哈素海表层沉积物中内源磷的释放研究

以浅水湖泊哈素海为研究对象,开展了上覆水质、温度、pH、溶解氧、扰动和光照等环境要素对湖泊沉积物内源磷释放的影响试验研究。结果表明,温度升高、碱性条件、厌氧和强烈的扰动作用等均有利于内源磷的释放,而照度则间接地限制了沉积物释磷对上覆水中磷浓度的影响。HSH-2、HSH-5和HSH-6等3个站位TP的最大释放量在自然光照条件下分别为1.53、1.39和1.27 mg·kg^-1,避光条件下分别为1.77、1.52和1.52 mg·kg^-1;静置条件下分别为1.42、1.38和1.68 mg·kg^-1,R=60 r·min^-1时分别为1.75、1.50和2.00 mg·kg^-1,R=120 r·min^-1时分别为2.52、2.64和4.02 mg·kg^-1;在pH=11时释放量最大,分别为10.82、6.83和16.68 mg·kg^-1。各环境因子中,以pH和扰动对哈素海沉积物内源磷的释放影响最大。哈素海为浅水湖泊,在湖水咸化程度逐渐增高的条件下,将会导致湖泊沉积物内源磷的大量释放,从而将进一步加剧水体的富营养化。     

刚毛藻分解对荣成天鹅湖沉积物磷释放的影响

在荣成天鹅湖刚毛藻暴发和非暴发区域分别采集沉积物进行室内加藻模拟试验,定期监测上覆水的溶解氧（DO）、pH、化学需氧量（COD）和可溶性磷（SRP）等指标的变化,并分析了刚毛藻分解对沉积物磷释放的影响。结果表明,避光培养过程中,刚毛藻分解使上覆水体的DO含量大幅降低,形成厌氧环境（0~0.14 mg.L-1）;COD含量则明显增加,各处理最大值变化在0.59~6.93 mg.L-1之间。刚毛藻分解可明显促进沉积物中磷的释放,培养期间上覆水SRP的含量大幅上升,变幅为0.01~1.51 mg.L-1;暴发区沉积物＋10 g藻和沉积物＋30 g藻处理的最大释磷量分别为沉积物处理的2.06倍和1.91倍。不同湖区沉积物磷的释放能力存在较大差异,暴发区沉积物的释磷量明显高于非暴发区,沉积物释放是前者上覆水磷含量增加的主要来源,而在非暴发区藻类分解释放的磷高于沉积物中释放的磷。     

荣成天鹅湖湿地沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因子分析

在荣成天鹅湖湿地的典型区域选取代表性样点,研究表层沉积物对水体中磷的吸附特征,并分析了环境因子、沉积物组成对磷吸附的影响.结果表明,当上覆水中磷浓度低于0.40 mg/L时,沉积物对磷的吸附量很低或呈负吸附状态;在高磷浓度条件下,等温吸附曲线可用改进的Langmuir模型来很好地拟合.本研究条件下湿地沉积物对磷的吸附容量(Q_(max))变幅为181.8～1 000.0 mg/kg.临界磷平衡浓度(EPC_0)变化在0.043～0.479 mg/L之间.沉积物对磷的最大吸附量与其本身的理化性质关系密切,主要影响因素为粘粒含量和粘土矿物种类,氧化铁铝和有机质含量起次要作用.环境因子对磷吸附的影响作用明显,各因子的影响顺序为:扰动>温度、盐度>pH.不同区域相比,湿地北部沉积物的吸附能力远高于南部砂质土.且后者的吸附特性更易受到环境因子的影响.     

