黄河三角洲植被演替过程种群生态位变化研究

对黄河三角洲天然湿地陆生植被和水生植被两种演替序列的种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了调查研究。结果表明: 陆生植被经过翅碱蓬群落、碱蓬柽柳群落、柽柳群落、白茅群落的演替过程, 每个阶段优势种的生态位宽度都较大。翅碱蓬群落阶段优势种翅碱蓬的生态位宽度达9.99, 碱蓬柽柳群落阶段碱蓬的生态位宽度为9.72, 柽柳群落阶段柽柳的生态位宽度为9.20, 白茅群落阶段白茅的生态位宽度为9.31。水生植被的演替序列为眼子菜金鱼藻群落(沉水植物)阶段、浮萍水鳖群落(浮水植物)阶段、芦苇水烛群落(挺水植物)阶段和杞柳芦苇群落(湿生植物)阶段, 沉水植物阶段优势种眼子菜的生态位宽度为8.62, 浮水植物阶段优势种浮萍生态位宽度为9.23, 挺水植物阶段优势种芦苇的生态位宽度为8.59, 湿生植物阶段优势种杞柳生态位宽度为7.45。生态位宽度计测结果较好地对应着各种群在群落中的地位和作用, 生态位宽度在演替系列中的动态也较好地反映了种群在群落演替过程的数量动态。各演替阶段生态位重叠计算结果表明, 各阶段种群间的生态位重叠值低, 每一阶段内种群间有较高的生态位重叠     

玉米蜘蛛群落结构及动态研究

广西玉米蜘蛛有１９科８１种。南宁市平原区玉米蜘蛛群落结构，早玉米以食虫沟瘤蛛（Ｕｍｍｅｌｉａｔａｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｅｐｓ），晚玉米以锥腹肖蛸（Ｔｅｔｒａｇｎａｔｈａｍａｘｉｌｏｓａ）和草间小黑蛛（Ｅｒｉｇｏｎｉｄｉｕｍｇｒａｍｉｎｉｃｏｌｕｍ占数量优势。群落成员的个体数量高峰，早、晚造玉米均出现在生长中期。群落多样性早造由低到高，晚造由高到低。时间生态位测定表明，食虫沟瘤蛛与幼豹蛛（Ｐａｒｄｏｓａｐｕｓｉｏｌａ），草间小黑蛛与类奇异獾蛛（Ｔｒｏｃｈｏｓａｒｕｒｉｃｏｌｅｄｅｓ）分别是早造和晚造玉米蜘蛛群落中利用资源最广的种群。文中分析了玉米蜘蛛群落结构的季节变动，与邻近稻田蜘蛛群落结构的相互关系。     

菜田蜘蛛群落结构特征及优势种时空动态分析

2006年5月下旬到8月下旬对番茄、茄子、豆角、甜椒、辣椒及油菜6种蔬菜田蜘蛛种类及数量进行了系统调查。在6种菜田内共采集蜘蛛1992头，隶属9科19属27种。蜘蛛种数依次为：油菜〉甜椒〉番茄、辣椒〉茄子〉豆角；个体数量依次为：油菜〉甜椒〉茄子〉豆角〉辣椒〉番茄。从6种蔬菜生长期蜘蛛群落发展趋势来看，菜田蜘蛛群落的科数、丰富度和个体数量呈从少到多再到少，多样性指数和均匀度指数呈由高到低，优势度指数呈由低到高再到低的变动趋势。根据蔬菜田节肢动物的群落特征结合蔬菜生长季节情况，对群落采用最优三分割划分阶段，将调查期间整个群落的时序变化划分为5月20日～7月3日、7月9日～8月1日、8月4日～8月23日，即菜田蜘蛛群落建立、发展和瓦解3个阶段。     

稻蟹共作与常规稻田蜘蛛群落组成及多样性分析

稻蟹共作是一种新型的稻田生态种养殖技术，对推动生态农业发展具有重要意义。目前对稻田蜘蛛的研究仅限于常规稻田，而关于稻蟹共作系统蜘蛛方面的研究尚少见报道。本试验旨在研究稻蟹共作田与常规稻田中蜘蛛群落的组成及多样性特点，探索稻蟹共作田蜘蛛的发生特点，为进一步研究稻蟹共作系统生物多样性特征奠定基础。试验采用吸虫器抽吸法，系统调查了盘锦稻蟹共作田和常规稻田蜘蛛物种组成，并分析了蜘蛛群落多样性特点。结果表明：这两类稻田共调查11科31种蜘蛛，狼蛛科（Lycosidae）、皿蛛科（Linyphiidae）和园蛛科（Araneidae）数量最多，占总蛛数70%；稻蟹共作田蜘蛛个体数量显著高于常规稻田。2类稻田蜘蛛优势种均为草间钻头蛛（Hylyphantes graminicola）和拟水狼蛛（Pirata subpiraticus）。多样性指数表明，6月初蜘蛛Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最低，8-9月蜘蛛群落最高；而均匀度指数、丰富度指数总体与其呈正相关，优势度指数与其呈负相关；2类稻田蜘蛛群落多样性特点基本一致。研究结果表明稻蟹共作田和常规稻田蜘蛛种类和多样性特点没有显著差异，但蜘蛛个体数量有显著差异，即稻蟹共作田蜘蛛个体数量显著高于常规稻田。     

