新疆天山南麓土壤系统分类研究

为了解新疆天山南麓土壤的成土特点和系统分类归属,研究区共挖掘出8个典型土壤剖面,通过剖面形态观测和分层取样分析,发现新疆天山南麓的主要成土过程符合海拔变化且变化过程为原始成土过程-有机质聚积过程-潜育化过程-熟化过程-盐积过程。根据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》检索发现8个典型剖面随海拔变化在天山南麓至塔里木盆地边缘呈现出了雏形土-潜育土-人为土-雏形土-干旱土的变化特征,检索结果包括4个土纲、6个亚纲、7个土类、7个亚类、8个土族和8个土系。将典型剖面在中国土壤系统分类与发生分类、美国土壤系统分类和世界土壤资源参比基础中的位置进行参比发现,中国土壤系统分类更加强调中国土壤特点,提出了具有中国特色的土壤类型。     

天山中部北麓丘陵地带土壤发生特性与系统分类

通过样地调查与土壤理化性质分析相结合对天山中部北麓丘陵地带的土壤特性进行研究,确定各剖面的诊断层和诊断特性及其在系统分类中的位置。结果表明天山中部北麓丘陵地带在系统分类中可划归为3个土纲4个土类;系统分类中土壤的分类位置与发生分类位置并不具有简单的一一对应的关系。     

川西北高寒地区土壤有机碳含量垂直分布特征

本论文研究了川西北高寒地区三种典型土壤(亚高山草甸土、泥炭草甸土和冲积土)在不同土壤深度有机碳含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、C/N以及C/P的变化,探讨了有机碳含量和全氮含量、全磷含量、C/N以及C/P之间的相关关系。试验结果表明:冲积土和亚高山草甸土有机碳含量、全氮含量和全磷含量随土壤深度的增加都有下降的趋势;但是泥炭草甸土有机碳含量和全氮含量都是随土壤深度增加先下降后升高,在20~40 cm土壤深度时含量最低,而全磷含量随土壤深度的增加而下降。亚高山草甸土、泥炭草甸土和冲积土的有机碳含量都与全氮含量显著相关,其相关系数分别为0.999、0.965和0.992;而冲积土的有机碳含量还与全磷含量和C/P显著相关,相关系数分别为0.902和0.982。     

雪岭云杉林土壤-叶片碳、氮化学计量特征对NDVI及环境因子的响应

为了阐明不同生长环境下,土壤对植物营养元素的供应以及植物的生长状况,我们以天山雪岭云杉林为研究对象,运用多元回归分析探究了不同海拔高度上土壤和叶片碳(C),氮(N)化学计量特征对环境因子的响应,以及土壤C,N含量对叶片C,N含量的影响。结果表明:土壤C含量的变化范围是15.86～84.14 g/kg,平均值为43.18 g/kg;土壤N含量的变化范围是0.13～0.54 g/kg,平均值为0.28 g/kg;土壤C∶N的变化范围是70.86～343.90,平均值为164.27;叶片C,N含量的变化范围是321.90～598.96,0.69～17.07 g/kg,平均值分别为471.98,6.71 g/kg;叶片C∶N的变化范围是28.49～217.10,平均值为83.22。叶片C含量、土壤N含量对海拔的响应显著,除此以外,其他均与海拔之间无显著的响应。多元回归分析表明年均温度(MAT)和年降水量(MAP)对土壤C,N影响显著,但主要贡献来自于MAT,坡向和NDVI对土壤C,N的影响均显著,土壤C∶N对MAT、MAP、坡向、NDVI的响应均不明显;叶片C,N与MAT,MAP之间的相关性不显著,NDVI对叶片C有显著的影响,土壤C,N对叶片C,N的影响显著,叶片C,N与环境因子及土壤C,N化学计量特征均无显著相关性。     

湿地退化条件下土壤碳氮磷储量与生态化学计量变化特征

为了研究湿地退化过程中土壤碳氮磷储量与生态化学计量变化,明确碳氮"汇"功能的变化和土壤碳、氮、磷的平衡关系,采用实地采样调查、室内分析与数理统计法,研究了若尔盖自然湿地保护区内未退化湿地沼泽(MA)、沼泽化草甸(MM)、草甸(ME)3种不同退化程度湿地的典型样地在碳氮磷含量、储量以及生态化学计量的变化特征。结果表明,草甸化沼泽土与草甸土全剖面总有机碳、全氮含量较沼泽土分别降低了29.55%,6.52%和67.53%,40.04%,碳氮储量分别降低了67.49%,60.10%和85.14%,54.47%;3种土壤全磷剖面含量大小顺序为MMMEMA,其储量高低顺序是MEMAMM。随着土层深度的增加,沼泽土的总有机碳、全氮含量明显升高,全磷含量与草甸化沼泽土、草甸土的总有机碳、全氮、全磷含量均呈现降低趋势;3种土壤碳氮磷储量40—100cm土层高于0—40cm土层。沼泽土、草甸化沼泽土、草甸土3种不同类型土壤C/N分别为40.38,31.70,23.26,C/P分别为409.52,247.46,113.07,N/P分别为10.43,7.90,5.02,土壤C/N、C/P、N/P均随湿地退化而减小,较高的C/P与N/P14揭示氮磷元素均是影响植物生长的限制性因素,且受氮素限制高于磷素。因此,若尔盖湿地退化导致土壤碳氮含量与储量降低,碳氮"汇"功能减弱,尤其是碳"汇"。     

