镁硼钼营养对苦瓜品质及其产量影响的研究

在田间试验条件下,研究施镁、硼、钼及其配合施用对大顶苦瓜品质和产量的影响。结果表明,4个处理硝酸盐含量较对照明显下降,其中以+B和+Mo处理效果最好,分别降低了苦瓜硝酸盐含量10.63%和53.02%,且+Mo与其它处理差异显著。+Mg、+Mo、+Mg+B+Mo3个处理的苦瓜产量均比对照显著增产,分别增加21.72%、18.97%、20.03%,其中以+Mg处理增产效果最好。而+B处理苦瓜产量比对照降低了4.32%,差异不显著。+Mo、+Mg+B+Mo处理较对照可溶性糖和Vc含量增加,其中以+Mg+B+Mo增加幅度最大,达到显著水平,而+Mg、+B处理可溶性糖含量较对照有明显的下降,其中以+B处理下降最为突出,差异显著,与对照相比,4个处理蛋白质含量均未发生显著变化。本文的研究结果表明,镁、硼、钼配合施用更有利于苦瓜产量的提高和品质的改善。     

施氮对小白菜产量和品质的效应

田间试验研究了施氮对两种肥力土壤小白菜产量、硝酸盐含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量与小白菜产量呈显著(低肥力)和极显著(中肥力)的二次回归关系,中、低肥力土壤施氮小白菜分别增产141.2%~309.4%和149.5%~617.6%;低肥力土壤小白菜产量仅为中肥力土壤的28.6%~49.5%。施氮75~300kg.hm-2提高小白菜硝酸盐含量9.9%~33.3%(中肥力,75 kg.hm-2处理除外)和240.3%~363.6%(低肥力),硝酸盐含量以中肥力土壤>低肥力土壤(N 150 kg.hm-2处理除外)。施氮降低中肥力土壤小白菜Vc含量、提高氨基酸含量,对可溶性糖影响不大;低肥力土壤施氮降低小白菜Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖含量。     

配施中微量元素对宁夏酿酒葡萄产量及品质的影响

中微量元素的缺乏是限制贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄品质的重要因素。通过大田试验研究了在常规施肥的基础上配施Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B、Mo、Mg、Ca等元素对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄赤珠霞(Cabernet Sauvignon)生长及品质的影响。结果表明:配施B元素显著提高葡萄百粒重,降低可滴定酸的含量;Fe和Mn元素显著降低葡萄百粒重、果粒粒径及可溶性固形物的含量;Cu和Zn元素显著降低可溶性糖的含量,Zn元素显著提高单宁和总花色苷的含量,配施Ca和Mg可提高葡萄产量、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比。单独配施一种微量元素的效益是有限的,将8种微量元素混合施肥可较常规施肥的百粒重提高32.5 g,总产量提高43.8%,同时显著提高还原糖和可溶性糖含量,降低可滴定酸含量,并具有较高的单宁、总花色苷和总酚含量。因此,该地区多种微量元素综合配施在提高葡萄产量和品质方面显著优于配施单种微量元素肥料。     

水氮联合调控对小油菜生长、产量及品质的影响

采用温室盆栽试验,研究了水氮联合调控对小油菜生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,灌水水平与施氮量对叶片数、叶面积、叶绿素与产量均有显著或极显著影响,这些指标均随灌水水平的提高而增加,随施氮量的增加呈抛物线趋势,在低氮(0.1 g·kg~(-1))与中氮处理(0.2 g·kg~(-1))达到最大,且差异不显著。中水高氮(田间持水量的75%,0.3 g·kg~(-1))耦合能显著提高小油菜Vc含量;灌水、施氮及其交互作用对可溶性糖与硝酸盐含量影响极显著;增加灌水能减轻高量氮肥对小油菜可溶性糖合成的抑制作用;不施氮处理硝酸盐含量均极显著低于施氮处理,高水低氮(田间持水量的90%,0.1 g·kg~(-1))与中水(田间持水量的75%)下的各个施氮处理硝酸盐含量较低。降低施氮量,适当增加灌水能增加Vc、可溶性糖含量,降低硝酸盐积累。综合考虑小油菜生长、产量及品质,中水低氮(田间持水量的75%,0.1 g·kg~(-1))为最佳水氮处理。     

