农用地分等成果省级汇总技术研究

多比例尺空间数据与属性数据自动综合技术一直以来都是GIS研究领域的难题。在广东省农用地分等成果的省级汇总工作中,为了实现省市县三级数据汇总、数据统一管理和相互追溯功能,必须要克服多比例尺空间与属性数据综合及单元属性数据建立关联的相关问题。在具体工作实践中,笔者根据自己研究分析并利用现有GIS软件功能与二次开发相结合的方法,有效解决了这一问题。     

基于平衡转换的国家级农用地分等成果汇总方法

为了分析省级农用地分等成果转化为国家级成果方法的科学性,该文以西部12省农用地分等汇总数据库为基础,采用所抽取的13 302个调查样点,建立了各省省级利用等指数与标准粮产量的回归方程,运用平衡转换的方法,完成了各省省级成果向国家级成果的转换,并采用西部区1088块省级标准样地属性数据对转换结果进行模型验证。研究结果表明：采用平衡转换的方法将西部区耕地划分为12个国家级利用等别,等别范围为4～15等;采用标准样地（样点外）对转换模型进行验证,模拟标准粮产量与实际标准粮产量之间相关性较高（R2≥0.64,n≥45）;基于耕地生产能力的平衡转换方法实现了宏观尺度上的省级农用地分等成果向国家级成果的转化;实现了省级和国家农用地分等成果的分级使用,有利于农用地质量的分级管理,为深化不同尺度的农用地分等成果的应用提供科学依据。     

密云县农用地分等初步研究

 在分析密云县自然、社会、经济条件的基础上,采用因素法进行农用地分等,计算出密云县农用地分等成果,并对结果进行检验与分析。结果表明:采用因素法计算的分等结果与实际相符;密云县农用地总体等别偏低,等别呈现出明显的地域性与指标区差异。同时,提出农用地分等中存在的问题,即以乡镇行政界线划分指标区在县级农用地分等中存在一定的误差,建议采用分等单元实际地形地貌界线划分县级农用地分等指标区。     

基于GIS的农用地分等信息系统设计与开发

根据农用地分等规程同时参照分等试点省份的实践工作，设计开发了基于GIS的农用地分等信息系统。在系统设计中，综合运用了现代地理信息系统和数据库处理、分析技术，在充分体现系统透明性的前提下，实现了农用地分等过程的自动化。该文介绍了该系统的技术路线、数据库结构和功能结构，并根据该系统在安徽省明光市的应用情况进行了总结。实践验证表明，该系统符合规程思想，运行可靠，可以大大提高农用地分等工作效率。     

基于模糊综合分析法的农用地分等方法

针对农用地评价因素的复杂性和模糊性,而传统的多因素综合评价法在农用地分等时易对评价因素以及等别进行"硬性划分"的不足。该文以湖北省安陆市为例,首次提出将模糊综合评判法与模糊聚类分析法结合(简称模糊综合分析法),以模糊综合评判的矩阵成果作为模糊C-均值聚类分析的数据源来对划分农用地等别方法进行探讨,并将模糊综合评判法的分等结果与传统方法分等结果进行比较,得出2种方法分等结果中约有80%相同。采用安陆市各村的粮食平均播面单产对2种方法分等结果存在差异的地区进行独立检验,得到模糊综合评判法和传统方法的分等成果同播面单产的线性相关系数分别为0.87和0.82。研究结果表明:运用模糊综合分析法进行农用地分等具有可行性;将模糊综合分析法运用到农用地分等中比传统方法更能客观准确地说明土地质量的优劣程度。     

基于农用地分等和土壤环境质量评价的耕地综合质量评价

该文从耕地生态管护的角度出发,探讨了如何实现土壤环境质量评价与农用地分等成果的融合。基于土壤环境质量评价和农用地分等的理论和方法,该文提出了耕地综合质量评估技术,即在农用地分等所建立的等级体系基础上,引入土壤环境质量评价系数概念,进一步利用该系数对农用地利用等指数进行修订,得到耕地综合评价指数,并以河南省洛阳市为例作了实证研究。根据洛阳市耕地质量综合评价结果,与原农用地利用等别相比,无污染的耕地综合等别保持不变,有污染倾向的耕地综合等别有所下降,存在污染的耕地等别降为末等。这些评价结果可以为土地利用管理、环境污染防治规划将提供更有效的依据。     

农用地分等图形数据库的追溯法汇总技术

为了建立系统的农用地分等追溯法汇总技术体系,定义了追溯法的内涵,划分了追溯法的类型,归纳了两个类型追溯法的步骤,并进行了示例分析和特点总结,同时讨论确定了汇总单了亡的划分方法和汇总单元等别、面积的确定方法以及汇总单元的属性链接规则.研究结果表明,追溯法汇总是一种面向管理的科学的技术方法,不但能保证汇总成果的数量质量和空间质量,而且可以更加有效地进行汇总成果的查询、更新与管理.     

