以菊芋粉为原料同步糖化发酵生产燃料乙醇

利用粟酒裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）能发酵菊芋未水解糖液高产乙醇的特点提出了以菊芋粉为原料,同步糖化发酵生产燃料乙醇的新工艺。在摇瓶中考察了原料预处理方法、原料浓度和初始pH值对乙醇发酵的影响,进而在5 L发酵罐中考察了未调控pH值和恒定pH值与通气情况对乙醇发酵的影响。结果表明：该菌株最适pH值为4.0;100目筛分的菊芋粉发酵效果良好,115℃灭菌处理优于121℃,在此条件下,菊芋粉浓度200 g/L时,乙醇产量达到66.58 g/L,理论转化率为85.88%;发酵液pH值下降对乙醇发酵没有影响,通入适量氧气会导致乙醇产量的下降,这表明粟酒裂殖酵母进行乙醇发酵时不需要供氧;通入氮气保持厌氧环境不能显著提高乙醇产量,不通气进行乙醇发酵也达到高的转化率,因此在工业生产中,不必保持厌氧发酵环境。在此基础上,对菊芋粉补料发酵进行了试验,补料至菊芋粉终浓度为300 g/L,发酵终点乙醇浓度为94.81 g/L,理论转化率为81.54%。这些研究工作,为以菊芋为原料的燃料乙醇工业化生产提供技术依据。     

耐高温东方伊萨酵母乙醇发酵特性

燃料乙醇作为一种可再生清洁能源,越来越受到人们的广泛关注,选育出一株耐高温乙醇发酵菌株对于提高乙醇发酵效率、降低能耗和生产成本具有重要意义。该文对分离自烟叶腐解物中的耐高温乙醇发酵菌株HN-1进行生理生化特性试验及分子生物学鉴定,并对其发酵特性进行初步研究。结果表明:HN-1菌株为东方伊萨酵母,能够利用葡萄糖和果糖发酵生产乙醇,但不能利用木糖、半乳糖等。该菌株的最适生长温度为38℃,乙醇发酵的合适温度范围为38~45℃,且随着发酵温度的升高,乙醇生成速率加快,发酵时间缩短。38℃乙醇发酵的最适葡萄糖浓度为120 g/L,乙醇产量为58.19 g/L,乙醇产率为0.460 g/g。利用玉米秸秆水解液发酵,乙醇产量为20.74 g/L,乙醇产率为0.468 g/g,达到葡萄糖理论转化率的91.6%。该研究为生物乙醇的高温发酵提供了宝贵的菌种资源和技术支撑。     

超低浓度马来酸水解玉米芯纤维素

为考察超低浓度马来酸对玉米芯纤维素的水解性能,该文采用高温液态水预处理和超低马来酸水解相结合的两步法。3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)比色法和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析表明,第一步预处理(200℃,10min,4MPa,500r/min,液固比20:1mL/g)玉米芯可获得12.24g/L还原糖,半纤维素转化率91.76%,损失3.61%的纤维素;其残渣进行第二步酸水解(质量分数0.1%,220℃,20min,4MPa,500r/min,液固比20:1mL/g)可获得9.94g/L还原糖,纤维素转化率达95.17%,约1/3转化为糖。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析表明,第二步水解液中含有多种木质素降解副产物,如苯酚、苯甲酸等,带有多种活泼基团,可能与糖降解物反应,加快葡萄糖降解正反应的进行。改进反应器,使得糖降解物和木质素降解物及时排出,可提升马来酸水解性能,为马来酸在生物质水解领域的应用提供参考。     

L-色氨酸生产菌株TPO1发酵条件研究

对L-色氨酸生产基因工程菌TP01发酵的接种量、发酵温度和溶氧等条件进行了研究。结果表明,该菌株的最佳发酵条件初始培养基组成为葡萄糖30 g/L、硫酸铵40 g/L、酪氨酸0.2 g/L、玉米浆25 mL/L、磷酸氢二钾10 g/L、磷酸二氢钾5 g/L、七水硫酸镁2 g/L、硫酸钠0.002 g/L、七水硫酸亚铁0.01 g/L、维生素B1 100 μg/L、维生素H 50 μg/L,流加糖为浓度70%的葡萄糖(质量体积比),pH为7.0,温度为37 ℃,接种量为10%,溶氧控制在20%~30%。     

