石榴园5种主要食叶类害虫与其捕食性天敌之间的关系

为统筹利用自然天敌和通过化学措施全年综合防治石榴园害虫,对石榴园害虫及其天敌进行了系统调查,明确了江淮丘陵区石榴园主要食叶类害虫为棉蚜、小绿叶蝉、黄刺蛾、扁刺蛾和小袋蛾。采用灰色关联度分析法、生态位分析法和空间格局聚集强度指数分析法分析了主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数、时、空方面的关系,综合排序得出:棉蚜的主要捕食性天敌是异色瓢虫、中华草蛉和八斑球腹蛛,小绿叶蝉的主要捕食性天敌是粽管巢蛛、三突花蟹蛛和草间小黑蛛,黄刺蛾的主要捕食性天敌是粽管巢蛛、锥腹肖蛸和八斑球腹蛛,扁刺蛾的主要捕食性天敌是锥腹肖蛸、八斑球腹蛛和粽管巢蛛,小袋蛾的主要捕食性天敌是三突花蟹蛛、粽管巢蛛和异色瓢虫。棉蚜种群的聚集均数λ值大于2,其聚集是本身原因引起的;而小绿叶蝉、黄刺蛾、扁刺蛾和小袋蛾及其捕食性天敌的λ值小于2,其聚集是环境中某些因子引起的。     

基于地统计学和GIS的化学农药胁迫下桃树桃蚜与草间钻头蛛种群空间格局

化学农药过量施用不仅杀死了害虫和自然天敌,也影响天敌与害虫之间的空间关系。桃园生态系统中草间钻头蛛(Hylyphantes graminicola)是桃蚜(Myzus persicae)的重要捕食性天敌,本文系统调查了化学农药长期胁迫下不同时期(4月中旬至9月上旬)桃树桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群数量,并运用地统计学方法和地理信息系统(GIS)分析了桃树桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群的空间结构,并采用基于高斯模型、指数模型、球型模型和圆型模型的普通克立格插值法模拟了其种群空间分布格局。结果表明,桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群在10次调查期间均呈随机分布格局;桃蚜和草间钻头蛛空间分布距离相关性较弱,其变动范围均为6.863 0~43.174 1 m;桃蚜和草间钻头蛛的空间结构比例分别为0.788 8~0.983 9和0.811 6~0.980 6,块金值分别为0.254 2~4.896 3和0.218 4~0.749 9,偏基台值分别为0.010 5~0.250 0和0.004 8~0.075 7。本研究结果显示,长期使用化学农药致使桃树桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群的空间结构比例值均大于0.7500,这表明化学农药胁迫下桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群之间的跟随效应不明显,草间钻头蛛对桃蚜的捕食作用不强。     

灌溉方式对优质晚稻褐飞虱及其主要天敌种群动态的影响

优质晚稻米以其良好的口感而备受消费者欢迎,灌溉方式作为优质晚稻的重要栽培措施之一,研究其对褐飞虱及其主要天敌种群动态的影响,找出一种能够有效降低褐飞虱发生的灌溉方式,从而减少化学农药用量,提高优质晚稻稻米品质,对实现提质增效意义重大。本研究设置长期灌溉、间歇灌溉、湿润灌溉及非充分灌溉4种灌溉方式,研究不同灌溉方式在两种害虫防治方式(生物防治和化学防治)及防虫网全隔离和半隔离方式下对优质晚稻褐飞虱及其主要天敌(拟环纹豹蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽)种群动态的影响,以期为优质晚稻绿色栽培提供理论支撑。结果表明:生物防治下,黑肩绿盲蝽的始见期迟于褐飞虱,与褐飞虱间主要表现为跟随效应,只利用黑肩绿盲蝽不能有效控制褐飞虱的发生。在晚稻褐飞虱快速增长的主要时期(孕穗—乳熟期),长期灌溉的褐飞虱种群数量显著低于非充分灌溉,非充分灌溉的拟环纹豹蛛种群数显著低于其他灌溉方式;黑肩绿盲蝽、拟环纹豹蛛的种群变化与褐飞虱种群变化相关性显著(P0.05),当田间褐飞虱种群数量低于1 891.1只×百丛-1,蛛虱比(拟环纹豹蛛︰褐飞虱)大于1︰9.67时,拟环纹豹蛛能够完全控制褐飞虱的发生。化学防治下,化学农药对各灌溉方式下的黑肩绿盲蝽均具有严重的致死效应,而长期灌溉能够有效降低化学农药对拟环纹豹蛛的毒害。综上所述,长期灌溉有利于保护稻田主要天敌,对褐飞虱的防控效果最好,生产中结合节水理念,可在晚稻全生育期内探索采用分段长期灌溉,从而达到既节约水资源又有效减少化学农药用量的效果。     

