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1.
农业土壤N2O排放的研究进展   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
根据近几年国内外文献资料,综合分析介绍了农业土壤N2O排放的进展情况,提出农业土壤中N2O的产生是在微生物的参与下,通过硝化和反硝化作用完成。影响N2O产生与排放的主要因素包括土壤特性(理化性质和水热条件)、气候条件(温度、降水、光照)和农业技术措施(肥水管理、作物类型)。深入研究农业土壤N2O排放与这些因素间的数量关系,客观估计区域或全球农业土壤N2O的排放总量并提出切实可行的减排措施乃是未来的研究方向。  相似文献   

2.
为客观全面地分析农业土壤N2O排放影响因素领域的研究动态、热点及发展脉络,利用Web of Science数据库中1978~2018年的文献信息,结合R语言文献计量分析方法,从高被引论文、关键词及历史直接引文三个方面对农业土壤N2O排放影响因素研究情况进行了系统的文献计量分析。结果表明:(1)农业土壤N2O排放的影响因素主要有四大类:土壤性质包括土壤类型、质地、pH、温度、水分、容重、氧化还原电位、O2、矿质氮(硝态氮 + 铵态氮)、有机碳、酶活性(主要是硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶等)和微生物多样性等;农艺管理措施包括施肥管理(肥料类型、施肥量、施肥时间、施肥方式、肥料形态等)、种植作物类型、播种时间、耕作制度、灌溉制度、秸秆还田、生物炭和硝化抑制剂使用、土地利用方式及变化等;气候条件(雪、霜、降水、气温和太阳有效辐射等);地下水位和生态系统氮饱和度等。(2)该领域的研究热点在宏观层面上包括利用模型估算全球、国家、区域尺度上的N2O排放清单,评价切实有效的农业N2O减排措施效果;在中、微观尺度上,主要通过田间或室内培养试验用土壤理化性质及微生物指标反映、研究各影响因素变化(主要为单一因素研究)对N2O排放的效应。(3)该领域研究经历了影响因素从土壤性质再到人为活动的过程,研究内容包括使用模型研究农业土壤N2O排放过程、机制,估算大尺度多因素条件下的农业土壤N2O排放清单及减排措施效果。(4)农艺管理措施包括施用硝化抑制剂、包膜肥料、生物炭和秸秆还田,这些措施均可有效地减少农业土壤N2O排放,但每一措施的效果因具体条件而不同。(5)未来农业土壤N2O排放研究将向整合多因素、多尺度、多层次方向发展,其重点仍为明确农业土壤N2O排放机制、影响因素的相对重要性以及不同减排措施的效应,进而为因地制宜地制定科学有效的农业土壤N2O减排措施提供支持。  相似文献   

3.
农田土壤N2O排放和减排措施的研究进展   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种受人类活动影响的重要温室气体。农业土壤是其主要的排放源之一,土壤中硝化和反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要过程。N2O的排放受多种因素的影响,农业活动尤其是施用化学氮肥是农田N2O排放量增加的主要因素。提高氮肥利用率,使用硝化抑制剂等措施将有助于减少N2O的排放量,更有效的减排措施还有待进一步的研究与应用。  相似文献   

4.
农田土壤N_2O和NO排放的影响因素及其作用机制   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3  
蔡延江  丁维新  项剑 《土壤》2012,44(6):881-887
农田土壤作为N2O和NO的重要排放源而备受关注。硝化和反硝化是土壤N2O和NO产生的两个主要微生物过程,环境因子和农田管理措施等因素强烈影响着这两个过程以及N2O和NO的排放。本文重点论述了土壤水热状况、土壤质地、pH、肥料施用、耕作措施变更等关键性影响因素对农田土壤N2O和NO排放的影响及其影响机制。  相似文献   

5.
畜牧业温室气体排放影响因素及其减排研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
全球变暖是人类共同关注的话题,其中仅由畜牧业引起的温室气体排放量占全球总排放量的18%,成为导致全球变暖的主要因素之一,因而对畜牧业温室气体排放机制及其影响因子的研究具有十分重要的意义。本文对动物肠道甲烷排放、动物粪便管理系统甲烷及氧化亚氮排放研究进展进行了综述,并在分析不同方法估算我国畜牧业温室气体排放量的基础上,针对各排放因子提出了相应的减排措施。  相似文献   