白酒丢糟的酸酶联合水解糖化工艺

为充分利用白酒丢糟资源,探讨了酸酶联合水解法对其进行糖化以获得可发酵糖的可行性。以木糖和还原糖浓度为指标,研究温度、固液比、混合酸浓度和时间等因素对酸解效果的影响;在此基础上分析纤维素酶对酸解残渣(AHR)的酶解历程,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)和X-衍射(XRD)技术考察不同水解阶段丢糟的结构特性变化。结果表明,丢糟在温度为100℃、固液比为1:12g/mL和酸浓度为2.0%的条件下经混合酸水解120min可获得59.32g/L还原糖和6.49g/L木糖,该酸解阶段的半纤维素和纤维素转化率分别为77.38%和62.50%,木质素溶出率为43.50%。AHR在纤维素酶用量为4000U/g原料、温度为45℃和pH值为4.8的条件下继续作用2.5h可获得13.27g/L还原糖,该酶解阶段的纤维素转化率为66.67%,酶解率高达90.73%。结构特性研究表明,水解作用前后的丢糟形貌结构变化明显,孔隙率和比表面积增加,有利于纤维素酶对AHR中纤维结晶区的作用。FTIR和XRD结果显示,水解前后的特征组分所对应的吸收峰强度发生了变化,相对结晶度逐渐提高。白酒丢糟经酸酶联合水解作用转化为可发酵糖具有可行性。该研究可为丢糟生物质发酵制备乙醇提供理论基础。     

汽爆玉米秸秆同步糖化发酵产乙醇的工艺优化

该文对同步糖化发酵玉米秸秆生产纤维乙醇的工艺条件进行了研究,分别利用单因素试验和正交试验考察了影响发酵的工艺条件。结果显示：温度37℃、pH值4.8、底物15%（质量分数）、表面活性剂Tween-20 0.15%（质量分数）、纤维素酶用量30 U/g、酵母用2%的葡萄糖溶液活化,接种量5‰（相对底物干质量）、培养基的组成：KH2PO4 2.5 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 2.0 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.15 g/L,CaCl2 0.35 g/L、发酵时间60 h为同步糖化发酵（SSF）生产乙醇的最优工艺条件,该条件下乙醇的体积分数为2.85%,乙醇得率达理论值的88.12%。     

CLC-St-PAM絮凝剂净化蔗渣制浆黑液回收木质素

该文通过制备耐酸型絮凝剂,以酸析絮凝法处理蔗渣制浆黑液高效回收木质素。首先以木薯淀粉、5-羟甲基糠醛以及3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为主要原料制备交联阳离子淀粉(cross-linked cationic starch,CLC-St),然后以CLC-St为骨架与丙烯酰胺在引发剂作用下进行接枝共聚反应,合成了交联阳离子淀粉接枝聚丙烯酰胺(cross-linked cationic starch grafted polyacrylamide,CLC-St-PAM)絮凝剂,并通过红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜等手段对CLC-St-PAM进行结构和形貌分析。结果显示,交联阳离子淀粉分子与丙烯酰胺成功发生了接枝共聚反应,反应主要发生在淀粉颗粒表面,接枝产物呈现为无定形的聚集态。以CLC-St-PAM为絮凝剂处理p H值为2~7间的蔗渣碱法制浆黑液,系统考察了p H值、CLC-St-PAM用量等因素对木质素的回收率、滤液中酸溶木质素含量和化学耗氧量(COD)的影响,结果表明,酸析-絮凝处理可以有效的去除制浆黑液中的酸不溶木质素、酸溶木质素以及COD,在p H值为2时投入0.015 g/L的CLC-St-PAM,木质素回收率高达89.02%±0.54%,COD去除率也达69.06%±1.42%;同时,酸溶木质素质量浓度由原来的(0.561±0.021)g/100 m L下降至(0.187±0.008)g/100 m L,黑液由原来的棕黑色变为清澈的淡黄色。不同p H值回收得到的木质素结构通过核磁共振氢谱和凝胶渗透色谱表征,结果表明酸析-絮凝过程中首先析出来的是相对纯净的木质素分子,随着体系p H值的进一步下降,更多与半纤维素通过稳定的共价键形成的木质素-半纤维素复合体也逐渐沉淀析出。     