重庆市国家级农用地分等汇总前后等别分布规律

为了验证全国农用地分等汇总成果与原省级成果分布规律的一致性与继承性,以及汇总成果与区域本底资源匹配程度的差异程度,该文以重庆市为例,采用统计分析法和综合分析法,对重庆市农用地等别转换前后的成果进行对比研究,并分析其国家级自然等别、利用等别和经济等别的分布规律与标准耕作制度、土壤和海拔的关系。结果表明,通过以省级成果的标准粮产量作为等别的转化纽带,成功实现了省级自然等、利用等和经济等向国家级相应等别的成果转化;转化后结果显示,国家相应等别的面积比例分布规律与重庆市等别面积比例一致;转化后的国家农用地等别与区     

基于作物气候生产潜力的浙江省农用地分等方法研究

根据浙江省农用地的实际特点,在GIS技术的支持下,探索农用地分等因素因子作用分值图的编制及其应用、农用地分等单元的划分方法,以及土地质量综合分值的测算,紧密结合农作物的气候生产潜力,提出气候生产潜力-总分值的复合分等指数。依据修正后的分等指数,将浙江省农用地划分为20个等别。     

应对新一轮耕地质量等别更新评价的成果检验研究

科学和准确的耕地等别评价成果是实施土地综合整治等项目的一项重要保障措施,探讨有效的耕地等别成果质量核查方法是亟待解决的一个重要问题。本研究以新一轮耕地等别更新评价为背景,以辽宁省农用地等别成果为核查对象,通过对73个土壤剖面点取样分析,以农用地分等技术为指导,检验不同分等指标区耕地等别成果质量,探讨耕地等别评价成果产生差异根源。研究结果表明耕地样点等别检验结果差异较大,不一致率为72.60%,等别差异集中在1~2个等别,主要分布在辽宁西部低山丘陵区。同时本研究提出评价单元尺度、基础数据准确度以及管理部门和组织人员的专业素质是耕地等别评价结果差异的主客观影响因素,并提出新一轮耕地等别更新评价中要考虑基础数据资料的现势性,重点更新土地利用现状,分等单元和等值区数据,并选择有良好专业背景的作业队伍。     

Digital soil map of the Ussuri River basin

On the basis of digital soil, topographic, and geological maps; raster topography model; forestry materials; and literature data, the digital soil map of the Ussuri River basin (24400 km²) was created on a scale of 1: 100000. To digitize the initial paper-based maps and analyze the results, an ESRI ArcGIS Desktop (ArcEditor) v.10.1 (http://www.esri.com) and an open-code SAGA GIS v.2.3 (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses, http://www.saga-gis.org) were used. The spatial distribution of soil areas on the obtained digital soil map is in agreement with modern cartographic data and the SRTM digital elevation model (SRTM DEM). The regional soil classification developed by G.I. Ivanov was used in the legend to the soil map. The names of soil units were also correlated with the names suggested in the modern Russian soil classification system. The major soil units on the map are at the soil subtypes that reflect the entire vertical spectrum of soils in the south of the Far East of Russia (Primorye region). These are mountainous tundra soils, podzolic soils, brown taiga soils, mountainous brown forest soils, bleached brown soils, meadow-brown soils, meadow gley soils, and floodplain soils). With the help of the spatial analysis function of GIS, the comparison of the particular characteristics of the soil cover with numerical characteristics of the topography, geological composition of catchments, and vegetation cover was performed.     

Small-scale soil maps and the scientific heritage of N.N. Rozov

The comparative analysis of small-scale maps of the USSR has revealed the characteristics of their contents, concepts, and ways of compilation and cartographic representation. The facies-zonal concept is reflected both in the map legends and the patterns of the mapping units. The differences between the maps reflect the time of their creation: the degree of knowledge on the soils, the contribution of the geographic forecast, and the objective of the maps and their scale. Especial importance in soil cartography and geographic education belongs to the map of 1954 compiled by Rozov. Forty years later, it was replaced by a map of similar purpose, scale, and mapped area. This map was compiled at the Faculty of Geography (Moscow State University), and it has inherited many features of its predecessor—the map of Rozov.     

