土壤容重对溶质迁移过程的影响

土壤在径流作用下发生流失、土壤溶质迁移等现象,是一个受径流、土壤性质、下垫面特性、土地利用方式等多种因素综合影响的复杂过程.利用斜坡土槽,采用一定的坡度和实验流量,对不同容重的土样进行了室内放水实验,研究了在土壤饱和条件下,土壤容重对土壤溶质迁移过程的影响.实验结果表明:(1)随径流作用时间的增加,单位时间内土壤溶质迁移量逐渐减少,其关系可用幂函数来描述;(2)土壤溶质发生迁移是受地表径流和壤中流共同作用的结果;(3)土壤容重对土壤溶质迁移过程影响总体表现为土壤容重越大,随径流迁移的土壤溶质量越少;(4)土壤容重增加相同幅度,但同时刻随径流迁移的土壤溶质递减量逐渐减少.     

元谋干热河谷区退化坡地土壤裂缝形态发育的影响因子

土壤开裂影响土体内水分散失、溶质运移及土体结构,是元谋干热河谷坡地退化的一个重要过程及特征。该文通过对元谋干热河谷退化坡地典型土壤裂缝样方的实地调查及数据的室内分析,系统分析了土壤理化属性对裂缝发育程度的影响。研究结果表明:1)土壤裂缝发育程度与土壤黏粒含量、土壤胀缩度、土壤容重呈正相关,与土壤有机质含量、土壤总孔隙度呈较弱的负相关;2)土壤裂缝发育程度的首要影响因子是土壤结构性因子(土壤容重、总孔隙度和黏粒含量),其次为土壤胀缩度,然后是土壤有机质。该研究可为进一步研究土壤开裂导致的土地退化过程奠定基础,为制定开裂土体的改良措施提供参考。     

石砾参数对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究进展

土壤水流和溶质运移一直是土壤学研究的热点,溶质运移理论主要应用于地下水污染、污染物运移、土壤重金属污染研究等方面。溶质主要通过优先流和基质流进行运移,影响溶质运移因素很多,主要包括土壤结构、质地、水力传导率、体积质量、初始含水量、根系、石砾等。石砾作为土壤质地中的一个分级单位,与溶质运移关系较为复杂。本文综合介绍了石砾基本内涵以及石砾对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究进展;系统阐述了石砾内部参数(石砾覆盖度、含量、粒径、空间异质性等)和外部参数(根石结构、干湿冻融、耕作等),指出目前研究主要量化土壤表面及土壤表层石砾参数对水文效应、土壤侵蚀、入渗以及径流的影响,然而石砾参数对溶质运移影响研究不够系统,石砾参数与溶质运移关系研究尚处于初步阶段,对土壤深层石砾研究缺乏;归纳了石砾参数研究技术手段及模型;探讨了目前石砾参数对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究存在的问题以及今后研究趋势。     

土壤溶质迁移的指数函数模型

边界层方法是描述土壤溶质迁移的简单方法,通过边界层距离与时间的关系可以估计溶质迁移参数。基于边界层方法,研究了土壤溶质迁移的数学模拟及相应参数估计问题。假定土壤溶质浓度剖面为指数函数,得到了描述溶质浓度分布的指数函数模型。各参数对边界层距离的影响分析表明,应选取较小的孔隙水流速度、短历时推求土壤溶质迁移参数;对不同模型预测土壤溶质分布进行比较,结果表明,在短距离处指数型解与精确解的误差比其它都要小。误差分析表明了指数函数模型的有效性和实用性。     

土壤溶质运移研究动态及展望

土壤溶质运移的研究是目前土壤物理学、环境科学和农业灌溉学的重要研究领域 ,本文根据国内外学者对土壤溶质运移转化方面的研究成果 ,综述了土壤溶质运移研究中的优势流、模型的建立、新的研究手段的采用以及方程参数的确定 ,并简要讨论了土壤溶质运移的发展趋势。     

土壤优先水流及污染物优先迁移的研究进展

土壤优先水流是非平衡管道流。土壤优先水流具有优先穿透、侧向入渗、穿透曲线不对称性和施尾等特征。因其与土壤的作用较弱,并可携带深质快速穿透土壤,造成土壤水分和养分利用率下降,同时导致地下水污染。向下移动的ＮＯ＾－３、农药和其它溶质造成的地下水溶质浓度的变化远高于期望值。本文从土壤优先水流的产生机理出发,综述了土壤优先水流的特征、土壤优先水流的研究方法、土壤优先水流对环境的影响和土壤优先水流的研究进展     

