopies. These results supported the recommendation of non-tillage with barley strips in order to reduce erosion and to preserve soil water for trees in traditional mountainous olive-producing areas, where orchards cover vast tracts of land.     

大棚土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌增强黄瓜枯萎病抑制水平

A pot experiment was conducted to study the plant growth and fruit yields of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on a greenhouse soil with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum under unsterilized conditions. Two AMF inocula were tested: only one AMF strain Glomus caledonium 90036 and an AMF consortium mainly consisting of Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp. There were four treatments including no inoculation (control), inoculation with F. oxysporum but without mycorrhizae (FO), inoculation with F. oxysporum and G. caledonium (FO+M1), and inoculation with F. oxysporum and the AMF consortium (FO+M2). Cucumber plants were harvested at weeks 3 and 9 after transplanting. Compared with the control, the FO treatment without AMF inoculation had less biomass both at weeks 3 and 9 (P < 0.05) and had higher incidence of Fusarium wilt and produced no cucumber fruit at week 9. Both FO+M1 and FO+M2 treatments had higher mycorrhizal colonization than the treatments which received no AMF inoculation at week 3 (P < 0.05), but only the FO+M2 treatment elevated plant biomass, decreased the incidence of Fusarium wilt, and improved cucumber yields to the same level as the control at week 9. The results indicated that the AMF consortium could suppress Fusarium wilt of cucumber and, therefore, showed potential as a biological control agent in greenhouse agroecosystems.     

间伐和去除凋落物对马尾松林细根生产力和土壤有机碳含量的影响

Soils play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, and can be major source or sink of CO₂ depending upon land use, vegetation type and soil management practices. Fine roots are important component of a forest ecosystem in terms of water and nutrient uptake. In this study the effects of thinning and litter fall removal on fine root production and soil organic carbon content were examined in 20-year-old Masson pine (Pinus resinosa) plantations in Huitong, Hunan Province of China in the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. The results showed that fine root production was significantly lower in the thinning plots than in the control plots, with a decrease of 58% and 14% in 2004 and 2005 growing seasons, respectively. Litter fall removal significantly increased fine root production by 14% in 2004. Soil temperature (T_soil) and soil moisture (M_soil) were higher in the thinning plots than those in the controls. Litter fall removal had significant effiects on T_soil and M_soil. Soil organic carbon content was higher in the thinning plots but was lower in the plots with litter fall removal compared with that in the controls. Our results also indicated that annual production of fine roots resulted in small carbon accumulation in the upper layers of the soil, and removal of tree by thinning resulted in a significant increase of carbon storage in Masson pine plantations.     

川中丘陵区土壤侵蚀对土壤特性和作物产量的影响

Roles of tillage erosion and water erosion in the development of within-field spatial variation of surface soil properties and soil degradation and their contributions to the reduction of crop yields were studied on three linear slopes in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Tillage erosion was found to be the dominant erosion process at upper slope positions of each linear slope and on the whole short slope (20 m). On the long slope (110 m) and medium slope (40 m), water erosion was the dominant erosion process. Soil organic matter and soil nutrients in the tillage layer were significantly related to slope length and ¹³⁷Cs inventories on the long slope; however, there was no significant correlation among them on the short slope, suggesting that water erosion lowered soil quality by transporting SOM and surface soil nutrients selectively from the upper to lower slope positions, while tillage erosion transported soil materials unselectively. On the medium slope, SOM, total N, and available N in the tillage layer were correlated with slope length and the other properties were distributed evenly on the slope, indicating that water erosion on this slope was still the dominant soil redistribution process. Similar patterns were found for the responses of grain yield, aboveground biomass, and harvest index for slopes. These results indicated that tillage erosion was a major cause for soil degradation and grain yield reduction on the linear slopes because it resulted in displacement of the tillage layer soil required for maintaining soil quality and plant growth.     