生物—碱氧化预处理玉米秸秆酶解条件的优化

白腐菌生物—碱氧化预处理（BAO预处理）具有环境友好、低能耗的优势,是一项很有前景的生产纤维质乙醇预处理技术。为获得预处理后玉米秸秆的最优酶解条件,通过动力学研究评价了纤维素酶负荷、反应时间、基质浓度对还原糖产量的影响,并利用响应面分析法优化了酶解反应温度、pH值和转速。结果表明,最适的酶解糖化条件为：酶负荷30 FPU/g,基质浓度20 g/L,反应时间48 h,pH 4.8,转速200 r/min,反应温度49℃。在此条件下,秸秆的还原糖产量达到（0.479±0.012）g/g。     

黏质物脱除工艺优化及其提高亚麻籽提油率的效果

为了提高水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率,该文探究了亚麻籽表面黏质物的存在对水酶法提取亚麻籽油提油率的影响,并对热水浸提法脱除亚麻籽黏质物的工艺进行优化。结果表明,水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率随亚麻籽表面黏质物的减少而升高,未脱黏亚麻籽的提油率为69.20%±1.51%,渣相含油量为26.00%±1.24%。经100℃浸提脱黏后,黏质物的脱除率为94.69%±1.94%,此时亚麻籽的提油率可达84.26%±0.63%,渣相含油量降低至10.45%±0.89%。对热水浸提脱除黏质物的工艺(浸提温度、浸提时间、体系p H值、料水比以及浸提次数)进行了单因素优化,发现在浸提温度85℃、p H值3、料水比1:7 g/m L、浸提2次,每次浸提60 min的条件下,黏质物的脱除效果最好,脱除率为97.88%±0.69%,脱黏后亚麻籽的提油率可达84.47%±0.53%,亚麻籽油和蛋白质的损失率分别为0.70%±0.16%和10.78%±0.41%,且浸提脱黏过程对水酶法提取亚麻籽油的品质(酸值和过氧化值)无显著影响。此外,浸提脱黏过程还可有效去除亚麻籽中的抗营养因子生氰糖苷,使生氰糖苷的含量由浸提前的(242.6±0.8)mg/kg显著降低到浸提后的(7.1±0.6)mg/kg。该研究提供了一种简单高效的热水浸提脱黏工艺,显著提高了后续水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率,同时也有利于亚麻籽多糖的回收和亚麻籽粕的进一步利用,为亚麻籽资源的综合利用提供有益参考。     

壳聚糖澄清芦柑果汁工艺条件的优化

为了制备稳定的澄清芦柑果汁,该文基于Box-Behnken试验设计,探讨了壳聚糖浓度、澄清温度、澄清时间对果汁澄清度的影响;建立了二次多项式回归模型,分析模型的有效性与因子间的交互作用,并对壳聚糖澄清芦柑果汁的工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明：壳聚糖澄清芦柑果汁的最佳工艺参数为：壳聚糖浓度0.80 g/L、温度59℃和时间71 min。在此最佳工艺条件下果汁透光率达到97.8%,且试验结果与模型预测值（98.3%）相吻合,所得回归模型拟合情况良好（R2=0.9886）,达到设计要求。进一步对经壳聚糖澄清后的芦柑果汁的相关指标进行测定,发现果汁中可溶性固形物、维生素 C 及总酸含量依次从11.30±0.15%、31.33±3.25 mg/100mL、0.71±0.00 g/100mL略降为9.50±0.25%、21.8±5.28 mg/100mL、0.51±0 g/100mL,而总酚、果胶、蛋白质质量浓度依次从990.3±8.02 mg/L、366±4.70μg/mL、595.53±20.62μg/mL减少为557.87±4.67 mg/L、186.24±44.32μg/mL、26.42±0.30μg/mL 有较明显下降,但澄清后的果汁非生物稳定性很好。该试验用响应面法优选出的澄清工艺合理可行,为芦柑果汁深加工及果汁产品开发提供了理论依据。     