张掖市龙首山红砂种群结构和分布格局研究

对张掖市龙首山天然红砂分布区的红砂种群结构和空间分布格局进行了研究。根据年龄大小结构图和存活曲线以及静态生命表分析了红砂种群动态,用扩散系数C,负二项分布中的K值,平均拥挤度m^*,丛生指数I,Cassie指标CA和聚块性指标(m^*/m)6个分布指数对格局类型进行了判断,并根据双向轨迹方差法分析了种群格局规模。结果表明,红砂种群的自然更新状况良好,各龄级苗木均有分布。种群的年龄结构接近于增长型,表现为中龄级(10cm<d≤30cm)丰富;种群存活曲线趋向于DeeveyⅠ型,种群目前处于较为稳定的状态;种群的聚集强度为0.831 8,分布格局类型为聚集分布;种群有两种空间格局规模,分别为4m×4m和8m×8m。     

淮北棉田害虫与捕食性天敌群落动态变化研究

对淮北棉田害虫和捕食性天敌群落动态变化进行了研究。田间系统调查共发现害虫35种,捕食性天敌24种;害虫优势种为棉蚜、烟粉虱、棉叶螨、棉盲蝽;捕食性天敌优势种主要为四点亮腹蛛、龟纹瓢虫、T-纹豹蛛、草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛、华姬猎蝽、小花蝽、青翅隐翅虫。该区棉田害虫与捕食性天敌在棉株上的分布特点为:四点亮腹蛛、T-纹豹蛛、草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛、小花蝽、青翅隐翅虫为下部>中部>上部;烟粉虱、棉盲蝽为上部>中部>下部;华姬猎蝽7月30日前为上部>下部>中部,8月9日后为下部>上部>中部;棉蚜在6月20日前为上部>下部>中部,在6月30日后为下部>上部>中部;棉叶螨前期主要分布在下部,后期向上转移;龟纹瓢虫在7月10日前为上部>中部>下部,7月20日之后为下部>上部>中部。群落均匀度在棉花生长发育前期较低,中期逐渐上升,后期又逐渐下降;集中度的变化趋势与均匀度相反;多样性在棉花生育中期最高。以物种为单位和以功能团为单位的群落多样性指数和均匀度指数呈高度正相关,相关系数(r)为0.9904。     