土地利用方式和施肥对潮棕壤氨氧化细菌活性和群落组成的影响

The effects of long-term (19 years) different land use and fertilization on activity and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in an aquic brown soil were investigated in a field experiment in Liaoning Province, China. The 19-year experiment conducted from 1990 to 2008 involved seven treatments designed: cropping rotation of soybean-corn-corn with no fertilizer (control, CK), recycled manure (RM), fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) (NPK), NPK+RM, and no-crop bare land, mowed fallow, and non-mowed fallow. The results showed that the potential nitrification rates of the RM, NPK+RM, mowed fallow, and non-mowed fallow treatments were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the CK and NPK treatments, indicating that the long-term applications of recycled manure and return of plant residues both significantly increased the activity of AOB. Although the application of NPK did not enhance soil potential nitrification because of decreased pH, available K had an important effect on potential nitrification. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprint profiles showed that no-crop treatments had an increase in the diversity of the AOB community compared to the CK, RM, and NPK treatments, implying that agricultural practices, especially tillage, had an adverse effect on the soil AOB community. The NPK+RM treatment had the most diverse DGGE patterns possibly because of the increased available P in this treatment. A phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the DGGE bands derived belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, not Nitrosospira cluster 2. These demonstrated that different land use and fertilization significantly influenced the activity and composition of the AOB community by altering the soil properties, mainly including pH, total C, available K, and available P.     

分室法研究不同磷况下两种接种丛枝菌根玉米

A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system was used to compare some chemical and biolog-ical properties of the two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus versiforme usingmaize (Zea mays) as the host plant with four added levels of available phosphorus (P). The proportion of host plant root length infected was determined at harvest. Shoot and root yields and nutrient concentra-tions were determined, together with the nutrient concentrations in the AM fungal external mycelium. Themorphology of various mycorrhizal structures of the two AM fungi was also compared by microscopic obser-vation. Inoculation with G. mosseae gave higher plant yields than that with G. versghrme, and the two fungiresponded differently in infection rate to areilable phosphorus level. Root infection rate of mycorrhizal maizecolonized by G. mosseae decreased markedly with increasing P level, and there was very poor development of the extraradical mpcelium at the highest rate of P addition. In contrast, G. versiforme showed greater tolerance to increasing P level. Elemental analysis showed that phosphorus, copper and zinc concentrations in the external mycelium differed between the two fungi and were much higher than those in the host plant. Differences in the morphology of the two fungi were also observed.     

可变电荷土壤和矿物Pb2+ and Cu2+吸附动力学: Ⅶ. Pb2+吸附后H+释放的动力学

The kinetics of H⁺ releasing after Pb²⁺ adsorption was studied by the potentiometric method combined with the acid-base titration curve technique. Results showed that pH of latosol, red soil and kaolinite suspensions dropped sharply, and then decreased gradually. Most of the H⁺ exchanged, more than 60%, was displaced at the first minute after Pb²⁺ was added into the suspension. More H⁺ was released at a higher concentration of Pb²⁺ added for a given sample and the amount of H⁺ released decreased in the order of red soil > latosol > kaolinite at a given concentration. The time-dependent data of H⁺ releasing of latosol, red soil and kaolinite at two concentrations could be fitted best with the second-order equation among the six equations, including second-order equation, two-constant equation, Elovich equation, parabolic diffusion equation, first-order equation and exponential equation. The H⁺/Pb²⁺ exchange stoichiometry increased with time, and a stable ratio of H⁺/Pb²⁺, being 1.73, 1.92 and 2.01 for kaolinite, latosol and red soil, respectively, was reached 25 minutes later.     

三峡库区4种库岸边坡的植被根系固土效应研究

选择三峡库区无植被、草丛、灌丛及林木覆盖的4种边坡,测量了土壤表层（0—15 cm）的抗冲和抗蚀增强值,并以10 cm为单位分层获取了土壤表层（0—50 cm）的根长密度、根系生物量、土壤含水量、田间持水量、抗剪强度等指标。结果表明:（1）灌丛边坡的抗冲与抗蚀增强值均最大,显著高于草丛和林木边坡;灌丛边坡的抗剪强度值较大,裸地在10—20 cm的土层急骤增大,然后随土层深度逐渐减小,林地在最深层有着最大值。（2）3种有植被覆盖边坡的根系均集中在30 cm的表层,根长密度随着土层深度而减小;草丛和灌丛的根生物量在各层间变化不明显,林木根生物量随土层加深而迅速减小;（3）裸地的土壤含水量随着土层深度而急剧增加,林木则呈相反趋势,草丛和灌丛的变化较为平缓;灌丛的田间持水量在各层间基本保持一致,草丛和林木随着土层的加深而降低,裸地的表层田间持水量较大;（4）灌丛边坡的土体最稳定,各指标在土壤各层间较为稳定,林木和草丛边坡也有一定的稳定性,无植被覆盖的边坡稳定性最差。     