Effect of molecular weight and concentration of polyethylene glycol on physicochemical properties and stability of shellac film

The effects of molecular weight and concentration of plasticizer on physicochemical properties and stability of shellac films were investigated. Type of plasticizer was previously reported to have some effects on the stability of shellac films, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was the plasticizer of choice for plasticizing shellac films. In this study, different molecular weights of PEG (200, 400 and 4000) were chosen at a concentration of 10% w/w of shellac films. Shellac in alcohol was prepared in a free film. The stability of shellac film was then performed at 75% RH, 40 °C for 3 months. The comparison was made between the film with and without plasticizer. Shellac films were then determined for acid value, insoluble solid, mechanical properties and water vapor permeability coefficient. It was reported that different molecular weights of PEG had some influence on physicochemical properties of the shellac films. Among different molecular weights of PEG, PEG 400 showed a suitable molecular weight that could protect the shellac chain at the carboxylic and hydroxyl groups. Therefore, the molecular weight of plasticizer played a crucial role for the protective ability at active sites. Further study was performed to investigate the effect of concentrations of PEG 400 on the stability. The results demonstrated that PEG 400 at a concentration of 10% (w/w) could prevent the polymerization process for only 4 months and a significant change of all parameters was then reported. However, a higher concentration, 20% (w/w) of PEG 400, could prolong the stability of shellac for 6 months of study. Therefore, the drawback of shellac as a natural polymer in pharmaceutical and food industries could be tackled by the appropriate size and concentration of plasticizer.     

Reaction mechanisms in delignification of pine Kraft-AQ pulp with hydrogen peroxide using Mn(IV)-Me4DTNE as catalyst

Pine Kraft-AQ pulp was bleached with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by [LMn(IV)(2) (mu-O)(3)](ClO(4))(2) at 80 degrees C for 120 min under optimum reaction conditions. The resulting bleached pulp was hydrolyzed with cellulase to obtain insoluble and soluble residual lignins. The alkaline effluent from the bleaching was acidified to precipitate alkaline soluble lignin. These lignin preparations were purified, and then analyzed by 2D HMQC NMR spectroscopic techniques. The results showed that biphenyl (5-5) and stilbene structures are preferentially degraded in the bleaching process, while beta-O-4, beta-5, and beta-beta structures undergo degradation only to a lesser extent. This implies that hydrogen peroxide bleaching using the catalyst is more effective in delignification of softwood pulps than hardwood pulps. The possible reaction mechanisms for the delignification of residual lignin in the pine Kraft-AQ pulp in the bleaching process are discussed on the basis of the 2D HMQC NMR spectroscopic data and the model compound experiments.     

Effect of salts and plasticizers on stability of shellac film

The aim of this study was to increase the stability of shellac because of the polymerization. A few approaches have been applied in this study. Shellac film was prepared in two salt forms, that is, ammonium and 2-methyl-2-amino 1-propanol salts, and a comparison was made with shellac film in free acid form. The other approach was by the application of plasticizers. These plasticizers were diethyl phathalate, triacetin, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). Plasticized shellac and unplasticized shellac films in free acid form were then compared. All shellac films were kept in stability chamber at 40 degrees C, 75% RH for a period of 3 months. The studied parameters such as insoluble solid, acid value, mechanical properties, and water vapor permeability were detected every month. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to analyze data. The applications of salt forms proved statistically significant (p < 0.01) to reduce the polymerization process whereas certain plasticizers could enhance the stability. PEG 400 was the only plasticizer that could show the increase in stability. The improvement of stability might be a result of the interference of a larger molecule of PEG 400 causing the difficulty in interaction among carboxyl or hydroxyl groups of shellac and the effect of lower loss of plasticizer.     

