污泥土地利用研究III. 富锌污泥

本文通过温室盆栽试验方法研究了不同富锌污泥施用方法对水稻生长及其重金属含量的影响。结果表明,污泥施用主要通过增加水稻分蘖来促进水稻生长从而提高产量。污泥的施用显著地提高了水稻茎叶和籽粒中锌的含量。     

污泥土地利用研究：—Ⅴ．高铜污泥

本采用田间小区试验方法研究了高铜污泥对辣椒生长、Vc含量和重金属含量的影响。结果表明，污泥施用量在3．75和7．5t/hm^时，辣椒各个生长指标都有所增加，有些指标都有所增加，有些指标甚至优于施用化肥处理。污泥施用对辣椒果实Vc含量没有明显降低的趋势，污泥施用未显地增加辣椒植株和果实对铜、锌、镉和镍的吸收。     

污泥土地利用研究V. 高铜污泥

本文采用田间小区试验方法研究了高铜污泥处理对辣椒生长、Vc含量和重金属含量的影响。结果表明,污泥施用量在3.75和7.5 t/hm2时,辣椒各个生长指标都有所增加,有些指标甚至优于施用化肥处理。污泥施用对辣椒果实Vc含量没有明显降低的趋势。污泥施用未显著地增加辣椒植株和果实对铜、锌、镉和镍的吸收。     

污泥土地利用研究：Ⅳ、无锡污泥与香港碱化污泥的肥效比较

本通过盆栽试验研究了污泥施用对青菜和番茄生长的影响，试验表明，污泥施用可显促进青菜和番茄的生长，但和长在酸酸性红壤和太源水稻土上两种蔬菜对污泥施用的响应不同，香港碱性污泥产品对青菜在酸性红壤上的增产效果优于无锡污染；无锡污泥随施用量增加产量有所增加：太湖水稻土上无锡污泥的肥效优于香港碱性污泥产品。污泥施用不仅对当茬蔬菜增产明显，对后茬蔬菜也有增产效应。     

污泥土地利用研究：Ⅱ、连续化学提取法研究施污泥土壤重金属的有效性和环境风险

本文采用连续化学提取法研究了施用污泥土壤中重金属的形态分配及有效性。铜和在2种土壤上施用污泥前、后的形态分配都有所差异，铜在 湖相水稻土上可以氧化态为主：红壤性水稻土可氧化态和可还原态含量都较高。锌在河湖相水稻土以可还原态为主，在红壤性水稻土以醋酸溶解态为主，两种土壤上，铜和锌的3种不同形态含量与污泥施用量之间都有很好的相关性，连续提取对于研究重金属的形态分配比单独提取更有价值。     

污泥土地利用研究IV. 无锡污泥与香港碱化污泥的肥效比较

本文通过盆栽试验研究了污泥施用对青菜和番茄生长的影响。试验表明,污泥施用可显著促进青菜和番茄的生长,但生长在酸性红壤和太湖水稻土上两种蔬菜对污泥施用的响应不同。香港碱性污泥产品对青菜在酸性红壤上的增产效果优于无锡污泥;无锡污泥随施用量增加产量有所增加;太湖水稻土上无锡污泥的肥效优于香港碱性污泥产品。污泥施用不仅对当茬蔬菜增产明显,对后茬蔬菜也有增产效应。     

污泥土地利用研究II. 连续化学提取法研究施污泥土壤重金属的有效性和环境风险

本文采用连续化学提取法研究了施用污泥土壤中重金属的形态分配及有效性。铜和锌在2种土壤上施用污泥前、后的形态分配都有所差异,铜在河湖相水稻土上以可氧化态为主;红壤性水稻土可氧化态和可还原态含量都较高。锌在河湖相水稻土以可还原态为主,在红壤性水稻土以醋酸溶解态为主。两种土壤上,铜和锌的3种不同形态含量与污泥施用量之间都有很好的相关性。连续提取对于研究重金属的形态分配比单独提取更有价值。     

污泥土地施用研究I.施用污泥土壤中重金属的化学浸提性研究

本研究了施用污泥的太湖水稻土和江西第四纪红壤性水稻土中重金属的化学提取性。结果表明，随着污泥施用量的增加，土壤中Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ的醋酸，醋酸铵，ＥＤＴＡ３种提取形态的浓度都明显增加，有很好的相关性，各提取态浓度在各施用量之间存在显差异。污泥施用没有增加Ｐｂ含量，这可能与污泥本身含Ｐｂ量低有关。     