晋北丘陵风沙区不同植被恢复模式的水土保持效应

通过对山西右玉贾家窑阳坡退耕还林约20年后的4种植被恢复模式(自然恢复草地、油松林、柠条灌丛和油松—柠条林)土壤水分、理化性质、径流量和侵蚀量的测定,探讨了不同植被恢复模式的水土保持效应。结果表明:(1)4种植被恢复模式0—100cm土层土壤平均含水量无显著差异,油松林和自然恢复草地的土壤容重高于油松—柠条林和柠条灌丛,土壤总孔隙度的变化趋势与容重相反;(2)4种植被恢复模式0—20cm土层土壤粒度组成、pH、有机质、铵态氮和速效磷无显著差异,硝态氮和速效钾差异明显(P0.05);(3)4种植被恢复模式径流量没有明显差异,但土壤侵蚀量自然恢复草地和油松林显著高于柠条灌丛和油松—柠条林(P0.05);(4)覆盖度相似条件下,根系密度、近地表植被盖度和枯枝落叶层厚度是影响林草植被水土保持效应的主要因素。     

三峡水库消落带几种草本植物根系的垂直分布特征

[目的]明确三峡水库消落带典型草本植物根系分布特征,为三峡消落带的植被恢复提供依据。[方法]在三峡腹地石宝镇消落带选取牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima)、扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaeoides)三种人工恢复草本和自然恢复草本,利用WinRhizo Pro.2009c根系分析系统研究其根系的土壤剖面分布特征。[结果]4种草本类型的的根系主要分布在0—10cm土层,根长密度、根直径(除自然杂草外)、根表面积密度、根体积密度和根尖密度均随土壤深度的增加而呈指数函数减小;除根径外,在整个土层剖面中(0—25cm),3种人工草本的根系指标都要显著高于自然恢复杂草。[结论]4种草本根系发达,对消落带水淹胁迫的适应性强。     

2种草本植物根系对长汀县崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响

植被恢复是防治崩岗侵蚀的重要方法,为研究植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响,以崩岗洪积扇上种植的深根系巨菌草和浅根系宽叶雀稗为研究对象,对其分层取样后,用环刀法测定土壤的密度、孔隙度和最大持水量等物理性质,计算土壤蓄水能力,并用WinRHIZO根系分析系统,测定根长和密度等参数.结果表明:巨菌草和宽叶雀稗的各根系特征指标,均随土层深度的增加而减小,巨菌草各根系指标均大于宽叶雀稗;有植被覆盖下的土壤密度均小于裸地,植被覆盖下土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均大于裸地,且随土层深度的增加而减小;有植被根系的土壤饱和蓄水量和毛管蓄水量均比裸地高,且与裸地差异显著;在土壤表层,宽叶雀稗增加土壤孔隙性和土壤保水能力大于巨菌草,而在土壤中深层,则巨菌草大于宽叶雀稗;根系改善土壤性质的能力,主要取决于其根长密度和根系总表面积,直径小于0.5mm的根系是影响土壤水分的最主要因子.研究植物根系对改良土壤水分状况的影响,以期为崩岗侵蚀防治中植被种类的筛选和推广提供依据.     