麦田害虫与天敌群落动态变化研究

2008年3月15日至5月29日系统调查了冬小麦田害虫与天敌的种群数量动态,并利用相对丰富度、优势度指数、优势集中性指数、多样性指数和均匀度分析了害虫与天敌群落动态变化及时间生态位。结果表明:麦田昆虫群落组成较为丰富,由11目39科59种昆虫组成;优势种为麦长管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae)、麦圆叶爪螨(Penthaleus major)、龟纹瓢虫(Propylea japonica)和麦蚜茧蜂(Ephedrus plagiator)。群落的总个体数和丰富度随调查时间而变化;多样性指数与均匀度指数在小麦生长前期较低,中期和后期较高,两者变化规律基本一致,而优势集中性指数变化趋势与其相反。在害虫种群中以棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)种内竞争最为激烈,条斑叶蝉(Psammotettix striatus)的竞争最缓和;棉铃虫与麦长管蚜种间竞争最强,其次为麦圆叶爪螨与小麦叶蜂(Dolerus tritici)。在天敌种群中以七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)种内竞争最为激烈,麦蚜茧蜂的种内竞争最为缓和;龟纹瓢虫分别与七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫(Leis axyridis)在时间维度上的竞争较为激烈,而麦蚜茧蜂分别与龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫的竞争比较缓和。从害虫种群与天敌种群之间的重叠值看,异色瓢虫和七星瓢虫对棉铃虫的控制作用较强,而麦蚜茧蜂和龟纹瓢虫则对麦田主要害虫麦长管蚜、条斑叶蝉和小麦潜叶蝇(Phytomyza nigra)等的跟随和控制作用均较强。     

不同寄主植物烟粉虱种群数量消长及空间动态变化研究

对不同寄主植物烟粉虱(Bemisiatabaci)种群动态研究结果发现,不同寄主植物烟粉虱种群数量达高峰的时间有所差异,波幅也不一致,12种作物烟粉虱种群数量依次为油葵>西葫芦>棉花>大豆>南瓜>茄子>丝瓜>番茄>辣椒>黄瓜>菜豆>玉米,说明烟粉虱对其寄主植物具有一定的自然选择性。用扩散系数(C=S2/-X)对烟粉虱在棉花、油葵和大豆作物田空间分布型初步分析结果均为聚集分布型。     

不同生境对抗虫棉绿盲蝽及其天敌发生动态的影响

于2005～2007年采用田间调查方法对不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽及其天敌的发生动态进行了研究, 试验设10种处理: 远离果园棉田、紧靠果园棉田, 密度为54 000株·hm-2的均行距棉田、密度为45 000株·hm-2的大小行距棉田, 合理化控棉田、不化控棉田, 纯作棉田和插种葵花棉田, 转双价基因抗虫棉田和转单价基因抗虫棉田.结果表明, 不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽天敌的种类基本相同, 主要为龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫、中华草蛉、大草蛉、华姬蝽、小花蝽、T-纹豹蛛、三突花蛛、草间小黑蛛等.不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽及其天敌种群数量差异明显.远离果园、密度为45 000株·hm-2的大小行距、合理化控能减轻转基因抗虫棉田绿盲蝽的发生, 但不利于绿盲蝽天敌的发生;种植转双价基因抗虫棉能减轻绿盲蝽的发生且对绿盲蝽天敌影响不大, 插种葵花既能增加棉田绿盲蝽天敌的数量, 又能减轻绿盲蝽的发生.因此, 转双价基因抗虫棉田插种葵花, 并远离果园、合理化控、合理密度并大小行距种植是保益灭害控制绿盲蝽的有效方法.     

不同生境对抗虫棉绿盲蝽及其天敌发生动态的影响

于2005-2007年采用田间调查方法对不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽及其天敌的发生动态进行了研 究, 试验设10种处理： 远离果园棉田、紧靠果园棉田, 密度为54 000株&#183;hm^-2的均行距棉田、密度为45 000株&#183;hm^-2的大小行距棉田, 合理化控棉田、不化控棉田, 纯作棉田和插种葵花棉田, 转双价基因抗虫棉田和转单价基因抗虫棉田。结果表明, 不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽天敌的种类基本相同, 主要为龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫、中华草蛉、大草蛉、华姬蝽、小花蝽、T-纹豹蛛、三突花蛛、草间小黑蛛等。不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽及其天敌种群数量差异明显。远离果园、密度为45 000株&#183;hm^-2的大小行距、合理化控能减轻转基因抗虫棉田绿盲蝽的发生, 但不利于绿盲蝽天敌的发生;种植转双价基因抗虫棉能减轻绿盲蝽的发生且对绿盲蝽天敌影响不大, 插种葵花既能增加棉田绿盲蝽天敌的数量, 又能减轻绿盲蝽的发生。因此, 转双价基因抗虫棉田插种葵花, 并远离果园、合理化控、合理密度并大小行距种植是保益灭害控制绿盲蝽的有效方法。     