砖红壤施用中量、微量元素对甘蔗产量与糖分的效应

在雷州半岛玄武岩发育的种植甘蔗砖红壤上施用Ca、Mg、B、Mo、Fe、Cu、Zn肥料，探究这些中量与微量元素对甘蔗的产量与糖分的效应。结果表明：Ca、Mg、B、Mo肥对甘蔗有显著增产效应，而Fe肥具有显著减产效应。B、Mo、Fe、Cu肥能显著提高甘蔗含糖量，而Mg肥具有降低甘蔗糖分的效应。Ca、B、Mo3种肥料相互配施的增产或增糖效果均不优于单施的效果。从对甘蔗产量和含糖量综合效果看，甘蔗施用B、Mo、Ca肥分别能产生显著经济效益。因此，在玄武岩发育砖红壤上种植甘蔗，建议施用Mo、B、Ca肥。     

氮肥不同用量及基追肥比例对芹菜产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验研究氮肥不同用量和基追比例对芹菜的产量效应和品质效应。本试验条件下,施氮量为150mg/kg土时(约相当于337.5 kg/hm2)芹菜产量最高,继续增施氮肥,产量显著降低。施氮量为100 mg/kg土时(约相当于225 kg/hm2),Vc含量和可溶性糖含量最高,施氮量增加,芹菜品质显著降低。芹菜叶绿素、硝酸还原酶活性和硝酸盐含量与氮肥用量呈极显著的线性正相关。不同氮肥用量处理的芹菜在不同生育期的硝酸盐积累量均呈明显的“S”曲线。基肥N占100%时,芹菜的生长情况最好,基肥N占50%时,芹菜的叶绿素含量,硝酸还原酶活性,Vc和可溶性糖含量均最大。追施一次肥处理的芹菜叶片硝酸盐含量显著低于追两次肥的处理。     

连作条件下不同施肥处理对设施黄瓜产量和品质的影响

研究了连作条件下不同施肥处理对设施黄瓜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:在连作条件下,农民传统施肥和不施肥均会造成黄瓜产量下降、品质变劣。合理施肥能够相对减小产量的降幅,提高黄瓜的品质。随着设施黄瓜连作年限的延长,农民传统施肥黄瓜产量、Vc、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、有机酸含量均降低,黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量不断增加。减施氮磷肥、增施钾肥有机肥及优化施肥黄瓜产量降低,Vc、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、有机酸含量均升高,黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量降低。综合产量和品质两个因素,优化施肥效果最佳,与农民传统施肥相比,产量降幅减小74.7%,Vc、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、有机酸含量分别提高39.6%、17.7%、29.3%、53.0%、20.7%,黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量降低20.6%。     

赤红壤施用中、微量元素肥料对甘蔗产量与糖分的效应

在砂页岩发育的赤红壤上种植甘蔗新台糖22号,研究了单施或配施中、微量元素Ca、Mg、B、Mo、Cu、Zn、Fe肥对其产量与糖分的效应.结果表明,单施Ca、Mg、B、Mo肥对甘蔗具有显著增产效果且经济效益较好,而施Fe、Zn、cu肥有负效应;施B、Mo、Mg、Cu肥能显著提高甘蔗含糖量,而Fe、Zn肥呈负效应.B、Mo、Mg、Ca 4种肥料相互配施的增产或增糖效应与单施相比没有明显的优越性.因此,在砂页岩发育的赤红壤上种植甘蔗,建议单独施用B、Mg、Mo、Ca肥,减少生产成本.     