土壤中溶解性溶质流失特征试验

该文以含有一定初始溶质的壤土和沙土为试验材料,为了研究不同条件下土壤溶质的流失特征,考虑到农田在产生地表径流前存在地表积水的过程,进行了室内土壤测试试验。试验结果表明：在相同条件下,既存在地表径流又存在地下排水时,损失的土壤溶质仅有小部分存在于地表径流水中,流失在地下排水中的溶质占损失的土壤溶质的主要成分。因此在实际田间操作中,当不能同时采用降低地表径流和地下排水的方法来提高土壤溶质的利用程度时,应首先考虑降低地下排水的措施。而在暴雨范围内,降雨强度越小、土壤初始含水率越低、地下排水条件越好、土壤质地越粗等都将导致土壤溶质在地表径流和地下排水中流失的质量越大,从而降低土壤溶质的有效利用程度,该成果可以为提高土壤溶质的利用效率和降低农业污染提供一定的参考意义。     

土壤溶质运移特性研究进展

可溶性化学物质(土壤溶质)在土壤中的运移和分布已成为近年来研究的热点。本文综述了近年来土壤溶质运移机理、吸附模型、溶质运移数学模型等方面的研究进展。     

农田土壤紧实度研究进展

从土壤紧实度的形成与消除、土壤紧实度对土壤理化性状、土壤碳氮截留及排放、农作物生长与产量的影响、土壤紧实度监测与环境成本核算等主要方面综述了国际前沿研究进展;提出土壤紧实度与秸秆残差还田、化肥利用、土壤养分循环、土壤微生物、作物生长及产量、土壤耕作、水土流失、土壤碳氮管理及农业面源污染等密切相关,旨在为国内开展该方面的研究提供参考依据。     

煤矿沉陷区沉陷裂缝对土壤特性和作物生长的影响

为了研究煤矿沉陷区沉陷裂缝对土壤特性和作物生长的影响,通过野外调查和室内分析,对沉陷裂缝周围土壤水氮含量、微生物学特性和作物生理、产量特性进行了研究。结果表明,沉陷裂缝导致了土壤水、氮的流失。距沉陷裂缝越近,土壤含水量和有效氮含量越低,当距裂缝距离超过120 cm时,沉陷裂缝对土壤含水量和有效氮含量影响不显著。土壤水肥特性改变也导致了土壤微生物特性的改变,距沉陷裂缝越近,土壤酶(脲酶、蔗糖酶)活性和土壤呼吸速率越低。当距裂缝距离超过90 cm时,沉陷裂缝对土壤微生物的特性影响不显著。沉陷裂缝通过影响土壤中水分和矿物营养的含量,进而影响到植物叶片的叶绿素含量和光合特性。当裂缝距离超过60 cm时,沉陷裂缝对小麦叶片的叶绿素含量影响不显著。在拔节期,沉陷裂缝对光合作用的影响主要在距裂缝0~60 cm范围内,当距裂缝距离超过60 cm时,沉陷裂缝对小麦光合作用的影响不显著。但到花期时,当距裂缝距离超过90 cm时,沉陷裂缝对光合作用的影响不显著。沉陷裂缝对小麦各产量性状也造成了不同程度的影响。在距裂缝0~60 cm范围内,沉陷裂缝对株高、单茎重和穗粒数均有显著影响,当距裂缝距离超过90 cm时,则影响不显著。沉陷裂缝导致小麦穗数和产量的下降,距裂缝越近,小麦穗数和产量下降幅度越大,与距裂缝120 cm处小麦相比,裂缝边缘0~30 cm范围内小麦穗数和产量分别降低43.7%和53.3%。总之,开采沉陷产生的裂缝(隙),导致附近土壤水分蒸发增强和养分流失加剧,降低了土壤质量,影响到作物的生长,最终导致作物产量显著降低。     

Changes in soil properties across a chronosequence of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil fertility is important for vegetation growth and productivity. The relationship between vegetation and soil fertility is important for both scientific and practical reasons. However, the effects of soil fertility on vegetation development and succession are poorly documented on the Loess Plateau. In this study, we compared soil properties of the Yanhe Watershed in northern Shaanxi across five different land uses (shrubland, farmland, natural grassland, woodland and artificial grassland) and a chronosequence of soils undergoing restoration for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 years. We found that revegetation had a positive effect on soil bulk density decrease, total porosity and capillary porosity increase in the surface soil layers but not in the subsurface layer. Additionally, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium were greater at shrubland and woodland sites compared with other land uses. Total phosphorus and available phosphorus were greater at farmland sites. Results of the study indicate that revegetation on eroded soil can produce important increases in soil fertility on older plantations and in areas with natural succession.     