环渤海沿海区域耕地格局及影响因子分析

为分析环渤海省市沿海区域耕地格局与影响因子的关系,以耕地在5 km×5 km网格单元所占比例为因变量,选用地形、距离、气候及人口等10个影响因子为自变量,分别建立普通最小二乘法线性回归模型、空间滞后模型、空间误差模型、地理加权回归模型。结果表明:耕地格局及各影响因子均呈现较强的空间正相关,并随距离增大而减少;针对该研究,空间滞后模型、空间误差模型和地理加权回归模型模拟效果均优于普通最小二乘法线性回归模型,空间误差模型优于空间滞后模型;从全局上来讲,高程、坡度、到最近公路距离与耕地格局呈负相关影响,距最近海岸线、铁路、居民点距离、多年平均气温和多年平均降水与耕地格局呈正相关。从局部上来讲,除了多年平均降水对各网格单元内耕地面积均呈正向影响外,其余影响因子随网格单元变化正负向影响均存在。多年平均气温和多年平均降水是主要的、最敏感的正向影响因子,高程、坡度和距最近水系距离为主要的、最敏感的负向影响因子。     

基于土地利用和人口密度的中国粮食产量空间化

将统计信息运用到地理-生态过程相关研究中,是人类活动与地理-生态过程相结合的重要体现。农业生产统计数据空间化的过程,即是恢复或重构其空间分布特征的一种手段,可以为地理-生态过程研究提供数据支持。该文以人口密度为因变量,以土地利用数据为辅助因子,将省区级粮食产量分布到空间网格上,得到了中国2000年粮食产量1km×1km网格图。通过在省级、地市州级和县级尺度上的检验,表明利用该方法进行粮食产量空间化能够正确地表达粮食产量的空间分布规律,尤其对于主要粮食产区,具有很高的数据重现精度,可以作为农业区相关研究的数据源。但其数据重现的准确性随着尺度的下降而下降。表明在粒度更细的情况下应该考虑更多的影响粮食产量的因子。在今后的研究中,有必要结合更多的因子进行粮食产量的空间化,以提高其数据重构精度。     

Exploring the variation in soil saturated hydraulic conductivity under a tropical rainforest using the wavelet transform

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) of the soil is a key variable in the water cycle. For the humid tropics, information about spatial scales of K_s and their relation to soil types deduced from soil map units is of interest, as soil maps are often the only available data source for modelling. We examined the influence of soil map units on the mean and variation in K_s along a transect in a tropical rainforest using undisturbed soil cores at 0–6 and 6–12 cm depth. The K_s means were estimated with a linear mixed model fitted by residual maximum likelihood (REML), and the spatial variation in K_s was investigated with the maximum overlap discrete wavelet packet transform (MODWPT). The mean values of K_s did not differ between soil map units. The best wavelet packet basis for K_s at 0–6 cm showed stationarity at high frequencies, suggesting uniform small‐scale influences such as bioturbation. There were substantial contributions to wavelet packet variance over the range of spatial frequencies and a pronounced low frequency peak corresponding approximately to the scale of soil map units. However, in the relevant frequency intervals no significant changes in wavelet packet variance were detected. We conclude that near‐surface K_s is not dominated by static, soil‐inherent properties for the examined range of soils. Several indicators from the wavelet packet analysis hint at the more dominant dynamic influence of biotic processes, which should be kept in mind when modelling soil hydraulic properties on the basis of soil maps.     

基于欧氏距离最佳K均值聚类的超级电容组故障在线鉴别方法

为了提高超级电容组运行可靠性需要对故障电容进行在线鉴别,针对现有超级电容故障鉴别方法参数识别难度高和采集数据量大的问题,该文采用最佳K均值聚类方法在线检测故障超级电容器,并提出了最佳聚类的欧氏距离指标。该方法首先对在线电压信号数据进行预处理,采用奇异值分解提取特征值进行K-Means动态聚类并计算相应的欧氏距离指标,由最佳聚类结果鉴别出故障单体。针对该文提出方法设计了超级电容组充放电仿真试验进行验证。试验结果表明基于欧氏距离指标最佳K均值动态聚类的超级电容组故障在线鉴别方法可以根据串联单体电压信号进行故障检测。该文可为超级电容在线故障检测系统的开发与研制提供参考。     

A probabilistic approach to river network detection in digital elevation models

River networks are often derived from digital terrain models and are affected by uncertainty and errors of the corresponding elevation data. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the errors provides information on the confidence level of the derived networks. However indications on the most probable river network as a whole are missing. This study proposes a method to indicate which is the river network maximising the sum of the probability values along the network, given a map reporting the likelihood that a cell belongs to the network itself. The method is considering the inverse of the channel probability map as pseudo-DEM from which drainage networks are derived. A reference network is used to assess the spatial match of the extracted river networks using the Euclidean distance as simple comparison parameter. The network extracted from the inverse of the channel probability map is the closest to the reference. The use of a probabilistic approach to error modelling significantly increases the values of channel probability for extracted river networks and the spatial match with a ground reference dataset.     

