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1.
辐射诱发瓜叶菊雄性不育系及其利用研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本研究用60Coγ射线50Gy辐照1、2年生瓜叶菊的于种子,获得了光枝叶、部分花粉败育的突变体,然后自交分离出花粉败育率100%的雄性不育系。其突变率为2.4%,突变雄性不育是由隐性基因控制、基因突变产生的。1987年以来,先后诱发获得瓜叶菊雄性不育系蓝花1、2、3和玫瑰红花4、5号。其中1、2、3号与瓜叶菊自支系杂交,育成了F1代杂种,并具有一定的杂种优势。  相似文献   

2.
对5个野生稻品种的结实率、花粉类型、可育花粉率及裂药性进行研究。结果发现,两种套袋方法对野生稻品种结实率的影响存在一定差异,其中元江普通野生稻存在极显著差异(P0.01),IRGC8056(P-104)存在显著差异(P0.05);5个野生稻品种的花粉类型和可育花粉率也不相同,西双版纳药用野生稻花粉类型以圆败为主,元江普通野生稻花粉类型以正常为主,尼泊尔多年生普通野生稻花粉类型正常、染败、圆败各占1/3,IRGC8056花粉类型以染败为主,IRGC 105143花粉类型以圆败为主,元江普通野生稻的可育花粉率平均为80.04%,别的品种可育花粉率很低或出现败育;5个野生稻品种的裂药指数也有所不同,裂药指数高的达4.8,低的只有2.6。  相似文献   

3.
将甘薯同其近缘野生种I.littoralis(2n=4x)杂交获得五倍体杂种。研究5X染种回交甘薯时生殖障碍的表现特征,进而探讨植物生长调节剂克服其低结实性的可能性,结果表明,5X杂种回交甘薯的生殖障碍表现在从花粉萌发到胚发育的各个阶段,参试5X杂种系同甘薯的交配障碍具有C不孕群特征,其交配后障碍则不具有不孕群别特征,而普遍表现为子房脱落,胚的败育和低结实性,植物生长调节剂(NAA+6BA)对促进  相似文献   

4.
两系小麦不育系BNS雄性育性的转换   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
于2006-2009年在湖南长沙采用分期播种方法以两系小麦不育系BNS和对照百农矮抗58、农大211、农大3688和杨麦13为试验材料,研究了BNS雄性育性在南方生态区域的转换规律。结果表明:随播种期的推迟,BNS雄性育性表现为完全败育→高度不育→部分可育→完全可育的育性转换规律;雄性完全败育阶段以花粉典型败育为主;3月中、下旬开花阶段,花粉完全败育;4月上旬开花阶段,雄性育性发生转变,4月中旬开花阶段,花粉可育。雄性育性的转换伴随着开花习性发生转换。  相似文献   

5.
对野败型保持系珍汕97B、恢复系IR24、IR26和泰引1号等4个水稻材料的幼穗在不同的培养基上培养、再生植株及对其后代进行育性和测定鉴定及其它遗传分析,探讨了雄性不育变异株的恢保关系,结果表明:D IR26、泰引1号和珍汕97B的R1、R2群体中都获得了不同比率的雄性不育变异株。这些不育株的花粉败育可分为无花粉、典败、圆败和染败4种类型。  相似文献   

6.
《核农学报》2009,23(6):964-970
利用20Gy的60Co射线对陆地棉品种苏棉22号的花粉进行辐照处理,处理后的花粉给雌蕊授粉,并收获种子。从M1群体中选取3个雄性不育株,采用石蜡切片技术对花药发育过程进行研究。通过与对照比较,3个雄性不育株各个时期的败育特征有一定差异,但它们的主要败育特征是一致的:从小孢子母细胞时期至小孢子发育阶段都有败育,小孢子母细胞、绒毡层和中层细胞以及花药的形态都受到不同程度的影响,包括小孢子母细胞有微核及双核现象、减数分裂阶段小孢子母细胞的细胞质膨胀、绒毡层及中层细胞异常等。  相似文献   

7.
8.
辐射百合鳞片扦插诱生的不定芽植株变异研究   总被引:15,自引:3,他引:12  
百合辐射后鳞片扦插获得不定芽植株 ,在其生长发育过程中发现 :不定芽植株的花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊及叶等器官都有变异。其中雄性器官变异率最高、类型最多 ,包括无花粉、花粉败育、雄蕊萎缩、雄蕊部分败育等类型。不同基因型的百合产生雄性不育变异类型有差异。从不定芽植株的突变率考虑 ,pollyana辐射诱发变异的适合剂量是 1~ 2Gy,王百合 (LiliumregaleWilson)及Romano的合适剂量是 1~ 3Gy。  相似文献   

9.
将外源λDNA导入受体普通小麦品系 81 45 2 7,获得一雄性不育变异体。对该不育变异体和受体花粉母细胞减数分裂过程进行观察。结果发现 ,不育变异体花粉母细胞染色体异常比率达到 1 8% ,而受体花粉母细胞染色体异常比例为 0 8% ,二者存在明显差异。染色体异常类型主要有单价体、染色体落后、染色体断片、染色体桥、微核及二分体、四分体异常等。染色体异常可能是外源DNA导入受体后 ,整合进受体染色体中的DNA片段影响其正常的遗传过程而造成的。花粉母细胞减数分裂过程染色体异常可以引起部分花粉败育 ,但不是该变异体败育的主要原因  相似文献   

10.
三个棉花雄性不育株花药发育过程的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用20Cy的~(60)Co γ射线对陆地棉品种苏棉22号的花粉进行辐照处理,处理后的花粉给雌蕊授粉,并收获种子.从M_1群体中选取3个雄性不育株,采用石蜡切片技术对花药发育过程进行研究.通过与对照比较,3个雄性不育株各个时期的败育特征有一定差异,但它们的主要败育特征是一致的:从小孢子母细胞时期至小孢子发育阶段都有败育,小孢子母细胞、绒毡层和中层细胞以及花药的形态都受到不同程度的影响,包括小孢子母细胞有微核及双核现象、减数分裂阶段小孢子母细胞的细胞质膨胀、绒毡层及中层细胞异常等.  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

17.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

18.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

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