基于Markov链地统计模型的区域土壤性质研究进展

土壤水力学性质的空间变异对于区域土壤水分溶质循环模拟研究至关重要。基于Markov链的条件模拟是一种能融合多源信息技术的地统计学模拟方法,与传统插值法和基于变异函数的条件模拟相比有诸多优势。目前,该方法在土壤水力学性质空间变异性领域的研究并未全面展开。实现区域土壤水力学模型参数的随机模拟,对于实现区域土壤水分运动和溶质运移的随机模拟,分析土壤水力学性质空间变异性对土壤水分运动和溶质运移模拟结果的影响,特别是参数采样点变化对土壤水分运动和溶质运移结果影响的不确定性等研究都有重要意义。本文旨在综述基于Markov链的地统计学模拟在土壤学相关领域的研究进展,以期为区域模拟中面临的参数获取难题提供帮助,为区域农业生产管理,水分高效利用,农田生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

坝上地区退耕还林还草措施对土壤细菌的影响

以河北坝上地区实施退耕还林还草18年后的耕地、林地、灌丛和草地为研究对象,通过测定土壤理化性质并结合氯仿熏蒸浸提法和高通量测序技术,分析了坝上地区退耕还林还草措施对土壤微生物生物量、细菌多样性和群落结构特征的影响.结果发现:林地的土壤含水量有微弱下降趋势,但不同植被恢复类型下土壤中的碳、氮、磷、钾等元素含量无显著差异....     

土壤裂隙及其优先流研究进展

土壤在干燥脱水的过程中易收缩产生裂隙。裂隙的产生是土壤性质与外界条件等多种因素综合作用的结果,其形态结构也非常复杂,难以准确描述。裂隙能够作为优先流的路径,增加农田水分和养分的流失以及地下水污染的风险。本文总结和归纳了裂隙产生的影响因素、裂隙的表征指标与测定方法、裂隙导致的优先流的研究方法、裂隙对优先流的影响和模拟等方面的研究进展。今后应进一步加强裂隙产生机理的全面深入的研究;构建和完善裂隙三维指标体系及其测定方法;推进裂隙导致的优先流的定量化和数学模拟研究;加大田间原位裂隙及其优先流的研究。     

Axle load and tillage effects on the shrinkage characteristics of a Mollic Ochraqualf in northwest Ohio

Cracking due to soil shrinkage is a complex process whose effect on soil properties, crop growth and water quality are not adequately understood. The intensity of cracking depends on soil characteristics and management. The effect of three axle loads and three tillage methods on shrinkage characteristics and cracking behavior were studied for a heavy-textured lake bed soil in northwest Ohio. The three axle load treatments were 0, 10 and 20 Mg, and the three tillage treatments were no till (NT), chisel plowing (CP) and moldboard plowing (MP). Cracking area increased from 1.75% in July to 12.27% in September, was maximum in the NT treatment, and increased with increase in axle load. The no till and 30 Mg axle load caused significantly higher cracking than other axle load and tillage treatment combinations. Shrinkage of compressed soil cores under laboratory conditions showed that a bulk density of 1.5 Mg/m³ had the lowest total shrinkage volume. A combination of no till and heavy axle load increased the cracking area and accentuated adverse effects on soil structure.     

Vegetation response to a topographical-soil gradient

Plant cover is an easily discernible, recognisable and labile component of the natural environment that reacts to changes in other components. One of the more important components controlling vegetation cover is the soil, and both vegetation and soil are influenced by topography, amongst other things. As it is in the humus-accumulation horizon of soils that vascular plants have most of their roots, these species are capable of reacting to qualitative and quantitative differences in its composition. The relationship between topography, soil and vegetation were assessed on the basis of three catenal sequences representative of Poland's Wigierski (Lake Wigry) National Park. The aim was to determine if changes in soil along the catenae were reflected in changes in plant community (species richness, species composition, and indicator species). We made use of soil analysis, phytosociological analysis of vegetational structure, and Ellenberg indicator values. Correlations between 23 variables allowed distinguishing 6 statistically-significant groups of variables with main ordinating groups being the percentage shares of species indicating relatively dry, slightly moist soils, the combined shares of these species, altitude above sea level and relative elevation. The first two axes of a Principal Components Analysis were strongly related to soil moisture and elevation (axis 1) and to soil fertility (axis 2). Together, these axes accounted for more than 60% of the variability. Within the forest communities, however, fertility was the most important factor. The three catenae differed most in terms of their species richness and least in soil characteristics. An intermediate place was taken by the weighted Ellenberg's indicator values. The lower sections of catenae were found to have more similarity in terms of soil, vegetation and their interrelationships and patterns than the upper parts.     