Preparation and characteristics of rumen-bypass microcapsules for improvement of productivity in ruminants

Rumen-bypass microcapsules were prepared by a spray-dry method for protection against microbial hydrogenation in the rumen (neutral pH). Porous starch was used as the core material, and the microcapsules were prepared by a triple coating of Eudragit E100, AS-HF, and shellac. Capsules were generated with yield of about 48% and a mean particle diameter of 20-30 microm. The microcapsules had high stability in a neutral solution that mimicked a ruminal pH (pH 6.5). Moreover, when microcapsules were incubated in the presence of ruminal microorganisms, about 65% of the microcapsules were resistant to digestion in ruminal fluids, and protection of the inclusion substance was observed. In addition, the efficiency of release of these microcapsules was about 85% within only 30 min in the abomasal environment (pH 3.0).     

Comparative studies on the delignification of pine kraft-anthraquinone pulp with hydrogen peroxide by binucleus Mn(IV) complex catalysis

Pine kraft-anthraquinone (kraft-AQ) pulp was bleached in alkaline solution with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by either [L(1)Mn(IV)(micro-O)(3)Mn(IV)L(1)](PF(6))(2)] (C1) or [LMn(IV)(2)(micro-O)(3)] (ClO(4))(2) (C2) at 60 and 80 degrees C for 120 min with a catalyst charge of 10 ppm on pulp. The resulting bleached pulp was hydrolyzed with cellulase to obtain insoluble and soluble residual lignins. The alkaline bleaching effluents were acidified to precipitate alkaline-soluble lignins. These lignin preparations were then characterized by 2D heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) NMR spectroscopic techniques. The results showed that biphenyl (5-5) and stilbene structures of the residual lignin in the pulp are preferentially degraded in both the C1- and C2-catalyzed bleachings, whereas beta-O-4, beta-5, and beta-beta structures undergo degradation to a lesser extent. In both cases, the degradation of the residual lignin increased with the increase in reaction temperature from 60 to 80 degrees C. Thus, the result of C1-catalyzed delignification is not in agreement with the observed decrease in the disappearance rate for substrates in the C1-catalyzed oxidation of lignin model compounds with hydrogen peroxide when the reaction temperature is increased from 60 to 80 degrees C. In addition, the resulting residual lignins in the C2-catalyzed bleaching at 80 degrees C are less degraded than the corresponding lignins in the C1-catalyzed bleaching at both 60 and 80 degrees C. Thus, C1 is more effective than C2 as catalyst in the binucleus Mn(IV) complex-catalyzed bleaching of pine kraft-AQ pulp with hydrogen peroxide.     

Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sorghum Bran

Sorghum bran has potential to serve as a low‐cost feedstock for production of fuel ethanol. Sorghum bran from a decortication process (10%) was used for this study. The approximate chemical composition of sorghum bran was 30% starch, 18% hemicellulose, 11% cellulose, 11% protein, 10% crude fat, and 3% ash. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected pretreatment methods such as hot water, starch degradation, dilute acid hydrolysis, and combination of those methods on enzymatic hydrolysis of sorghum bran. Methods for pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sorghum bran involved hot water treatment (10% solid, w/v) at 130°C for 20 min, acid hydrolysis (H₂SO₄), starch degradation, and enzymatic hydrolysis (60 hr, 50°C, 0.9%, v/v) with commercial cellulase and hemicellulose enzymes. Total sugar yield by using enzymatic hydrolysis alone was 9%, obtained from 60 hr of enzyme hydrolysis. Hot water treatment facilitated and increased access of the enzymes to hemicellulose and cellulose, improving total sugar yield up to 34%. Using a combination of starch degradation, optimum hot water treatment, and optimum enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in maximum total sugar yield of up to 75%.     

Alteration of chemical composition and the oxidative stability of bleached pomace-olive oil on activated clays

This work is a contribution to the study of the bleaching process, which is a very important stage in the refining process of vegetable oils and used to reduce or convert undesired constituents to harmless ones from fats and oils. The virgin olive oil, taken as reference, and the pomace-olive oil were bleached in the optimal conditions using Tunisian bleaching earths (South of Tunisia) which were activated in our laboratory and compared with commercial clays. It was shown that activated Tunisian clays are characterized by a very important adsorptive capacity, comparable to that of commercial clays. Also, the physicochemical stability of bleached oils was studied. The fatty acid composition (GC), the triacylglycerol composition (HPLC), and the oxidative stability (UV spectrometry) allowed us to conclude that oils, bleached with the Tunisian activated clays, do not undergo considerable physicochemical alterations and remain corresponding to the international standards for refined oils for human consumption.     