影响富营养化湖泊底泥氮、磷释放的因素

[目的]分析水体酸碱度、温度以及上覆水营养盐浓度,为合理评估环境因素对湖泊底泥氮、磷释放的影响提供科学依据。[方法]选择富营氧化比较严重的云南省昆明市城市景观湖泊翠湖为研究区域,通过控制不同pH值、温度和上覆水营养盐浓度来模拟影响底泥氮磷释放的因素。[结果](1)放置时间相同条件下底泥氮、磷释放量受到水体酸碱性的影响,中性环境下(pH=7.5)释放量高于酸性和碱性水体条件。底泥释放5,10h条件下,pH值为7.5时底泥磷释放量分别达到5.88,8.28mg/kg;pH值为7.5时底泥氮释放量分别达到22.8,38.4mg/kg;(2)底泥氮、磷释放量随着温度升高而增加。温度为20℃时底泥氮、磷的释放量分别达到28.62,3.75mg/kg;(3)底泥氮、磷的释放量均随着上覆水浓度增加而减少,随着放置时间延长而增加。放置时间5h上覆水氨氮浓度0.31mg/L底泥氮的释放量最大,达到21.63mg/kg。放置10h在氨氮为2.37mg/L时底泥氮的释放量达到最大值(39.22mg/kg);底泥磷释放量在上覆水磷浓度0.14mg/L时底泥总磷的释放量最大;放置时间为5,10h时分别达到4.25,4.91mg/kg。[结论]底泥中营养盐释放是一相当复杂的动态过程,水体酸碱度、温度或上覆水营养盐浓度是影响释放量的主要因素。     

苏州河网区河道沉积物磷的吸附释放特征研究

研究了苏州河网区河道沉积物磷的吸附和释放行为,分析了沉积物的理化性质对磷吸附释放特征的影响,并探讨了其与上覆水水质的关系.结果表明,沉积物磷的饱和吸附量为191.1～771. 6 mg/kg,吸附能力强,但不同沉积物差异大;磷平衡浓度(EPC0)变化范围为0.013～0.183 mg/L,自然条件下沉积物对上覆水富营养化的发生起到了缓解作用;本底吸附磷(NAP)值范围为12.43～215.3 mg/kg,河道沉积物上自带的可解吸磷含量高;沉积物磷的吸附与释放过程均包括两个阶段,即前2 h为快速吸附或释放,10 h后,基本达到一种动态平衡;各因子相关性分析显示:沉积物中无机磷和铝含量是控制磷吸附与释放参数的最主要物理化学因子,磷的吸附与释放参数与CEC、有机质、粒度、铁铝等相关性不显著,可能是由研究对象本身的特点所决定,沉积物磷的吸附与释放是多个因素综合作用的结果.     

环境条件变化对滇池沉积物磷释放的影响

在实验室控制条件下,以滇池表层新鲜沉积物和湖水为材料,研究了氧化还原状况、水体扰动、pH值等环境因子对沉积物P释放的影响。结果表明,与好氧条件相比,厌氧状态大大促进沉积物中P的释放,最大释放量为3.96mg。随着湖水pH值的升高,沉积物的释P量明显增加,碱性条件下P释放量是中性条件的几百倍。水体扰动对沉积物P释放的影响不大。不同环境因子相比,湖水在碱性条件下(pH10.5)P的释放速率最大,高达68.04mg/(m2·d),厌氧条件次之,变化在7.73~8.91mg/(m2·d),对照和扰动条件下P释放速率很低。湖水pH值增加和氧化还原电位降低是滇池沉积物释P的主要机制。     

模拟竹炭-微生物联合去除富营养水中磷的研究

利用竹炭-微生物联合试验,模拟去除富营养水中的磷,分别考察了厌氧时间、反应时间、竹炭用量、微生物活性液用量等因素对模拟废水中磷去除效果的影响,研究了竹炭-微生物联合去除总磷的反应动力学;同时进行了与单纯生物降解和竹炭吸附的对比试验,探讨了竹炭-微生物联合处理富营养水的交互效应。结果表明,厌氧时间、反应时间、竹炭用量、微生物活性液用量、进水TP浓度、pH值、DO等因素均不同程度地影响磷的去除效果,竹炭-微生物联合去除水中磷的最优条件推荐为:厌氧24 h、反应72 h,竹炭用量20.00 g.L-1,微生物活性液用量3%,pH值7.00,厌氧和好氧时溶解氧分别为0.09~0.21 mg.L-1和2.00 mg.L-1;竹炭-微生物法对磷的去除效果优于竹炭吸附和单纯的生物降解,协同作用为40.31%。     