火烧对土壤性质的影响

火烧以后 ,土壤的各种性质会发生较大变化 ,原因是火向土壤中施加了热量、灰烬 ,并且改变了土壤环境和微气候 ,土壤性质也可因植被和生物活性的改变而发生相应的变化。本文对火烧后土壤生态系统中养分的浓度、有效性、迁移性 ,土壤中的生物和酶活性 ,土壤有机碳库等的变化进行了综合评述 ,以期为森林火灾、草地烧荒后的土壤管理等提供理论参考。     

Development of key soil health indicators for the Australian banana industry

To improve the sustainability and environmental accountability of the banana industry there is a need to develop a set of soil health indicators that integrate physical, chemical and biological soil properties. These indicators would allow banana growers, extension and research workers to improve soil health management practices. To determine changes in soil properties due to the cultivation of bananas, a paired site survey was conducted comparing soil properties under conventional banana systems to less intensively managed vegetation systems, such as pastures and forest. Measurements were made on physical, chemical and biological soil properties at seven locations in tropical and sub-tropical banana producing areas. Soil nematode community composition was used as a bioindicator of the biological properties of the soil. Soils under conventional banana production tended to have a greater soil bulk density, with less soil organic carbon (C) (both total C and labile C), greater exchangeable cations, higher extractable P, greater numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes and less nematode diversity, relative to less intensively managed plant systems. The organic banana production systems at two locations had greater labile C, relative to conventional banana systems, but there was no significant change in nematode community composition. There were significant interactions between physical, chemical and nematode community measurements in the soil, particularly with soil C measurements, confirming the need for a holistic set of indicators to aid soil management. There was no single indicator of soil health for the Australian banana industry, but a set of soil health indicators, which would allow the measurement of soil improvements should include: bulk density, soil C, pH, EC, total N, extractable P, ECEC and soil nematode community structure.     

浙江省丽水不同前茬杉木林土壤性质与林木生长

重点论述浙江省丽水地区花岗岩立地条件下不同前茬的杉木林的土壤性质变化及其与林木生长的关系。研究结果表明 ,前茬是马尾松、阔叶树和灌丛的杉木生长量均比连茬杉木林高 ,树龄 5a之后 ,差异十分显著。在不同前茬的杉木林土壤中细菌、真菌和固氮菌数量以连茬杉木林土壤最低 ,只是放线菌数量并不低 ;和其他不同前茬的杉木林土壤相比 ,连茬杉木林土壤中转化酶活性和脲酶活性较低 ,连茬杉木林土壤速效磷含量明显低于其他不同前茬杉木林样地土壤 ,Ca2 、Mg2 含量也有类似的规律。逐步回归分析结果显示 ,不同前茬杉木林土壤转化酶活性、速效氮、速效钾及Mg2 含量与林木生长呈正相关 ,有机质、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性与林木生长呈负相关     

黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤分离能力季节变化研究

采用变坡试验水槽的方法,研究了黄土高原丘陵区退耕3年草地(赖草)和退耕17年草地(紫花苜蓿)在生长季土壤分离过程的季节变化及其影响因素。结果表明:赖草和紫花苜蓿地的土壤分离能力在整个生长季均呈现显著下降的季节变化趋势(p0.05)。赖草地的平均土壤分离能力最大(0.076±0.036 kg m-2 s-1),其次是紫花苜蓿地(0.057±0.055 kg m-2 s-1);两种草地土壤分离能力的季节变化主要受到土壤硬化、水稳性团聚体和草地根系生长的影响,随土壤粘结力、容重、水稳性团聚体和草地根系密度的增加,两种退耕草地的土壤分离能力均呈指数形式下降;两种草地土壤分离能力的季节变化可以用水流剪切力、土壤容重和草地根系密度很好的模拟。为黄土高原地区退耕还林(草)水土保持措施提供科学依据。