村镇土地利用预警系统设计与实现

土地利用的监测、评价、预警是保证土地资源合理配置的技术依据。该文通过总结土地利用预警研究现状,从耕地保护、建设用地节约集约、生态安全3个方面出发,以村镇为研究主体,提出了土地利用预警研究的总体思路。基于已有研究成果,构建土地利用预警指标体系,研究指标值获取、指标预测预警模型选择和警度区间划定等方法,进行土地利用预警系统功能模块设计及实现。最后对北京市房山区2015年耕地利用情况进行预测预警,得出房山区部分乡镇在2015年将可能出现较为严重的耕地利用警情。结果表明,土地利用预警系统具有动态、实时的监测及预警     

中国土地资源安全评价研究进展及展望

土地资源作为国民经济发展的载体,其安全关乎粮食安全、社会安全、生态安全。对区域土地资源进行安全评价研究,既有利于落实国家土地保护政策,也可为区域生态友好型土地利用模式提供现实参考。近些年来,在土地资源安全理论研究、耕地与粮食安全研究、基于承载力的土地资源安全研究、土地生态安全评价等研究领域均取得显著进展。论文着重分析土地资源安全研究的新进展,对近年来我国土地资源安全研究最新成果及其在国民经济与社会发展中的应用、成效和前景进行评析,对我国土地资源安全研究的发展趋势进行展望,并提出了新时期土地资源安全研究的主要方向和重点领域。     

黑龙江省耕地资源安全预警分析及预警系统的构建

耕地资源安全预警是保护耕地和实现耕地资源可持续利用的有效手段。该文以黑龙江省为研究区,从耕地保护角度,结合研究区的耕地数量、质量和生态环境3个方面,构建耕地资源安全预警指标体系,利用纵比判断法,以研究区1996-2008年耕地资源安全定量评价值为基础数据,确定研究区耕地资源安全度的阈值。应用灰色模型GM(1.1)与BP人工神经网络技术,对黑龙江省2012-2015年耕地资源安全度及变化趋势进行了预测和分析,并构建了耕地资源预警系统框架体系。结果表明,1996-2008年黑龙江省耕地资源安全值呈不规则下降趋势。2012年黑龙江省耕地资源警度为轻警、2013-2015年为中警,警度有上升趋势;2012年耕地质量略有升高,但耕地数量减少幅度较大,2013-2015年,随着耕地数量的增加,耕地质量不断下降,2012-2015年生态环境呈平缓上升趋势。耕地数量与耕地质量不协调发展是黑龙江省耕地资源在预测期主要致警原因,城市化水平、水土流失比率和抗逆指数等是影响黑龙江省耕地资源安全状况的敏感因子。该文为相关预警研究提供参考。     

大城市近郊县域耕地保护预警方法

县域是耕地保护及预警最为合理的研究尺度,综合应用土地利用规划、年度计划和农用地分等定级成果,预测耕地资源“量”与“质”的变化趋势是科学合理地保护耕地的有效手段。该文在单项指标和综合指标2个层次上,从耕地数量、稳定生产能力、易变养分的空间变化和综合4个方面构建了县域耕地保护预警体系,并对北京市顺义区进行了耕地保护预警研究。顺义区耕地保护单项指标预警结果表明,2007、2008年顺义区耕地数量出现轻警,2009、2010年则为无警;耕地稳定生产能力在2007、2009年为中警,2008年为重警,2010年为轻警;而易变养分含量变化的警情则不尽相同。综合指标预警结果表明：2007年顺义区耕地保护出现重警,2008年和2009年为中警,2010年为轻警。研究结果从预警的时间尺度和空间尺度出发,全面考虑了耕地的数量变化和质量变化,并使警情判定与土地管理和农业生产工作相衔接,是进行区域耕地保护预警研究的有效方法。     

黑龙江省耕地资源安全预警及调控研究

本研究从压力、状态、响应三个子系统构建耕地资源安全预警指标体系,结合Matlab编程,采用灰色关联法,引用经济学中敏感度的概念,对2005年以来黑龙江省耕地资源安全进行预警分析,在此基础上进行调控研究。研究结果表明:(1)从各子系统的安全警度来看,2005~2014年,黑龙江省耕地资源安全压力系统的警度经历了"无警-轻警-中警"的变化过程;状态系统警度基本处于"中警"水平,响应系统的警度由"轻警"上升为"中警"。2015~2019年,耕地资源安全压力系统的警度由"中警"转变为"重警",状态系统和响应系统的警度一直维持"中警"水平。(2)2005~2014年,黑龙江省耕地资源安全总体警度呈逐步上升趋势,2015~2019年,黑龙江省耕地资源安全将一直处于"中警"水平,但预警的指标值持续降低,接近"重警"的水平。(3)黑龙江省耕地资源安全需针对城市化水平、水土流失治理、盐碱地治理及防止耕地污染等方面加以调控。     