天鹅湖沉积物对磷的吸附动力学及等温吸附特征

以荣成天鹅湖这一天然泻湖为研究对象,研究了6个样点沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和等温吸附方程,并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附参数间的关系.结果表明,天鹅湖不同区域沉积物对磷的吸附动力学均符合二级动力学方程,吸附反应主要在前10h内完成,且0～2h内反应迅速.根据Langmuir模型,6个样点沉积物对磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)的范围为294.12～1 111.11 mg/kg,其中湖区北部和中部沉积物的吸附能力高于南部.沉积物对水体中磷的吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)的变幅为0.002 ～ 0.033 mg/L,其与沉积物本底吸附态磷(NAP)呈较弱的正相关关系.本研究条件下,大部分样点的EPC0小于上覆水中磷的浓度,其中湖区西北部和东南部沉积物中磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势.沉积物的NAP与总氮、有机质、活性铝和黏粒间均呈显著正相关,Qmax与铁铝结合态磷、有机质、活性铝和粉粒间呈显著的正相关关系.活性铝、有机质和粒度是影响沉积物磷吸附的主要因素.     

沉水植物对不同层次沉积物及土壤中磷迁移的影响

利用相同区域湖泊沉积物及土壤培养黑藻,分析不同层次底质中各形态磷含量和间隙水中磷浓度的变化,揭示在沉水植物作用下淹水土壤和沉积物中不同层次磷的迁移规律。结果表明,本试验条件下,土壤各层次均比营养水平相当的沉积物中磷的迁移性大,黑藻能促进上层底质中无机磷向上覆水中迁移,通过根系作用促进根尖分布层底质中有机磷的迁移转化;黑藻对沉积物下层(根尖分布层)磷迁移转化的影响小于土壤,对上层底质中磷向上覆水中迁移的影响大于土壤;黑藻通过吸收作用及改变根区环境条件,影响底质间隙水中各形态磷的浓度,黑藻对沉积物间隙水中磷浓度的影响大于土壤。     

磷含量和秸秆添加量对褐土锌吸附—解吸的影响

采用室内培养的方法,通过人为添加不同量的玉米秸秆和磷,研究不同含量磷和作物秸秆对土壤锌吸附—解吸的影响,以探讨磷—锌在土壤中的交互作用机制。结果表明:低锌(Zn10:添加Zn2+浓度为10 mg L-1)条件下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量随土壤速效磷含量的增加而逐渐降低,表明在石灰性土壤中,随磷含量的增加提高了土壤锌的有效性;而Zn2+的解吸量随土壤中磷含量的增加先升高后降低,添加Zn2+浓度为80 mg L-1(Zn80)条件下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量明显大于Zn10条件下。土壤中添加不同秸秆量对不同浓度Zn2+吸附时,低锌(Zn10)处理下,在相同磷含量情况下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量随秸秆添加量的增加而减少,而土壤对Zn2+的解吸量随秸秆量的增加而增加。在不同磷水平下,不同秸秆添加量对Zn2+的吸附趋势差异较大。高锌(Zn80)处理下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量在不同秸秆量处理下趋势大致相同,且Zn2+吸附量随磷含量的提高先升高后降低;在同一磷水平下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附趋势和Zn10时相似。利用KNO3进行解吸Zn2+时,不添加秸秆和低量秸秆处理变化趋势相同,均在添加磷量为360 mg kg-1时解吸量达到最大,分别为363.5 mg kg-1、424 mg kg-1,而高量秸秆处理下,Zn2+解吸量随磷含量的增加先升高后降低。     