6.
土壤中低分子量有机酸在物质循环中的作用   总被引:28,自引:1,他引:27  
本文为近三十年来有关土壤低分子量有机酸研究的扼要回顾。主要综述了森林和农业土壤中低分子量有机酸的组成特点、数量、来源及影响因素;侧重阐述了其在土壤矿物风化与形成、养分活化与迁移、土壤酸化与铝毒、以及与重金属相互作用等一系列物理和化学的影响机制;并提出了进一步研究需关注的问题。  相似文献   

7.
农业微环境对土壤温室气体排放的影响   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
二氧化碳(CO2)、氧化氮(N2O)、甲烷(CH4)等气体排放量的增加所引进的温室效应是全球变暖的主要促动因素。同时各种温室气体的产生和排放量也同样受其所处环境状况的影响与反馈作用研究各环境要素对土壤温室气体排放的主要影响机制是调节气候变化与温室气体排放循环反馈过程的关键环节,对减少温室气体排放、减缓全球变暖真挚具有较强的现实意义。阐述了土壤排放N20、CH4对环境因素的影响,并提出温室气体减排措  相似文献   

8.
旱地土壤温室气体排放影响因子及减排增汇措施分析   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
农田既是主要的温室气体排放源之一,也是潜在的碳汇。本文分析了影响农田土壤特别是旱地农田土壤中二氧化碳和氧化亚氮排放的主要影响因子,包括土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤特性以及施肥与耕作等人为因素;提出了施用有机肥、合理施用氮肥、保护性耕作、秸秆还田、使用抑制剂等农业土壤减排增汇的主要措施,并对其操作和实施的可行性进行了剖析。  相似文献   

9.
滇池流域集约化菜田NO与NO2排放的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用密闭通气气室法,在滇池流域旱季和雨季开展了2个生长周期内集约化西芹地NO/NO2排放研究。结果表明, NO/NO2排放速率的日变化规律受温度的影响较为明显,中午时段最高,凌晨时段最低。西芹生育期间,CK处理(裸地)的NO/NO2排放速率维持在一定水平,中后期NF处理(不施氮)NO/NO2排放速率有所升高;LF(N 450 kg/hm2)和HF(N 1200 kg/hm2)处理受西芹的生长和频繁氮肥追施的影响,生育期NO/NO2排放速率逐渐升高。旱季与雨季CK处理NO/NO2排放量分别为1.30和NOx-N 1.51 kg/hm2,NF处理分别较CK高出NOx-N 1.0和1.44 kg/hm2。LF处理旱季与雨季NO/NO2排放量分别为NOx-N 4.88和5.67 kg/hm2,其损失率分别为0.79%和0.92%;HF处理旱季和雨季NO/NO2排放量分别为NOx-N 7.58和10.19 kg/hm2,其损失率分别为0.63%和0.85%,说明氮肥用量较高时,土壤—作物系统的NOx-N损失量也较高,但其损失率并不随施氮量的升高而升高。  相似文献   

10.
针对我国畜禽固体废弃物自然堆放管理过程中含氮气体排放欠缺系统研究、排放规律尚不清晰的现状,以长江流域生猪固体废弃物典型自然堆放方式为例,采用静态箱一气相色谱法、化学发光法、磷酸甘油溶液吸收法对猪粪固体堆放下N20、NO、和NH33种主要含氮气体排放进行了一个堆肥周期的系统观测,深入研究了猪粪固体堆放管理方式下3种含氮气体排放规律及其影响因素。一个堆放周期的试验结果表明:在固体贮存堆体最初含水量较多的情况下,NH3前期排放较多,后期排放比较少,受堆体氨态氮浓度影响较大。N2O和NOx的排放规律基本相同,都呈现前期排放量较小,后期排放增多的态势,这与降雨导致的酸性环境加剧硝化反硝化作用有关。堆体表面与堆体内部剖面N20的排放趋势基本相同,而堆体下部土壤剖面的N20受堆体影响较小。  相似文献   