典型草原不同土壤类型对群落特征和种群生态位的影响——以锡林河流域为例

为了揭示典型草原不同土壤类型中的植物种群特征、种群生态位状况以及对有限资源的利用状况,以锡林河流域12种土壤类型下植物群落为研究对象,利用TWINSPAN群落分类法对研究区植被进行群落分类,运用经典生态位理论,探讨了其群落组成的数量特征和各群落中的主要种群(各群落中的建群种+优势种)生态位特征。结果表明:研究区内草原植被被划分为了5个主要的群落类型。潜育黑土中群落平均高度最高,石灰性黑钙土中群落平均密度最高,地上生物量在石灰性黑土中最高,地下生物量在淋溶型栗钙土中最高。淋溶型栗钙土中种群最为丰富,普通栗钙土中群落之间物种组成的共有种较少,物种的个体所占比例较大。从研究区整体来看,羊草占有绝对优势,从12种土壤类型来看,猪毛菜为主要优势种。大针茅的生态位总宽度最大,在研究区内分布最为广泛,且其在各土壤类型中与其他物种的生态位重叠指数也较高。     

龙眼园节肢动物群落的多样性与生态位

龙眼园节肢动物群落由2纲21目127科334种组成,其种类和个体数：植食性昆虫占47.60%和31.21%,捕食性昆虫占14.07%和25.49%,蜘蛛占32.34%和14.87%。多样性指数以蜘蛛最高,3个层次月均值均在2.0以上,其次为植食性昆虫。周年的数量及多样性指数的波动亚群落与层次间均有差异,总体是植食性昆虫的波动较明显,蜘蛛的波动较平稳。12个优势种（类群）的生态位,一维的时间和空间生态位宽度值均是多色金蝉蛛（Phintella versicolor）最大,水平生态位是小叶蝉（Typhlocybinae）最大。一维的空间生态位重叠值,在害虫之间最大的是小叶蝉与锥头叶蝉（Japananus spp.）,天敌之间最大的是草间钻头蛛（Hylyphantes graminicola）与多色金蝉蛛,天敌与害虫间是蚂蚁类（Formicidae）与白蛾蜡蝉（Lawana imitata）;时间生态位重叠值,害虫之间最大的为红头长跗萤叶甲（Monolepta occifluvis）与啮虫科（Psocidae）;天敌之间为咸丰球蛛（Thridion xianfengensis）与二义宽胸蛛（Rhene biembolusa）;天敌与害虫之间为二义宽胸蛛与红头长跗萤叶甲;一维的水平生态位重叠值总体较小。多维生态位宽度大小依次为多色金蝉蛛、二义宽胸蛛、红头长跗萤叶甲、灵川丽蛛（Chrysso lingchuanensis）、咸丰球蛛、荔蝽（Tessaratoma papillosa）、啮虫科、草间钻头蛛、锥头叶蝉、小叶蝉、白蛾蜡蝉和蚂蚁类。多维生态位重叠值,在害虫之间最大的是锥头叶蝉与小叶蝉,天敌之间是咸丰球蛛与灵川丽蛛,天敌与害虫间是二义宽胸蛛与红头长跗萤叶甲。     