Sediment Phosphorus Release at Beaver Reservoir, Northwest Arkansas, USA, 2002–2003: A Preliminary Investigation

Phosphorus (P) release from bottom sediments can be a significant source to the overlying water column, potentially maintaining and enhancing algal growth and eutrophic conditions in lakes and reservoirs. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: (1) measure P flux under aerobic and anaerobic conditions from intact sediment cores collected at Beaver Reservoir, northwest Arkansas, (2) evaluate the spatial variability in measured sediment P flux under aerobic and anaerobic conditions along the reservoir, and (3) compare external and internal P loads to Beaver Reservoir. Six intact sediment cores were collected at three sites representing the lacustrine, transitional, and riverine zones during June 2003, September 2003 and February 2004 and incubated for 21 days in the dark at ～22°C. Three cores from each site were incubated under aerobic conditions and anaerobic conditions. Water samples were collected from the overlying water column in each core daily for the first five days and every other day thereafter and analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Water removed from the core was replaced with filtered lake water, maintaining a constant overlying water volume of 1 l. Sediment P flux under anaerobic conditions (<0.01–1.77 mg m^?2 day^?1) was generally greater than that measured under aerobic conditions (<0.01–0.89 mg m^?2 day^?1). Some spatial variability existed in sediment P flux where P flux was generally greatest at the sites in the riverine and transitional zones. Maximum sediment P flux was observed under anaerobic conditions in cores collected from the transitional zone during September 2003. Average sediment P flux under aerobic conditions (0.09 mg m^?2 day^?1) and anaerobic conditions (0.31 mg m^?2 day^?1) was greater than the external P flux (0.05 mg m^?2 day^?1) estimated from the Beaver Reservoir tributaries. Results showed that the annual internal P load (7 Mg year^?1) from bottom sediments in Beaver Reservoir was less than 10% of the annual external P load (～81 Mg P year^?1). The internal P load was significant, but it would not currently be cost effective to manage this P source given the large surface area of Beaver Reservoir.     

太湖沉积物再悬浮对水体中磷形态和浓度时空差异性影响

太湖作为重要的饮用水水源地,因风浪导致其沉积物中磷释放而对水质产生了显著的影响。采用Y型再悬浮发生装置模拟金墅水源地沉积物的再悬浮和沉降过程的结果表明：在5．1m·s^-1的风速作用下,上覆水体中总磷（TP）和磷酸盐（PO4^3--P）浓度存在明显的空间异质性,TP与悬浮物浓度呈正相关;水体TP距离沉积物一水界面越近其浓度越高,而P0}一P浓度在垂向分布上差异不显著;与3．2m·s^-1的风速作用相比,8．7m·s^-1的风速能引起更高的TP释放量。这为科学制订抑制沉积物磷释放措施提供了理论依据。     

Phosphorus Retention and Release Characteristics of Sewage-Impacted Wetland Sediments

Sediment deposited in traps positioned along a sewage-impacted wetland receiving phosphorus (P)-retaining reactants from natural wetland water was fractionated into different particle sizes, and the amount of P retained in these particle sizes was investigated. Subsamples of the sediments collected from different sites along the wetland system were also equilibrated with water at different water:sediment ratios and equilibration periods to investigate the extent of P released from these sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Results obtained showed that most of P deposited in sediments is in fine fractions (<16 µm), particularly in sediments collected from confluence sites where water inflow from the natural wetland provides P-retaining reactants and from sites immediately below these confluence sites (postconfluence sites). The extent of P release from sediments depended on the aerobic-anaerobic conditions of the sediments, equilibration period, water:sediment ratio and the position of sites within the wetland. The rate of P released from sediments associated with an increase in equilibration period tended to be higher under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. Water:sediment ratio was found to be a more important factor in controlling the release of P from sediments under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. The amount of P released from the confluence and postconfluence sites was higher than that from other sites over a range of equilibration periods and water:sediment ratios under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.     