乳源木莲天然林群落结构特征研究

本文利用Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数、种间均匀度指数及Margalef指数作多样性指标,运用扩散系数、扩散指标等聚集度指标对乳源木莲种群的空间分布格局进行了研究。同时,对该种群分布格局的动态规律及趋势进行了探讨。结果表明:乳源木莲天然林群落物种比较丰富,群落处在以乳源木莲、拉氏栲等为优势种的进展演替中,群落的主要建群种乳源木莲在空间上属聚集分布(此分布型将在相当长的时间内保持相对稳定状态),乳源木莲正处于成熟种群,可作为天然林更新的主要保护树种。     

Genetic Diversity for Morphological and Quality Traits in Quinoa(<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chenopodium quinoa</Emphasis> Willd.) Germplasm

Twenty nine germplasm lines of Chenopodium quinoa and two of Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae were evaluated for 12 morphological and 7 quality traits for two test seasons. The 19 traits were analyzed for cluster and principal component analysis. The first four PCs contributed 78.70 % of the variability among the germplasm lines. The first PC accounted for 39.5% of the variation and had inflorescence/plant, plant height and stem diameter as the traits with largest coefficients, all with positive sign. The characters with greatest positive weight on PC₂ were days to maturity (0.309), inflorescence length (0.260) and branches/plant. All the germplasm lines were grouped into six clusters based on average linkage method. Cluster III had high values for seed yield and most of the quality traits but showed a small seed size. The dendrogram separated the two lines of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae from the quinoa lines.     

Genetic diversity of some accessions of Cucurbita maxima from Spain using RAPD and SBAP markers

Increasing the knowledge of the molecular diversity of a crop is essential for extending its genetic base, identifying cultivars and selecting parental varieties for breeding programs. In this sense, Cucurbita maxima Duch. is poorly characterised. Nineteen accessions of this species and 8 related Cucurbita accessions were included in a genetic diversity analysis. For this purpose, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs), which analyse neutral variability, and Sequence-Based Amplified Polymorphism (SBAPs), which preferentially amplify coding regions of the genome, were used. While the UPGMA cluster and the principal coordinates analysis obtained using RAPDs did not group the different accessions according either to fruit morphological criteria or to passport data (origin and agro-climatic conditions), the principal coordinates analysis obtained using SBAPs grouped the different pumpkin accessions fundamentally according to the type of use (human consumption, animal fodder or ornamental). This passport trait is reported to be associated with agronomic breeding characters of interest. The usefulness of both types of markers for discriminating accessions of breeding interest is discussed.     

大杯香菇辐射选育新株系子实体蛋白质构成的多元回归与聚类分析

以20个大杯香菇品种和辐射选育新株系为材料, 分析了大杯香菇品种和辐射选育新株系蛋白质及其构成的17种氨基酸含量间的多元相关、回归和聚类关系, 并采用生物统计方法分析品种和新株系的蛋白质及各种氨基酸间的关系。结果表明: 大杯香菇辐105号新株系子实体中天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋白质含量最高, 与部分品种和新株系子实体间差异显著或极显著, 且大多数氨基酸间及其与蛋白质含量之间存在显著或极显著正相关关系; 各种氨基酸与蛋白质含量之间分别有5种呈一次曲线关系, 10种呈二次曲线关系, ２种呈三次曲线关系; 采用系统聚类的方法可将蛋白质及17种氨基酸含量聚为4个大类, 对每类中的典型性状如精氨酸、亮氨酸、胱氨酸和蛋氨酸含量进行优化, 可有效提高大杯香菇品质育种中蛋白质构成的改良效率。     