燕山北部板栗林下杂草群落动态及生态位研究

为准确掌握燕山北部板栗园杂草的发生现状及群落组成,分别于2017年、2018年、2020年对燕山北部板栗林下杂草的种类、数量等进行调查,并运用Levins生态位指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数分析板栗林下优势杂草的生态位动态及群落对资源的利用情况和种间竞争情况。结果表明:(1)2017年、2018年、2020年燕山北部板栗林下杂草群落中分别有53种(27科48属)、47种(24科43属)和44种(24科41属)植物。其中优势杂草15种。(2)15种优势杂草中,葎草和灰绿藜占据较宽的生态位,它们对环境资源利用的多样性程度比较高。鸭跖草、艾蒿、狗尾草、茜草、苦荬菜、白屈菜、紫花地丁、灰绿藜、毛地黄和野大豆等物种对资源的利用能力在逐步增强。(3)杂草群落中生态位重叠值＜0.2的优势物种种对数明显减少,优势杂草物种在逐渐增加对周边资源环境充分利用的能力,灰绿藜逐渐取代葎草的优势地位,进而导致种间竞争关系更加复杂,群落向更高级更合理利用环境资源的群落方向演替,逐步形成更加复杂的种群结构。因此,准确掌握板栗园杂草的发生现状、优势种群及群落组成,可为燕山北部板栗林下杂草的针对性防治提供理论依据。     

砒砂岩区人工油松林下草本植物的生态位特征

[目的] 探究砒砂岩区油松（Pinus tabuliformis）人工林下草本植物生态位特征,为当地油松人工林维护生物多样性和群落稳定提供基础数据。[方法] 选取长势良好的油松林地,实地调查记录各样地草本植物的类型及数量、平均株高及盖度等基本情况;基于调查数据,采用Shannon和Levins生态位宽度指数、Levins生态位重叠指数及生态响应,分析油松人工林下草本层植物生态位特征。[结果] ①砒砂岩区油松人工林草本层植物共计35种,其中本氏针茅的生态位宽度指数最大,表现出较强的适应性,明显处于群落优势地位。②整体生态位宽度及生态位重叠指数普遍不高,林下草本物种存在分化现象。③林下草本物种有37.15%的物种为发展物种,62.86%的物种为衰退性物种,14种优势物种中,11类属于发展性物种,其中资源占有量较大的物种为本氏针茅（0.188 5）、阿尔泰狗娃花（0.053 1）、糙隐子草（0.037 9）。[结论] 砒砂岩区油松人工林下草本植物种间竞争微弱,群落物种对资源环境的利用能力欠佳。主要优势草本物种绝大部分处于发展阶段,表明现阶段油松人工林群落趋于相对稳定状态。     

青海高寒区不同人工林配置下草本群落生态位研究

以青海大通高寒区的青海云杉林、华北落叶松林、白桦林、云杉白桦混交林4种人工林群落为研究对象,运用Levins生态位宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对不同人工林群落下草本群落的生态位宽度及生态位重叠度进行计算,从生态位角度揭示了不同树种配置下草本群落的生长状况,结果表明:不同人工林下草本群落的广生态幅物种不同,针阔叶混交林更有利于林下草本群落的生长和发育。生态位重叠指数表明:一般情况下,生态位较宽的物种之间存在较大的生态位重叠,但在一些林分中,生态位较窄的物种之间也存在着较大的生态位重叠,这种现象可能是不同草本种群对有限环境资源激烈竞争的体现,针阔叶混交林下草本种群在有限的空间中对资源的利用更加充分。     

管理措施及土壤因子对5种农田生境地表蜘蛛群落多样性的影响

以往的研究表明有机管理有利于生物多样性保护,但在不同农业生境类型中是否都存在这个结论呢?基于此问题,本研究在一个多生境的有机管理农场与一个相邻的多生境常规集约化管理农区,采用陷阱法进行蜘蛛取样,对比有机和常规管理措施下大棚菜地、果园、稻田田埂、露天田块及农田边界等5种生境类型的农田蜘蛛多样性的差异,并分析土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性的影响。研究发现:1)有机管理与常规管理的蜘蛛物种数没有显著差异,但有机管理的果园中蜘蛛个体数比常规管理的果园中多139%,且差异显著。同一管理措施下,仅常规管理农田区的农田边界蜘蛛个体数和物种数分别显著高于其他生境均值104%和59%。2)有机管理农场比常规管理农田的蜘蛛物种组成差异略大,且在有机管理下不同生境间的蜘蛛群落组成差异更明显。3)土壤因子中有机质、全氮、全磷含量等对蜘蛛群落结构有显著影响,但对蜘蛛个体数和物种数没有显著影响,仅土壤Cu含量和蜘蛛个体数呈显著负相关。在本研究中虽然有机管理和土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性有一定影响,但不同生境间管理强度、植被结构等差异对蜘蛛多样性的影响更大。因此,发展多种农业生境类型的有机农业可提升物种β多样性。同时,在常规集约化管理农区,保留农田边界等半自然生境、适当减少化肥和农药等投入、降低农田内部的管理强度、防止土壤重金属污染等措施均有助于保护蜘蛛多样性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分，因此，各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中，在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究，而植物中则相对缓慢，但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成，以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。