氮肥不同用量及基追肥比例对芹菜产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验研究氮肥不同用量和基追比例对芹菜的产量效应和品质效应。本试验条件下，施氮量为150mg／kg土时（约相当于337．5kg／hm^2）芹菜产量最高，继续增施氮肥，产量显著降低。施氮量为100mg／kg土时（约相当于225kg／hm^2），Vc含量和可溶性糖含量最高，施氮量增加，芹菜品质显著降低。芹菜叶绿素、硝酸还原酶活性和硝酸盐含量与氮肥用量呈极显著的线性正相关。不同氮肥用量处理的芹菜在不同生育期的硝酸盐积累量均呈明显的“S”曲线。基肥N占100％时，芹菜的生长情况最好，基肥N占50％时，芹菜的叶绿素含量，硝酸还原酶活性，Vc和可溶性糖含量均最大。追施一次肥处理的芹菜叶片硝酸盐含量显著低于追两次肥的处理。     

氮肥和土壤质地对滴灌棉花根系分布及产量的影响

通过大田二因素随机区组试验,研究了滴灌条件下不同质地棉田土壤棉花根长密度和根表面积的垂直分布特征及其对产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施肥、灌水都可以显著降低棉花根长密度和根表面积,其关系表现为显著负相关;(2)花期之前棉花在0~20 cm土层根长密度表现为砂土黏土壤土,花期之后表现为砂土壤土黏土;在20~40 cm土层表现为壤土黏土砂土,且深层土壤砂土中棉花根长密度下降势显著高于壤土、黏土;在不同质地土壤中,粗根表面积均表现为N2(施氮量360 kg/hm~2)N3(施氮量480 kg/hm~2)N1(施氮量240 kg/hm~2)CK(不施氮处理);(3)根系分布特征参数与籽棉产量相关性分析结果显示,根长密度、根表面积对籽棉产量的形成均有显著影响,棉花籽棉产量的有效提高手段之一是在某些特定生育期适度地降低根系特征参数。     

毛管埋深和层状质地对番茄滴灌水氮利用效率的影响

为了确定不同质地土壤中地下滴灌的适宜毛管埋深,通过两年日光温室滴灌施肥灌溉试验,研究了毛管埋深、土壤层状质地和施氮量对番茄产量、品质及水分利用效率（WUE）、氮肥表观利用率（AFUE）和氮肥偏生产力（PFP）的影响。研究结果表明,均质壤土中,毛管埋深、施氮量及其交互作用对番茄产量和WUE影响不显著,地下滴灌番茄Vc含量比地表滴灌低;番茄AFUE随毛管埋深增加而降低,施氮量由150 kg/hm2增加到225 kg/hm2时,番茄PFP显著降低。对均质壤土,建议毛管埋深15 cm、施氮量150 kg/hm2,以获得较高的PFP。土壤的层状质地结构明显降低番茄的产量、WUE和PFP,与均质壤土处理相比,上砂下壤和砂土夹层处理WUE分别低32%和11%,产量和PFP分别低33%和12%,从提高水氮利用效率的角度出发,建议在上粗下细（上砂下壤）的层状土壤中慎重使用地下滴灌。     

Sulfur nutrition of winter wheat varieties with till and no‐till planting on highly weathered alfisol soils