11.
农作措施对中国稻田氧化亚氮排放影响的研究进展   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
农业是全球最主要的温室气体排放源之一,稻田不仅是全球重要的甲烷(CH4)排放源,亦是氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要排放源。灌溉、施肥、耕作等农作措施能够改变稻田生态系统土壤微环境,影响土壤硝化与反硝化过程,进而影响N2O的排放。目前,关于农作措施对农田生态系统N2O排放特征研究很多,但系统地综述农作措施对稻田N2O排放影响的研究还比较少。该文着眼于中国的农业发展趋势,基于稻田灌溉、施肥及耕作等方面的新技术,综合分析新型农作措施对中国稻田生态系统N2O排放的影响及其机制,为相关研究提供参考。在此基础上,提出了中国稻田生态系统N2O排放深入研究的方向:1)加强研究新型农作措施下稻田N2O产生及排放途径;2)系统研究稻田生态系统直接与间接N2O排放的影响及其机制;3)开展农作措施集成技术对稻田生态系统N2O排放影响的研究;4)加强模型模拟的调参验证并进行相关预测分析。  相似文献   

12.
Soils and crops are particularly vulnerable to climate change and environmental stresses. In many agrosystems, soil biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by soils are under threat from a range of natural and human drivers. Agricultural soils are often subject to agronomic practices that disrupt soil trophic networks and make soils less productive in the long term. In this scenario, sustainable soil use aimed at improving plant/root status, growth and development plays a crucial role for enhancing the biological capacity of agricultural soils. This commentary paper is divided into the following four main sections: (i) the contentious nature of soil organic matter; (ii) soil biological quality/fertility; (iii) soil classification; and, (iv) which agricultural practices can be defined as sustainable? The published literature was analyzed within a holistic framework, with agrosystems considered as living systems where soil, vegetation, fauna and microorganisms co-evolve and are reciprocally influenced. Ultimately, this article will suggest a better stewardship of agricultural soils as a natural capital.  相似文献   

13.
应用修正的IPCC2006方法对中国农田N2O排放量重新估算   总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11  
氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种重要的温室气体,农田土壤是其排放的重要源。本研究通过本地参数修正的IPCC2006计算方法,结合统计资料计算中国农田土壤的N2O直接排放量。结果表明:从1980年到2007年中国农田N2O排放年均增长7.6%,2007年N2O-N排放量达到288.4Gg。2007年化学氮肥投入、有机物质投入、作物秸秆投入、有机土排放对农田N2O直接排放的贡献份额分别为77.64%、15.57%、6.46%和0.33%。从分布格局看,2007年农田N2O直接排放总量较大省份主要集中在华北地区和四川盆地,单位耕地面积N2O排放量较高的地区主要集中在华北地区和东南沿海。  相似文献   

14.
上海市土壤中持久性毒害污染物和盐分含量特征研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Some farmland soils in Shanghai had high salinity levels, suggesting secondary salinization of the soils. The soil problems in Shanghai were studied, including the salinity and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) concentrations, heavy metal pollution characteristics, and organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residual levels and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents. Accumulation of NO3--N in vegetable soils was the most significant among different functional soils. Heavy metal pollution was significant in the samples collected from the sewage-irrigated land and roadside. The identification of the metal sources through multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr in urban soils were from the traffic pollutants; excessive application of fertilizer and irrigation were the main reasons for the metal pollution in agricultural soils; Ni in the observed soils was controlled by parent soils. OCPs could still be detected in farmland soils but degraded greatly in last 20 years after prohibition of their usage. PAHs with 2-3 rings were the main components in industrial soils. The concentrated PAHs in the investigated soils were likely from petroleum and coal combustion.  相似文献   

15.
Community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) were used to characterize soils with two contrasting no-till agricultural practices in terms of crop rotation, looking for differences in soil physiology according to management: ‘good agricultural practices (GAP), based on crop rotation, and monocropping agriculture considered as poor agricultural practices (PAP); soils from nearby natural environments (NE) were used as reference. Soils from productive fields of the central Argentine Pampas were sampled in summer and winter. Treatments were replicated at four places along a 400-km east–west transect, between longitudinal parallels 31° to 33°S. The CLPPs assay was based on either basal respiration or substrate-induced respiration using different C sources, with or without additional nitrogen as a mineral amendment, to mimic fertilizer application effects. CLPPs allowed discrimination between soils with different agricultural practices, despite the differences in the texture and mineralogy of the soils at each replicate site. NE soils were significantly different to agriculture soils based on 70% of the estimated CLPPs parameters. The differences between GAP and PAP soils by CLPPs data were supported by 50% of the estimated parameters in winter and only by 12.5% of them in summer. The Euclidean distance between GAP and PAP increased 102% in winter compared with summer. Additional N to the incubation did not significantly modify the result. Coumaric and propionic acids appeared to be good substrates for discrimination between different agriculture practices by CLPPs.  相似文献   