Quantitative mapping of soil types based on regression kriging of taxonomic distances with landform and land cover attributes

Nowadays, French soil scientists tend to gather new and existing soil data into a common database. The use of this database potentially allows for resolving environmental issues, largely through soil mapping. The purpose of this study is to present a methodology for mapping soil types illustrated by typical observations in the soil database, in this case from the La Rochelle area on the French Mid-Atlantic Coast. The main hypothesis underlying the method is that soil types result from environmental factors such as landform, parent material, and land cover. The method can be divided into four stages. The first step is to construct a local soil type classification from the database by a two-stage continuous classification procedure. The result of this procedure is that at each observation point, the soil is described by a vector of taxonomic distances to each of k centroidal soil types. In the example given, k=18. The second step involves fitting soil–environment equations, one for each centroidal soil type, by regressing taxonomic distances on layers of multivariate environmental data observed on a fine 20-m grid, by multiple linear regression. In this case, the layers are terrain attributes derived from a digital elevation model and land cover attributes derived from three bands of a SPOT image. The third step is to predict k maps or raster GIS layers representing taxonomic distances to soil types on the 20-m grid, using the soil–environment equations and the kriging of the residuals from the regressions. This results in many potential maps: a summary map depicting the nearest centroidal soil type (the soil type for which the taxonomic distance is least) at each location is possibly the most useful, and another one representing the minimum taxonomic distance which, if considered too large, might suggest locations for further field survey to refine the soil types. A map of standard errors of the kriged taxonomic distance residuals to the nearest centroidal soil type can be made to indicate spatial uncertainty. Continuous fuzzy membership maps can also be constructed from the distances. The fourth step involves validation with an independent soil data set allowing discovery of the nature of the actual prediction errors. Thirty-eight percent of sites in a validation sample of 1234 sites was unequivocally validated, 23% was equivocally validated, and the remainder was predicted wrongly by the method.     

基于网格的耕地质量分等成果省级汇总方法

耕地质量分等成果由县、省、国家3级成果组成,省级成果由县级成果汇总获取,是农用地分等工作中必不可少的环节。由于传统的汇总方法对汇总底图的过分依赖性,导致汇总效率低下,汇总后的质量完全取决于汇总底图的质量。基于该缺陷,该文提出利用网格取代汇总底图,将县级成果按照“权属-地类-等别”进行分类,根据面积占优原则确定对应网格所属类别,并通过空间最邻近方法寻找距离县级单元最近的网格单元,建立“网格-县级分等单元”的追溯关系。该文提出了以县行政代码、网格所在行列码、等别、地类组成21位省级汇总网格的编码方法。最后利用平均中心和标准差椭圆检验汇总前后耕地空间分布的相似性。以北京市大兴区为研究区进行了实例验证,大兴区根据“地类-自然等-利用等-经济等”组合共分为8类,根据大兴区耕地的分布,最终确定688个有效耕地网格。利用该文方法实现了省级汇总。经过检验表明,汇总前后耕地分布的平均中心和分布方向仅相差405.6 m和0.34°,说明该汇总方法保证了汇总前后耕地空间分布的一致性。与依赖汇总底图的方法相比较,省去了制作底图的工作量,提高了工作效率,并且将省级耕地定位在每个网格中,通过网格编码能够快速查找到对应位置的耕地质量,方便管理和应用。     

Computer production of soil maps,II. Interactive map display

A microcomputer system for interactive display of soil maps is described. The maps are stored and manipulated as finely spared run-length encoded grids and are displayed on a colour VDU console.Maps of considerable complexity can be viewed at any desired scale using a combination of foreground and background colours with a specific printing character to represent each displayed map unit. Storage of maps on floppy discs makes it possible to store large numbers of maps of any given area and these maps may be “overlaid” to produce composite maps.The entire system for displaying and overlaying these maps is implemented on a microcomputer with no specialized equipment except for a colour VDU console which adds only about US $1000 (over the price of a monochrome VDU) to the total system cost. The algorithms used are presented and can be efficiently implemented on any microcomputer with sufficient mass storage to hold the required map files (typically less than 10 k byte/ map). The microcomputer is used as a stand-alone device and does not depend on datalines or any other computer.Although the system was developed for manipulation and retrieval of computer-generated thematic maps produced by a computer mapping system under development at our laboratory it could equally well be used for suitably reformatted maps derived from any source.