Abstract

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) occupies large hectarage and is important in crop rotations on the highly weathered, low organic matter silt loam soils common in southern Illinois and the southern midwest United States region. Sulfur (S) is an essential element with some potential for deficiency, but it is not commonly applied to winter wheat grown on these soils. This study was conducted to determine if S nutrition is limiting winter wheat growth and grain yield. Interactive effects of topdressed fertilizer S (0 and 28 kg S/ha), tillage (disk‐till, DT and no‐till, NT), and wheat variety on plant growth, nutrient concentration, and grain yield were investigated for three crop years on two soils in southern Illinois; Cisne silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Mollic Albaqualf), Brownstown site, and Grantsburg silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudalf), Dixon Springs site. Grain yield was unaffected by S application although flag leaf and whole plant S concentrations increased. Lack of yield response to S application was consistent each year on both soils and across all varieties and tillage systems. Equivalent yields were produced with both tillage systems at Brownstown, but slightly lower yield occurred with no‐till at Dixon Springs. Plant S concentrations and soil sulfate levels indicated sufficient S was available from sources other than fertilizer S, including extractable soil S and atmospheric deposition. Wheat variety consistently influenced plant nutrient composition and grain yield more than tillage or application of S fertilizer. If, in the future, wheat grain production, atmospheric S deposition, and extractable soil S remain at levels measured in this study, then S fertilizer applications would not be expected to increase winter wheat grain yield.     

化肥对黑土不同粒级碳水化合物的影响

本文采集公主岭市长期定位监测基地不施肥和施用不同化肥的黑土,通过超声波分散-离心分离得到细黏粒(<0.2μm)、粗黏粒(0.2～2μm)、粉粒(2～53μm)、细砂粒(53～250μm)、粗砂粒(250～2000μm)5个颗粒级别,分析全土及不同粒级中土壤碳水化合物并进行含量与分布的比较。结果表明,黑土中不同粒级碳水化合物库的性质差异显著,碳水化合物多集中在粉+黏粒中;长期施用化肥后,黑土全土及各粒级碳水化合物库大小和浓度基本上没有变化;粗砂粒级(Gal+Man)(:Ara+Xyl)下降,表明该粒级中植物来源碳水化合物所占比重有所增加,暗示出粗砂粒级对施肥措施更为敏感。     

Leaching of spring—applied fertilizer nitrogen: measurement and simulation

Abstract. The leaching of spring-applied fertilizer nitrogen was measured by soil sampling on three soils widely used for spring cropping: a loamy sand, a sandy loam and a sandy silt loam. Soils were fallow during the experiment. Results were compared with simulations obtained with a computer leaching model. The model differentiated well between soil types, and predicted mineral nitrogen remaining in the top 30, 60 or 90 cm with reasonable precision. It tended to over-estimate the rate of nitrification of ammonium from ammonium nitrate fertilizers. The causes of occasional large discrepancies between sampling and measurement are discussed.     

新疆绿洲连作棉田土壤微量元素含量的时空变化研究

为了解棉花长期单一种植对土壤微量元素含量的影响,明确连作棉田土壤质量变化规律,在南疆棉区分别选择新开垦1a和连续植棉5、15、20、30 a的棉田,研究了不同时间尺度上棉田0~100cm土壤剖面Mo、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe等5种微量元素全量的变化规律,分析了棉田微量元素含量与连作年限之间的关系。结果表明,棉花长期连作后,土壤0~20cm耕作层全钼含量随连作年限的增加持续下降,与连作年限呈一元负线性关系;全铜、全锌、全锰含量随年限的增加先升后降,与年限呈二次函数关系,分别在连作7~10、10~12、17~18 a达到最高累积量,之后持续下降,分别在14~17、20~22、32~34 a降回到开垦初期的水平。土壤剖面中部30~50cm土层各元素全量均随连作年限增加剧烈下降,与连作年限呈一元负线性关系,长期连作易导致该层微量元素缺乏。剖面下层50~90cm土层各元素全量在长期连作后表现出一定的累积趋势,然而与连作年限之间没有明显的函数关系。随连作年限延长,0~60cm土层中含量水平越低的元素,含量下降越明显,Mo表现最明显,其次为Zn和Cu,而Mn和Fe下降较少。在长期连作棉田,棉花种植应注重Mo、Zn、Cu等微量元素肥料的补充施用,并结合土壤深度翻耕,提高中部土层微量养分含量。     