不同植被类型对黄河三角洲贝壳堤土壤水文功能的影响

以滩涂裸地为对照,对黄河三角洲贝壳堤向海侧的盐生灌草、滩脊地带的旱生灌草及向陆侧的盐生草3种植被类型的土壤水文功能进行了研究。结果表明,与裸地相比,贝壳堤生境条件下的盐生灌草、旱生灌草及盐生草3种植被类型土壤容重降低了8.5%~20.8%,总孔隙度增加了17.1%~46.1%。滩脊地带的旱生灌草改善土壤孔隙状况效果最好,向陆侧的盐生草最差。3种植被类型具有一定的压碱抑盐效应,降盐碱功能表现为滩脊地带的旱生灌草最好,其次为向海侧的盐生灌草,而向陆侧盐生草最差。不同被覆地类土壤渗透性能大小表现为:向陆侧盐生草滩脊地带旱生灌草向海侧盐生灌草裸地。0—40cm土层的土壤饱和贮水量和毛管贮水量表现为:滩脊地带旱生灌草向海侧盐生灌草向陆侧盐生草。在垂直层次上,贝壳堤不同植被类型改良盐碱、土壤孔隙状况及贮水性能均表现为0—20cm优于20—40cm土层。研究表明,贝壳堤滩脊地带旱生灌草植被的土壤贮蓄水分及降盐改土能力最优,其次为向海侧的盐生灌草,向陆侧的盐生草较差。     

流动沙地建植人工固沙梭梭林的土壤演变过程

梭梭是西北干旱区人工固沙植被建设的主要树种,人工固沙梭梭林建植后植被系统的演变受土壤发育的影响。在河西走廊中段临泽平川绿洲边缘选择0、3、6、9、16和40 a时间序列的固沙梭梭林地,研究人工固沙植被建植后的土壤发育过程,探讨梭梭植物与土壤反馈作用及其对植被系统演变的影响。结果表明,随着梭梭种植年限的增加,土壤黏粉粒、有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量逐渐增加,但显著变化发生在种植9 a以后的0~20 cm表层土壤,而盐分的积累发生在0~100 cm整个土层,20~80 cm土层的盐分积累量高于表层0~20 cm;盐分组成中,24 SO-、Ca2+和Na+含量随着梭梭种植年限的增加而增加,在16 a和40 a梭梭林土壤剖面中有显著积累。梭梭种植16 a和40 a后,0~10 cm土层SOC含量较未造林沙地分别增加3.3倍和5.7倍、0~100 cm土壤剖面盐分含量分别增加5.4倍和6.5倍,表明梭梭生长发育过程中土壤盐分积累较SOC和养分积累更为显著。盐分的积累可能对草本植物的生长发育产生负效应,进而影响人工植被系统的稳定性。在流动沙地建植人工梭梭林40 a的时间序列上,土壤从干旱砂质新成土向干旱正常新成土发育;随着盐分的进一步积累和干旱区钙化过程,最终可能演变为钙积正常干旱土,但需更长时间尺度的观测研究。     

黄土丘陵区主要植物根系对土壤有机质和团聚体的影响

植物根系是植物与土壤进行物质交换的通道,在土壤侵蚀严重、生态脆弱的黄土丘陵区,深入认识根系对土壤物理化学性质的影响具有重要意义。选取了白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)、苔草(Carex lanceolata)、茭蒿(Artemisia leucophylla)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)、柠条(Caragana intermedia)6种植物作为研究对象,取0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40,40—50,50—60 cm土层根系和土样,分析不同土层各物种根长密度、根表面积密度、平均根直径、土壤有机质(SOM)、土壤容重以及各级水稳性团聚体重量百分含量。结果表明:所研究植物根系以细根为主。在0—20 cm土层中,白羊草、苔草根长密度显著大于其余植物(P0.05),表现为苔草白羊草铁杆蒿茭蒿狼牙刺柠条,平均根直径则相反。根系能不同程度地增加SOM含量,SOM含量与根系平均直径和根系表面积密度呈极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。在土壤剖面上,水稳性团聚体重量百分含量明显减少的是白羊草、苔草和铁杆蒿样地,水稳性团聚体重量百分含量随土层深度变化不明显的是茭蒿、狼牙刺和柠条样地。根表面积、根长密度能够显著增加0.5～2 mm水稳性团聚体重量百分含量(P0.05),说明根系能够使小粒径团粒凝聚成更大粒径的土壤团粒。根系能够提高土壤有机质含量,增加中等粒径团聚体含量,改善土壤结构,提高土壤稳定性,对增加土壤抗蚀性起到重要作用。     