Genetic diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): I. A reevaluation of the U.S. germplasm collection

Genetic variation within the U.S. cucumber collection (Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. and var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef.) was assessed by examing the variation at 21 polymorphic isozyme loci and comparing the results of this investigation with a similar previous analysis of 14 loci. About 29% (15 of 51) of the enzyme systems examined in an initial survey were polymorphic. Seven loci (Ak-2, Ak-3, Fdp-1, Fdp-2, Mpi-1, Pep-gl and Skdh) which were not previously used to estimate genetic diversity, were assessed. On average, 1.4 loci were polymorphic per enzyme system and 2.2 alleles were present per polymorphic locus. The frequency of polymorphisms was relatively low for Fdp-1(2) (0.01), Mpi-1(1) (0.03), and Skdh(1) (0.02). Principal component and cluster analyses of allelic variation at polymorphic loci separated a diverse array of 757 cucumber accessions from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm Systesm's (NPGS) collection into distinct groups by country (45 nations examined). All accessions of C. s. var. sativus were isozymically distinct from C. s. var. hardwickii, which were themselves dissimilar from each other. Data suggest that C. s. var. hardwickii is not a feral derivative of extant C. s. var. sativus populations. The allelic profile of C. s. var. sativus accessions originating from Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia were distinct from the other accessions examined. Allelic fixation has occurred at Pgd-2 in accessions from Burma, and at Ak-2 in accessions from Zimbabwe and Ethiopia. Some of the countries examined that were in close geographic proximity (e.g., Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong) contained accessions with similar isozyme profiles. Accessions are fixed for certain alleles [e.g., Gr(1) (100%), Fdp-1(1) (100%) and Mpi-2(2) (50%) for accessions from Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong]. Grouping countries by continent or sub-continent (i.e., North and South American, China, Eastern Europe, Western Europe) and by numbers of accessions examined (i.e., India/Burma, Iran, Japan, Turkey, and remaining accessions) was used to identify accessions with unique allozymic profiles [PIs 209064 (USA), 257486 (China), 188749 (Egypt), 285607 (Poland), 369717 (Yugoslavia), 357844 (Poland), 255936 (Netherlands), 183127 (India), 200818 (Burma), 200815 (Burma), 137836 (Iran), 227013 (Iran), 227235 (Iran), 451976 (Japan), 181752 (Syria), 181874 (Syria), 169383 (Turkey), 171613 (Turkey)].     

A novel genome of C and the first autotetraploid species in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria</Emphasis> genus identified by genomic <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> hybridization

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to investigate the genomic relationships among some newly collected species of genus Setaria. Previous work identified that S. viridis and S. adhaerens carry genomes A and B, respectively. GISH patterns obtained in this report clearly distinguished the genome of S. grisebachii from the known genomes A and B, and indicated its new genomic constitution which we suggest to name genome C of the Setaria genus. The two sets of chromosomes of tetraploid S. queenslandica hybridized well with the A genome of S. viridis indicating its autotetraploid nature. This is the first autotetraploid identified in the Setaria genus, which should be classified into the primary A genome gene pool rather than the tertiary gene pool as previously classified. GISH patterns did not distinguish the genome of S. leucopila from the A genome of S. viridis and S. italica, suggesting its close relation with foxtail millet. Strong hybridization signals were observed when S. adhaerens genomic DNA was used as probe to hybridize the chromosomes of diploid S. verticillata, inferring its B genome nature. Combined with morphological observation and previous work, we deduce that diploid S. verticillata and S. adhaerens are probably taxonomically the same species with different names. Y. Wang and H. Zhi contributed equally to this article.     