长期施肥土壤不同粒径颗粒的固碳效率

【目的】探讨不同施肥措施土壤有机碳在不同粒级颗粒中的分配及变化情况,可揭示各级颗粒中有机碳与外源有机碳输入之间的定量关系。【方法】依托南方红壤连续20年长期定位施肥试验,依据外源有机碳累积输入梯度选择不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾化肥配施(NPK)、氮磷钾化肥与秸秆配施(NPKS)、轮作条件下氮磷钾化肥与有机肥配施(NPKMR)、氮磷钾化肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)、单施有机肥(M)、增量氮磷钾化肥与增量有机肥配施(1.5NPKM)7个处理,并采用物理分组方法将土壤颗粒分为砂粒(53~2000μm)、粗粉粒(5~53μm)、细粉粒(2~5μm)和粘粒(2μm)4个组分。【结果】与不施肥相比,长期施肥均能显著增加土壤总有机碳及各级颗粒中的有机碳的储量,其中以施用有机肥的效果最明显。不同施肥处理各级颗粒中以粘粒的有机碳储量最高,平均为16.26 t/hm~2。施用有机肥和秸秆还田均能显著增加砂粒中有机碳的分配比例,降低粘粒有机碳的分配比例而对粗粉粒和细粉粒无显著影响。土壤砂粒所占的质量百分比及其与粗粉粒、细粉粒和粘粒的比值均与粗粉粒、细粉粒和粘粒组分中有机碳的浓度呈显著正相关关系表明小颗粒(粗粉粒、细粉粒和粘粒)中有机碳的固持和富集促进了大颗粒(砂粒)的形成与稳定。各级颗粒之间,施用有机肥处理的土壤粘粒组分的固碳速率最快,为0.29~0.52 t/(hm~2·a),其次为砂粒[0.30~0.40 t/(hm~2·a)]而粗粉粒和细粉粒的固碳速率基本相当为0.09~0.16t/(hm~2·a)。分析结果还表明土壤总有机碳及各级颗粒有机碳与外源有机碳的输入呈显著正线性相关关系,其中土壤总固碳效率为10.57%而各级颗粒之间,粘粒和砂粒组分的固碳效率(4.25%和3.60%)相当于粗粉粒和细粉粒(1.73%和1.00%)的2倍以上。【结论】南方红壤各级颗粒中有机碳均没有出现饱和现象,有机碳主要在土壤粘粒和砂粒组分中富集,细颗粒中有机碳的富集会促进大粒径土壤颗粒的形成而粘粒是土壤固碳效率最重要的矿物颗粒组成部分。表明长期配施有机肥不仅是红壤有机质提升的重要措施,也是改善红壤结构的重要途径。     

不同施肥处理对番茄产量品质及土壤有效态重金属含量的影响

以露地番茄（Solanum lycopersicom L.）为试材,进行了施用有机肥、无机肥及有机无机肥配施对番茄产量、品质和土壤有效态重金属含量的影响研究。结果表明,在施氮量相同条件下,有机肥与无机肥配施番茄产量增幅较大,以6∶4养分配施比例产量最高,总产量比对照提高了15.6%。施用无机肥番茄果实可溶性糖含量和可滴定酸含量较高,维生素C含量以施用有机肥处理的最高;番茄果实的营养品质和口感以施用有机肥处理的最佳。番茄果实中可溶性糖、酸和维生素C含量的变化规律与肥料施用无相关性,可能是受番茄产量高低的影响。施用有机肥番茄果实硝酸盐含量明显低于施用无机肥和有机无机肥配施处理,亚硝酸盐含量则以施用无机肥和低有机肥配施量处理的含量较低。施肥有明显降低番茄果实Hg含量的作用,但却提高了Pb和As含量,对Cu、Zn和Cd含量的影响较小;施用有机肥可显著降低番茄果实Cr含量。施肥提高了土壤有效态Zn和Cd含量,降低了土壤有效态Pb含量,对土壤有效态Cr和As含量的影响较小;施用有机肥使土壤有效态Cu含量显著降低,而使土壤有效态Hg的含量提高;施用无机肥可提高土壤有效态Cu的含量。不同施肥处理番茄果实重金属含量变化与土壤有效态重金属含量变化不一致的主要原因,可能是由于施肥改变了番茄的生物产量,从而产生对植株吸收重金属元素的生物稀释作用造成。各试验处理番茄果实硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐及重金属含量均远低于国家蔬菜或食品中污染物限量标准,说明合理施用有机肥、无机肥和有机无机肥配施不会造成番茄果实硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及重金属污染。     