多氯联苯复合污染土壤的土著微生物修复强化措施研究

通过室内模拟试验,以不同C源、C/N比、水分及通透性为调控因子,对多氯联苯(PCBs)长期复合污染土壤的土著微生物强化修复进行了初步研究。结果表明,PCBs长期复合污染土壤中,在土壤水分含量为田间持水量的60%时,加入淀粉、葡萄糖和琥珀酸钠均在一定程度上增加了细菌和真菌数量,从而促进土壤中PCBs的土著微生物降解。不同种类的C源对PCBs污染土壤的土著微生物降解效果存在明显差异,且其降解效果与C源的施用剂量密切相关。当淀粉加入量为C1.0g/kg土时,土壤中PCBs的降解效果较好,而葡萄糖和琥珀酸钠加入量为C0.2g/kg土时,PCBs的降解效果明显。土壤C/N比为10:1的处理效果优于C/N比为25:1和40:1。土壤人为翻动有利于PCBs污染土壤中细菌和真菌的生长,提高土著微生物的代谢活性,从而促进土壤中PCBs的自然降解。这为进一步探讨加速土壤中PCBs降解的最适条件和研发POPs污染土壤的生物修复技术提供了科学依据。     

长期秸秆还田对土壤肥力质量的影响

从20世纪80年代开始,分别在江苏常熟和江西进贤布置长期定位试验,研究秸秆还田对乌栅土及红壤性水稻土土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:无论是乌栅土还是红壤性水稻土,秸秆与化肥配合施用下,土壤全N、全P、速效P和速效K含量与不施肥的CK处理相比显著提高;另外,红壤性水稻土的秸秆还田土壤全N、全P、速效P含量与单一施用化肥处理相比显著提高(P＜0.05).同样,上述两种土壤的土壤有机质含量较单一施用化肥的处理显著增加,而且从腐殖质的组分分析可知:腐殖酸C、胡敏酸C与富里酸C的比值均显著提高,表明土壤有机质品质得以改善.因此,长期的秸秆与化肥配合施用是提高土壤肥力的有效措施之一.     

互花米草入侵对滨海湿地不同质地土壤碳氮磷及其生态化学计量比的影响

为了阐明外来物种入侵对滨海湿地不同质地土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量比的影响，对福建省滨海地区东湖湿地两种质地土壤的土著种与入侵种植被下土壤C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量特征与影响因素进行了测定与分析。研究结果表明：相同植被下，壤质土的C、N、P及其计量比均高于砂质土。互花米草入侵增加了两种质地土壤的C、N含量及碳磷比(C/P)、氮磷比(N/P)，降低了土壤有效磷(AP)、P含量与碳氮比(C/N)，其中砂质土的土壤N含量显著增加了近1倍(P<0.05),AP含量下降近70%，壤质土的C/P增加了近2倍(P<0.05)。不同质地土壤中铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^–-N)含量对互花米草入侵的响应不同，在壤质土中，互花米草入侵后降低了50%的NH₄⁺-N含量，增加了近3倍的NO₃^–-N含量(P<0.05)；而在砂质土中，互花米草入侵后土壤NH₄     

水稻自然生态应用技术研究

根据N通量的质量平衡原理,通过布置田间试验,测定作物的吸N量并据此估算红壤水稻土有机N、C的年矿化量。结果表明,红壤水稻土无N区作物的年吸N量为24~160kg/hm2,其中,高肥力土壤上约为110~160kg/hm2,中等肥力土壤上约为100~105kg/hm2,低肥力土壤上约为24~65kg/hm2;经校正计算得到红壤水稻土有机N的年矿化量为8~108kg/hm2,其中,高肥力土壤为70~110kg/hm2,中等肥力土壤为65kg/hm2,低肥力土壤为8~33kg/hm2;土壤有机C的年矿化量为130~1050kg/hm2,其中,高肥力土壤为1050kg/hm2,中等肥力土壤为750kg/hm2,低肥力土壤为440kg/hm2。土壤肥力水平、作物吸肥特性、土壤母质类型及土壤酸度是影响土壤有机N、C矿化的重要因素。     

塔里木盆地北缘绿洲土壤化学计量特征

选择塔里木盆地北缘阿拉尔垦区灌漠土、棕漠土、盐土和风沙土四种土壤为研究对象,在分析土壤C、N、P化学计量特征基础上,利用排序方法中的冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)技术深入解析了土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比与其他理化因子的关系。结果表明:研究区土壤C、N、P含量整体水平不高,土壤C、N、P元素含量均值分别为2.97、0.27、0.64 mg g-1。由C、N、P含量的相关性分析可知C、N元素含量变化几乎同步,P元素含量变化滞后于二者。C∶N∶P为11∶1∶2.37,在四种土壤类型中N∶P、C∶P较C∶N变化范围大,土壤C、N、P计量比表明N是研究区主要的限制因素。冗余分析结果表明,土壤含水量是土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比变化的主要驱动因子,土壤含水量与土壤C、N元素含量和N∶P、C∶P呈现极显著正相关关系,土壤容重与土壤C、N元素含量和N∶P、C∶P呈现极显著负相关关系;土壤盐度对土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比的影响并未达到显著程度,可能是因为研究区土壤本身盐碱性差异不大。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.