Molecular characterization of mulberry genetic resources indigenous to India

Mulberry (Morus L.) is essential for the sericulture industry as the primary feed for the silkworm Bombyx mori L. in India, with its long tradition of practicing sericulture, has a large number of indigenous cultivars. Since knowledge on the genetic divergence of these cultivars/varieties is essential for proper conservation and utilization, Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) profiling was employed to assess genetic relationships among 34 mulberry accessions, collected from different regions of India. By using 12 ISSR primers, which produced 72 markers displaying a high degree of polymorphism (94.4%), genetic dissimilarity coefficients were calculated for each pair of the accessions and clustering of the accessions with Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis was done to unravel the genetic diversity among the accessions. The dissimilarity coefficients varied from 0.111 to 0.692. UPGMA analysis generated a dendrogram with six groups and five isolates. Clustering of the accessions did not correspond with the information on the geographic origin of many of the accessions. Two-dimensional representations of the relative positions of the accessions with regards to divergence using the first two canonical variates as co-ordinate axes revealed considerable variability among the cases in each group. Further, Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) showed changes in the geographic origin of 11 accessions and species status of 20 accessions.     

Morphological differentiation in four species of the genus Lolium

Three hundred and sixteen accessions belonging to four species of the genus Lolium were analysed for morphological differentiation following field trials. Principal component analysis (PCA) was shown to explain over 74% of the variation with the date of ear emergence, spike height and flag leaf length and width being responsible for the major differentiation. L. perenne separated into two groups following PCA, cluster analysis and k-means clustering, as a result of floral initiation in the sowing year. Those accessions that did not attain floral initiation until the second year were found to be from northern Europe. The inbreeder L. temulentum was separated from the three outbreeding species, L. perenne, L. multiflorum and L. rigidum, which are themselves distinct from each other although there is some introgression between them, especially between L. multiflorum and L. rigidum. The results are discussed in relation to selection of a core collection of Lolium accessions.     

Morphological classification of maize landraces from northern Spain

One hundred landraces of maize from Northern Spain werecharacterized on the basis of twenty-two morphological traits,and seventeen ecological variables (climatic, edaphic andtopographic) associated with the collection site. Highbroad-sense heritabilities ( > 0.6) were foundfor plant height, ear height, ear node number, ear length,mid-ear diameter, rows of kernels, kernels per row, cob weightand days to silking. Seven different groups were obtained withcluster analysis using plant and cycle traits, and discriminantanalysis showed that leaf area, ear shape, tassel branches, rows ofkernels, plant height, cob weight, and ear length were the mostimportant traits for taxonomic classification. Seven populations withpromising breeding value were detected.     

应用新引物DGGE分析土壤中硝酸盐还原细菌群落

The narG gene is frequently used as a molecular marker for bacterial nitrate-reducing community analysis. In this study, a new set of primers targeting the narG gene was designed and applied to semi-nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) assay. The potential of the new primers was verified on DNA directly extracted from soils from five different experimental sites distributed in Central and Southern Italy. Specificity of the primers was determined by excision, amplification, and sequencing of bands resolved by DGGE. A phylogenetic analysis showed the correlation between the sequences retrieved from the soils studied and the narG sequences from β and γ-Proteobacteria. These primers expanded the existing molecular tools for ecological study on the size and diversity of nitrate-reducing bacterial community in soil.     

Univariate and multivariate analysis performed on bio-agronomical traits of Cucumis melo L. germplasm

A large collection of melon (Cucumis melo L.) germplasm has been established at the Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bari University (Italy). In the present work, data regarding the variation of 20 bio-agronomical traits recorded on entries and landraces collected in Albania and Apulia region (Southern Italy) are reported. The main objective of the study was to assess and describe, by means of univariate and multivariate analyses, the genetic diversity in the collection composed by genotypes classified in the Inodorus and Cantalupensis groups. The results obtained showed a large variation for all the traits examined. Furthermore, it was possible to identify valuable genotypes for future breeding programmes aimed at improving melon traits, particularly for the Inodorus group, which is an important crop in many Southern Italian sites. Genotypes of interest were especially selected for earliness and lateness, fruit shape, soluble solids content, storage time and fruit firmness.