巢湖沉积物-水界面磷酸盐释放通量研究

采用现场采样与室内测试方法,对调水后巢湖沉积物-水界面磷酸盐释放通量进行了研究。结果表明,夏季巢湖表层水、底层水、间隙水磷酸盐浓度变化范围分别为0.02～0.16、0.02～0.17、0.01～0.08mg.L-1,均值分别为（0.03±0.04）、（0.04±0.04）mg.L-1和（0.03±0.02）mg.L-1。秋季6个取样点表层水、底层水磷酸盐含量的变化范围均为0.03～0.06mg.L-1,均值为（0.04±0.04）mg.L-1,显著高于夏季对应样点浓度。而秋季间隙水磷酸盐浓度平均值为（0.015±0.003）mg.L-（1变化范围0.01～0.02mg.L-1）,与夏季对应样点相比差异不显著。夏季沉积物-水界面磷酸盐释放通量的变化范围为-27.46～6.27μgP.m-.2d-1,平均值为-1.54μgP.m-.2d-1。秋季磷酸盐释放通量变化范围为-10.61～-3.77μgP.m-.2d-1,均值为-6.19μgP.m-.2d-1,与夏季对应样点释放通量差异显著（α=0.05,P=0.002）。情景模拟表明,排除外源污染的影响,当引入长江水磷酸盐浓度介于0.003～0.009mg.L-1时,巢湖调水后替换水体可在7.2a左右达二次富营养化。     

乌梁素海和岱海的水-沉积物系统中有机磷分布特征

以乌梁素海和岱海2个不同类型湖泊为研究对象,系统探讨了2个湖泊上覆水和沉积物中有机磷（Or-P）的地球化学特征。结果表明,乌梁素海和岱海上覆水中溶解性有机磷（DOP）的含量范围分别为0.02～0.12mg·L^-1和0.01～0.03mg·L^-1,2个湖泊上覆水中DOP均占TDP的60%以上,是上覆水中TDP的重要组成部分和主要存在形态;乌梁素海和岱海沉积物中有机磷（Or-P）的平均含量分别为19.25～69.40mg·kg^-1和168.21～178.41mg·kg^-1;2个湖泊上覆水中DOP含量明显高于英格兰Tamar河口区,2个湖泊沉积物中Or-P的含量低于长江中下游浅水湖泊。据估算,乌梁素海和岱海上覆水中的DOP库分别达到12t和10t;这2个湖泊沉积物中Or-P的差异性反映了湖泊环境及生态类型对Or-P生物有效性的重要影响,揭示有机磷库是不容忽视的潜在生物有效磷源。     

滇池沉积物的功能: 磷源还是磷库?

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg^-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic: conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.     

Lake Sediments from Dianchi Lake： A Phosphorus Sink or Source？

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus(TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg^-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.     

微囊藻毒素缺氧/厌氧降解产物Adda对秀丽线虫的毒性

微囊藻毒素（MCs）在缺氧/厌氧条件下可以被湖泊沉积物中的土著微生物降解,产生并积累一种降解产物Adda。为了揭示该降解过程的环境安全性,以秀丽线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）作为模式生物研究了MCs缺氧/厌氧降解产物Adda的毒性。结果表明,低浓度Adda（≤0.05μmol·L-1）暴露对秀丽线虫各项指标均无显著影响,而0.1μmol·L-1的Adda可显著降低线虫的头部和身体摆动频率,说明Adda对线虫运动能力影响较大。当Adda暴露浓度达到0.5μmol·L-1时,可显著影响线虫的寿命、发育、运动能力和生殖能力,但是对畸形率没有显著影响。这些结果说明,Adda的毒性远小于MCLR,因此缺氧/厌氧降解可以有效降低MCLR的毒性。但是考虑到高浓度Adda具有一定毒性,如果Adda大量积累仍可能造成一定的生态影响。