黄土高原沟壑区藻类结皮的水土保持效应

从降雨径流、水分蒸发两方面探讨黄土高原沟壑区藻类结皮的水土保持效应。结果表明:①藻类结皮可显著增加0-10cm土层内土壤孔隙度,最大增加幅度总孔隙度为7.4%,毛管孔隙度为14.2%;对更深土层的土壤孔隙度无显著影响。②荒草坡、樟子松林和油松林3种植被类型下,有藻类结皮试验区径流量与无结皮对照区有显著差异,径流量分别减少了28.1%～32.5%、34.4%～43.1%和30.8%～31.6%。③3种植被类型下,藻类结皮的土壤侵蚀量与无结皮对照土壤侵蚀量有显著差异,分别比无结皮区土壤侵蚀量减少了58.8%～70.6%,48.9%～62.6%和38.3%～57.1%。④通过逐步回归分析,建立了不同植被类型下藻类结皮的径流量、土壤侵蚀量与降雨因子的回归方程。⑤藻类结皮对土壤水分变化的影响土层为20-60cm,在该范围内藻类结皮的土壤含水量显著高于无结皮区。     

春玉米不同生育期土壤湿润层深度调控的稳产节水效应

局部根区水分胁迫可以调节作物的产量、品质及水分利用效率。现有研究多通过调控水平方向作物根区土壤水分分布来构建适宜局部根区水分胁迫环境,而水平方向根区土壤水分分布的调控存在局限性。该文以石羊河流域春玉米为研究对象,通过覆膜和控制不同生育期计划湿润层深度来实现根区土壤水分的垂向调控,分析了调控措施对不同深度土层水分、作物生长指标及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:根区土壤水分垂向调控措施可以有效调控作物根系分布及根区土壤水分的时空变化;调控中选用大的计划湿润层深度可以有效增加深层土壤内的根长密度及其分布比例,减小不同深度土层水分差异;在调控中,水分胁迫多出现于下部土层(50~100 cm),且含水量随时间在胁迫阈值上下波动,存在空间上的局部水分胁迫和时间上的干湿交替,所构建的水分胁迫环境较为理想;该调控措施亦可对灌水量及作物耗水量进行调控,能够调节作物对降雨及深层土壤水的利用,在各生育期使用较大或较小计划湿润均可以增加对非灌溉水的利用,其中,大的计划湿润层深度有利于对深层土壤水的利用;根区土壤水分的垂向调控也会影响干物质在各组织器官间的分配,实现增产增收。以灌溉水利用效率及水分利用效率来评价各调控方案节水效果,最优根区土壤水分垂向调控方案为:地膜覆盖,灌水下限设为65%田间持水量,苗期计划湿润层深度为30 cm,拔节期计划湿润层深度为40 cm,抽雄期至成熟期计划湿润层深度为50 cm。     

Effect of Long-Term Soil Management on the Mutual Interaction Among Soil Organic Matter, Microbial Activity and Aggregate Stability in a Vineyard

Vineyard management practices to enhance soil conservation principally focus on increasing carbon (C) input, whereas mitigating impacts of disturbance through reduced tillage has been rarely considered. Furthermore, information is lacking on the effects of soil management practices adopted in the under-vine zone on soil conservation. In this work, we evaluated the long-term effects (22 years) of alley with a sown cover crop and no-tillage (S + NT), alley with a sown cover crop and tillage (S + T), and under-vine zone with no vegetation and tillage (UV) on soil organic matter (SOM), microbial activity, aggregate stability, and their mutual interactions in a California vineyard in USA. Vegetation biomass, microbial biomass and activity, organic C and nitrogen (N) pools, and SOM size fractionation and aggregate stability were analysed. Soil characteristics only partially reflected the differences in vegetation biomass input. Organic C and N pools and microbial biomass/activity in S + NT were higher than those in S + T, while the values in UV were intermediate between the other two treatments. Furthermore, S + NT also exhibited higher particulate organic matter C in soil. No differences were found in POM C between S + T and UV, but the POM fraction in S + T was characterized by fresher material. Aggregate stability was decreased in the order: S + NT > UV > S + T. Tillage, even if shallow and performed infrequently, had a negative effect on organic C and N pools and aggregate stability. Consequently, the combination of a sown cover crop and reduced tillage still limited SOM accumulation and reduced aggregate stability in the surface soil layer of vineyards, suggesting relatively lower resistance of soils to erosion compared to no-till systems.