Starter fertilizer to spring barley and spring wheat in south-east Norway: Effects on growth and nutrient uptake

Abstract

Field experiments were carried out on three representative soils, to evaluate the effect of various starter fertilizers, together with different rates of band placed phosphorus (P), on nutrient uptake and yield of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The starter fertilizers were placed in the immediate vicinity of the seed, while the band placed P was placed at about 5 cm below the seeds and spaced at 25 cm between alternate seed rows. As starter fertilizer, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), calcium nitrate (CAN), ammonium nitrate (AN) and triple superphosphate (P20) were compared. In both species, effects of starter fertilizer on P uptake were most marked early in the growing season. At GS 13 application of 20 kg P ha^?1 as MAP increased the P uptake by 50% in barley and by 35% in wheat, compared to no seed-placed nutrients. For grain, the increase in P content was 8% for both species. The higher P uptake at GS 13 was supported by observations of higher plant vigour in the treatments with either P20 or MAP as starter fertilizer. The use of N only as starter fertilizer did not increase the vigour of the plants. Band placement of P also gave more vigorous plants in spring barley. The grain yield increased on the silty clay loam and on the silt soil when starter fertilizer was applied, especially with the use of MAP. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found when starter fertilizer was used on the loam soil. No delay or reduction of emergence was observed with starter fertilizer. Therefore, on soils where root growth or nutrient uptake becomes limited during the first weeks after sowing, application of starter fertilizer is recommended in Norway for both spring barley and spring wheat. Crops grown on silty soils seem to have an especially high demand for easily available P given as starter fertilizer.     

Response of Sugarcane to Calcium Silicate on Yield,Gas Exchange Characteristics,Leaf Nutrient Concentrations,and Soil Properties in Two Different Soils

Silicon (Si), applied as calcium silicate (Ca-silicate), was evaluated for effects on yield; yield-contributing parameters in sugarcane, such as chlorophyll content, gas exchange characteristics, moisture content, and leaf nutrient concentrations; and soil fertility in the greenhouse in two different soil types. Seven levels of Si (0 20, 40, 60, 80, 120, and 150 g pot^–1) were tested by applying them with traditional fertilizers. Gas exchange characteristics such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were significantly greater with the plants fertilized with silicate over unamended control for both soils. Silicate fertilization increased chlorophyll and moisture contents in the top visible dewlap (TVD) leaf tissues, but results were not significantly better in both soils when compared with unamended control. In our 12-month study, we found that the Si content reached up to 2.64% and 1.86% per dry mass in TVD leaf tissues when amended with Ca-silicate fertilizer in soils 1 and 2, respectively. Results showed that as compared to unamended control, Si-amended treatments significantly increased maximum dry matter and cane yield by 77% and 66% in soil 1 and 41% and 15% in soil 2, respectively. With increasing silicate application, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese contents significantly decreased in leaf tissues and soil contents in both soils. Soil pH, Si contents, available sulfur, exchangeable Ca and magnesium, and cation exchange capacity were increased significantly more or less, whereas aluminum contents of soil decreased dramatically in both soils when amended with Ca-silicate. Our results indicate that different soil fertility status and rates of Si application are important factors influencing the yield, growth parameters, chlorophyll, and nutrient contents of sugarcane leaf as well as soil properties.