施用河道污泥对水稻和土壤重金属含量及 水稻氮素利用的影响

2013—2014年以苏州市相城区望亭镇某河道污泥为研究对象,以农田施用污泥20 kg?m~(-2)和不施用污泥为主处理,以施氮肥120 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(LN)和240 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(NN)为副处理,连续两季种植粳稻品种‘武运粳24’,研究河道污泥农田施用对水稻和土壤重金属含量及水稻氮素利用的影响。结果表明:1)河道污泥农田施用,显著提高了稻田土壤有机质含量、速效氮含量和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量,水稻产量平均增加7.05%,水稻籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量分别增加53.66%、18.71%和802.29%,水稻吸氮量显著增加,氮素利用效率显著降低。2)河道污泥施用后,较高施氮量(NN)增加了稻田土壤有机质含量和速效氮含量,对稻田土壤重金属含量和水稻籽粒中重金属含量影响不大,水稻产量、水稻吸氮量显著增加,但氮素利用效率显著降低。3)污泥处理条件下,与第1季相比较,第2季稻田土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量平均下降5.0%左右、籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量下降7.27%~12.65%,但均显著大于不施河道污泥的对照处理。4)污泥×氮肥、污泥×年度、氮肥×年度和污泥×氮肥×年度的互作效应对稻田土壤养分含量、重金属含量,水稻产量、籽粒重金属含量和水稻氮素吸收利用的影响均未达显著水平。     

脱水污泥的组分和农用评价

脱水污泥样本采自二级处理厂，用带式压滤机脱水。污泥组分和农用价值的研究表明：（１）主要影响因素是进厂污水的组分，而不是脱水与否。（２）生活污泥是一种富含有机质、氮、磷的优质有机肥，除去锌以外的重金属含量较低。（３）污泥农用控制量的确定依据是，在连续施用一段时期内农田锌负荷量低于限制值。     

Medically used radionuclides in sewage sludge

The concentration of medically used radionuclides has been studied in sludge from the sewage treatment plant serving the borough of Malmo. In this area all nuclear medicine procedures are carried out in one hospital and almost all patients live in the borough. Therefore, the input of medically used radionuclides into the sewage system can be estimated with good accuracy. Samples of digested sludge have been taken once or twice a week during half a year. Iodine-131 (physical half life (T) = R.05 d) was detected in all samples. The ¹³¹I-activity concentration due to medical use varied between (0.03±0.01) and (0.12±0.02) nCi kg^?1. The ratio between the total output of ¹³¹I via the sludge and an adherent input of the radionuclide into the sewage system was determined to (2.6 ± 0.6) × 10^?3, which is equivalent to a ratio of (2 ± 1) × 10^?2 for stable I. Occasionally measurable activities of ¹⁹⁸Au (T=2.7 d) and ²⁰¹T1(T=3.l d) have been found. The radioactivity concentration of medically used radionuclides in the sludge is low and constitutes no health problems for the persons involved. The sludge however has proved to be a very sensitive and suitable integrator of radioactive material released from a large urban area.     

Copper species in aqueous sewage sludge extract

The Cu in the saturation extract of dried Davis sewage sludge was mainly in a complexed form. A Cu²⁺ specific ion electrode was used to determine the extent of complexation. The adsorption coefficient for the complexed Cu on Yolo silt loam was 4 while for Cu added as CUSO₄ it was 90 L kg^?1 at relevant Cu concentrations in solution. Paper electrophoresis was used to define the Cu complexes according to their mobility in an electric field. Six fractions of positive, negative and neutral charge were isolated. The portion of Cu in the sludge which was water soluble increased significantly upon drying. The large percentage of complexed Cu and its relatively low adsorption on soil suggested that sewage sludge may, under certain conditions, be a source of Cu contamination of plant systems and, in extreme cases, of ground water.     

Evaluation of crystalline components in sewage sludge

Abstract

Crystalline minerals in anaerobically digested sewage sludges were determined by x‐ray diffraction analysis. Sludge samples were prepared for x‐ray analysis by either washing with H₂O to remove soluble salts or oxidizing organic matter with H₂O. A limited number of minerals are present as crystalline materials in sludge. Even though the sludges contained appreciable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni, no crystalline metal sulfides, phosphates, hydroxides, oxides or carbonates were found with the exception of a possible Cu, Zn carbonate hydroxide. All other crystalline components detected are common minerals such as quartz, feldspar, montmorillonite, chlorite, mica, dolomite and calcite.     

Monitoring biochemical activity during sewage sludge composting

A sewage sludge with the addition of two woody materials (1 : 2 ratio), tree-pruning chips and vine shoots, to provide structure were composted under controlled conditions of temperature (28°C) and humidity (70% ambient humidity). Hydrolytic enzyme activities [urease, phosphatase, N-benzoil l-argininamide (BBA) hydrolysing protease, casein-hydrolysing protease, ATP, hydrosoluble and hydrolysable polysaccharides] were determined during the aerobic incubation. Samples were taken and incubated under the same conditions in an accelerative bioreactor to test potential C mineralisation by measuring the CO₂ evolved. A rapid mineralisation phase (2–3 weeks) was followed by a slow maturation (4–14 weeks) period. The slow phase and the dynamics of substrate decomposition were better indicated by the hydrolytic enzyme activities that were measured. The structuring agents slightly retarded the compositing process with tree prunings having the strongest effect. Hydrolysable polysaccharides and Folin-reactive compounds (proteins, polyphenols) released by the structure-providing lignocellulose material appear to have controlled both the intensity and the length of the maturation phase.