区域土地资源持续利用的生态安全研究

生态安全是土地资源持续利用的核心和基础,对土地资源持续利用的生态安全概念和内涵进行了探讨,构建了土地持续利用的生态安全研究内容和体系,介绍了土地持续利用的生态安全评价方法,从土地利用方式的改变、土地生态安全预警、土地生态安全维护与管理、土地生态恢复和重建等方面提出了区域土地资源持续利用的生态安全体系构建。     

新郑市耕地生态安全动态预警研究

耕地生态安全预警对改善耕地生态安全水平,保障粮食安全具有重要的意义。以河南省粮食主产区新郑市为研究对象,基于压力、状态、响应(P-S-R)和生态、环境、经济、社会(E-E-E-S)框架模型,构建了耕地生态安全预警指标体系。引入变权理论确定指标权重,运用改进物元可拓模型确定新郑市2001—2010年耕地生态安全预警等级,并采用障碍度模型分析耕地生态安全障碍因子。结果表明:2001—2010年新郑市耕地生态安全水平总体呈现上升趋势,预警等级由Ⅲ级(预警)上升为Ⅳ级(较安全);2009—2010年预警等级虽处于较安全(Ⅳ级),但有下降趋势。制约新郑市耕地生态安全水平的主要障碍因子是地均化肥使用强度、耕地复种指数、人均粮食产量、城市化水平、耕地垦殖率、人口自然增长率、人均水资源量、地均地膜使用强度、第三产业占GDP比重、农业经济比重、未利用土地比重等,这些因子应是今后改善新郑市耕地生态安全的重点。     

内蒙古巴林右旗耕地及耕地后备资源生态安全研究

耕地及耕地后备资源的生态安全问题是当下的热点问题,对于耕地及耕地后备资源生态风险的研究势在必行。本研究首次从小尺度出发,以内蒙古巴林右旗的耕地及耕地后备资源图斑为研究对象,假拟耕地后备资源为耕地,以宜耕资源图斑为微观尺度的生态系统,应用AHP层次分析模型从土地暴露度、立地条件与土壤属性及斑块景观格局三个方面选取评价指标,建立巴林右旗耕地及耕地后备资源生态安全评价指标体系,并通过熵权法对模糊综合评价模型的获取权重过程进行改进,借助地统计学、土壤学和景观生态学的理论方法,对内蒙古巴林右旗耕地及耕地后备资源的生态安全进行评价分析。研究结果表明,耕地图斑面积为91995.49 hm2,耕地后备资源图斑面积为275960.00 hm2,总面积共367978.21 hm2。其中,耕地中有26.59%属于高度风险状态;耕地后备资源中55.09%属于高度风险,二者面积总和占评价总面积的47.97%。巴林右旗土地荒漠化严重,耕地及耕地后备资源生态风险总体处于严重水平,有待于针对性治理。     

黑龙江省耕地资源安全综合评价研究

黑龙江省是我国重要的商品粮基地,耕地总面积、人均占有耕地面积、粮食商品率均居全国首位,黑龙江省耕地资源安全与否直接影响国家耕地与粮食安全.以全国最大的商品粮基地--黑龙江省为研究区域,从耕地自身安全、经济安全、社会安全以及生态安全角度出发,结合黑龙江省耕地资源的实际,构建耕地资源安全评价指标体系.运用层次分析法,对黑龙江省1998-2007年间耕地资源安全状态进行定量分析与综合评价.结果表明:不同时期黑龙江省的耕地安全状态并不一致,1998-2001年耕地资源安全处于持续恶化阶段,2002-2007年耕地资源安全处于波动变化阶段,整体处于相对安伞状态.全部评价值仅在2001年进入稍不安全行列,其余均处于相对安全值区间,耕地资源社会功能与生态功能评价结果基本与综合评价值整体态势相一致.     

基于生态适宜性的济南市山地丘陵区荒地资源开发研究

荒地资源是重要的后备耕地资源,其开发应以土地适宜性为依据,在生态安全目标的约束前提下,保证生态免受破坏.以济南市山地丘陵区为研究区域,构建土地利用生态适宜性综合评价模型,估算宜耕荒地的开发潜力.结果表明:受生态条件和土地限制性因素的制约,研究区荒地资源质量较差,其中最适宜开发为耕地的荒地仅占3.33％,中等适宜开发为耕地的荒地占19.38％,勉强适宜开发为耕地的荒地占24.66％,不适宜开发的荒地面积最大,占52.63％.研究结果可为济南市山地丘陵区荒地资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.