A new procedure to measure the antioxidant activity of insoluble food components

The measurement of antioxidant activity was limited to soluble components to date. Functional groups, which are bound to insoluble matters, may exert antioxidant activity by a surface reaction phenomenon. This hypothesis was tested on the insoluble matters of foods, food ingredients, and Maillard reaction products (MRPs). Insoluble matters were prepared by consecutive washes with water and methanol followed by a lyophilization of the insoluble residue. The measurement was performed by a new procedure using 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) colored radicals. These insoluble matters always showed antioxidant activity. Alkali hydrolysis reduced up to 90% the antioxidant activity of cereal-based insoluble matters, thus confirming that fiber-bound compounds have a major role in their antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the insoluble MRPs was not significantly affected by processing conditions, but severe treatments increased the ratio between insoluble and soluble matters. The contribution of insoluble matter to total antioxidant activity was limited for fruits and vegetables, but it was relevant for cereal-based foods and increased over 50% for dietary-fiber-rich ingredients.     

蓝园鲹深度水解过程中蛋白质降解研究

利用风味蛋白酶深度酶解蓝园鲹蛋白，通过比较酶解液的水解度曲线和蛋白质利用率曲线之间的差异、对TCA不溶性氮的变化趋势以及不同酶解时间的凝胶过滤图谱进行分析，探讨了深度酶解过程中蛋白质的降解。酶解6h后大部分蛋白质在酶的作用下降解为水溶性多肽，蛋白质利用率达到83。3％；6h以后蛋白质利用率增长速度降低，这可能是由于可被降解的底物含量降低。此后。风味蛋白酶以水溶性多肽为底物将其进一步降解为小分子肽和氨基酸；21h时水解度达到59．7％。21h以后水解度增长速度降低．这可能是由于亮氨酸氨肽酶难于分解氨基末端上带有甘氨酸和酸性氨基酸的肽。21h以后酶解的主要底物分子量范围在6214到10700的多肽。     

Characterization of recently 14C pulse-labelled carbon from roots by fractionation of soil organic matter

The inability of physical and chemical techniques to separate soil organic matter into fractions that have distinct turnover rates has hampered our understanding of carbon (C) and nutrient dynamics in soil. A series of soil organic matter fractionation techniques (chemical and physical) were evaluated for their ability to distinguish a potentially labile C pool, that is ‘recent’ root and root‐derived soil C. ‘Recent’ root and root‐derived C was operationally defined as root and soil C labelled by ¹⁴CO₂ pulse labelling of rye grass–clover pasture growing on undisturbed cores of soil. Most (50–94%) of total soil + root ¹⁴C activity was recovered in roots. Sequential extraction of the soil + roots with resin, 0.1 m NaOH and 1 m NaOH allocated ‘recent’ soil + root ¹⁴C to all fractions including the alkali‐insoluble residual fraction. Approximately 50% was measured in the alkali‐insoluble residue but specific activity was greater in the resin and 1 m NaOH fractions. Hot 0.5 m H₂SO₄ hydrolysed 80% of the ¹⁴C in the alkali‐insoluble residue of soil + roots but this diminished specific activity by recovering much non‐¹⁴C organic matter. Pre‐alkali extraction treatment with 30% H₂O₂ and post‐alkali treatment extractions with hot 1 m HNO₃ removed organic matter with a large ¹⁴C specific activity from the alkali‐insoluble residue. Density separation failed to isolate a significant pool of ‘recent’ root‐derived ¹⁴C. The density separation of ¹⁴C‐labelled roots, and roots remixed with non‐radioactive soil, showed that the adhesion of soil particles to young ¹⁴C‐labelled roots was the likely cause of the greater proportion of ¹⁴C in the heavy fraction. Simple chemical or density fractionations of C appear unsuitable for characterizing ‘recent’ root‐derived C into fractions that can be designated labile C (short turnover time).