16.
由电子废物处理和回收引起的土壤污染: 特别关注中国   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This short review deals with soils as an important source of the greenhouse gas N2O. The production and consumption of N2O in soils mainly involve biotic processes: the anaerobic process of denitrification and the aerobic process of nitrification. The factors that significantly influence agricultural N2O emissions mainly concern the agricultural practices (N application rate, crop type, fertilizer type) and soil conditions (soil moisture, soil organic C content, soil pH and texture). Large variability of N2O fluxes is known to occur both at different spatial and temporal scales. Currently new techniques could help to improve the capture of the spatial variability. Continuous measurement systems with automatic chambers could also help to capture temporal variability and consequently to improve quantification of N2O emissions by soils. Some attempts for mitigating soil N2O emissions, either by modifying agricultural practices or by managing soil microbial functioning taking into account the origin of the soil N2O emission variability, are reviewed.  相似文献   

17.
中国农田土壤农药污染现状和防控对策   总被引:18,自引:3,他引:15  
赵玲  滕应  骆永明 《土壤》2017,49(3):417-427
随着农药长期大量的施用,农药残留及其污染问题日益严重。因此,针对我国农业生产中涉及的三类主要农药除草剂、杀虫剂和杀菌剂的施用情况及其农田土壤中残留特征进行了阐述,对农田土壤因农药残留造成的作物抗性危害、生态环境风险以及人类健康潜在风险等进行了分析,并对农药污染农田土壤的微生物修复、植物修复以及菌根修复的研究状况进行了介绍,在此基础上提出了农田土壤农药污染综合治理的防控对策。  相似文献   

18.
The National Soil Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture (ENASAS) arises in response to the increasing need to organize, coordinate and strengthen the implementation of actions oriented to the sustainable management of Mexico's agricultural soils. The measures recommended in this paper allow the conservation and maintenance of soils' essential functions for agriculture, food security and population well-being. The health and quality of agricultural soils are under constant pressure from several factors, mainly anthropogenic. One of ENASAS's objectives is to identify and stop the causes involved in land degradation processes using a systemic approach. From this perspective, the participation of various actors in sustainable soil management allows the integration of different systems, practices, techniques and knowledge that promotes awareness among the entire population about the importance of soil resources. On the other hand, given current limitations on the availability of information necessary to support decision-making and evaluate the result of the actions implemented, ENASAS promotes the generation of tools that provide reliable and updated data regarding Mexico's agricultural soils. In the same sense, this strategy encourages the development of scientific and technological research and the transfer of knowledge that meets the needs of farmers, particularly those who carry out their activities on a smaller scale. This perspective describes ENASAS as a multi-institutional initiative that will support sustainable soil management practices across the country's agricultural systems of Mexico and contribute to the adaptation and mitigation of global environmental change.  相似文献   

19.
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in Argentina, accounting for 62% of the commercialized pesticides on the market. It is used as a weed controller in no-till systems, and it is also applied to various genetically modified crops (e.g., soybean, corn, and cotton). Although it has a high solubility in water, it tends to adsorb and accumulate in agricultural soils. The main objectives of this work were to compare the dissipation of glyphosate and the accumulation of its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) over time in three soils from agricultural areas of Argentina under long-term management with no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices. There were no differences in dissipation between NT and CT, indicating that the glyphosate-degrading microflora was not modified by the different tillage managements. Moreover, tillage practices did not alter the general soil properties; therefore, glyphosate bioavailability was not affected by NT or CT practice. Forty percent of the applied glyphosate was degraded within the first three days in all soils, indicating a fast initial dissipation rate. However, the dissipation rate considerably decreased over time, and the degradation kinetics followed a bi-exponential (or two-compartment) kinetic model. No differences were found between tillage practices. Dissipation was not related to the microbial activity measured as soil respiration. The fast decrease in the concentration of glyphosate at the beginning of the dissipation study was not reflected in an increase in the concentration of AMPA. The estimated half-lives for glyphosate ranged between 9 and 38 d. However, glyphosate bioavailability decreases over time, as it is strongly adsorbed to the soil matrix. This increases its residence time, which may lead to its accumulation in agricultural soils.  相似文献   

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