秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对低产黄泥田的改良作用

【目的】低产黄泥田是一种发育程度低的水稻土,土壤贫瘠,作物产量低。本文研究探讨了小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆还田及配施秸秆腐熟剂后秸秆还田对低产黄泥田的土壤改良效果。【方法】在荆门市双季稻区设置了单施化肥(对照),化肥配施小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆,化肥配施小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆同时添加秸秆腐熟剂等七个处理的田间试验。取样分析了这些处理对双季稻产量、 土壤理化性质、 土壤团聚体组成、 土壤腐殖质组成及结合形态的影响。【结果】1)在早、 晚稻上秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂增加了稻谷的产量,比单施化肥最多增产1423.2 kg/hm2,增幅为23.5%; 添加秸秆腐熟剂也能够增加稻谷的产量,比单独秸秆还田最多增产653.8 kg/hm2,增幅为9.6%。与对照比较,油菜秸秆+腐熟剂处理晚稻显著增产。2)土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量、 阳离子交换量秸杆+腐熟剂处理高于对应的秸秆还田处理,而土壤容重则下降。3)与对照比较,秸秆处理5 mm土壤风干团聚体含量增加3.78%~8.62%,0.25 mm土壤风干团聚体含量也都增加,0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体含量下降。秸秆还田有利于＞0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体总量的增加,减少了土壤团聚体破坏率。4)与对照比较,秸秆处理的土壤水溶性物质、 土壤胡敏酸、 富里酸、 可提取腐殖物质总量、 胡敏素含量增加。添加腐熟剂后,胡敏酸与富里酸比值低于相对应的秸秆还田处理; 土壤松结合态腐殖质、 稳结合态腐殖质、 紧结合态腐殖质含量及结合态腐殖质总含量都有所增加。结合态腐殖质中松结合态腐殖质含量最高,所有的处理都在60%以上。【结论】秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂不仅能够增加早稻和晚稻的稻谷产量,还提高了土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量及阳离子交换量,降低了土壤容重。秸秆还田主要提高了＞0.25 mm风干团聚体、 水稳性大团聚体含量,减少了土壤团聚体破坏率。秸秆还田处理显著提高了土壤松结合态腐殖质含量和结合态腐殖质总含量。秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂可以提高作物产量、 提高土壤肥力、 改善土壤结构、 增加土壤腐殖质含量与活性,能够改良低产黄泥田。化肥+油菜秸秆+秸杆腐熟剂处理是一种良好的低产黄泥田改良措施。     

秸秆还田方式对土壤质量和萝卜产量及品质的影响

本文以萝卜（品种为枇杷叶）为研究对象，采用田间试验探究了无秸秆还田（CK），秸秆粉碎还田（SC）、过腹还田（SM）、炭化还田（SB）、粉碎+过腹还田（SC+SM）、粉碎+炭化还田（SC+SB）、过腹+炭化还田（SM+SB）对土壤理化性质和萝卜产量及品质的影响。结果表明，6种秸秆还田方式均显著提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量，但对土壤速效钾含量的影响不同，其中SC、SM和SB 3种还田方式不影响土壤速效钾含量，而SC+SM、SC+SB和SM+SB 3种秸秆组合还田方式显著提高了土壤速效钾含量；不同秸秆还田方式对萝卜生物量和叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）的影响不同，除SC+SM处理萝卜肉质根鲜物质量、叶片SPAD值显著低于对照外，其他秸秆还田处理萝卜肉质根鲜物重量和叶片SPAD值均显著高于对照；秸秆还田处理萝卜品质较对照显著提升，6种秸秆还田处理萝卜维生素C、可溶性糖、总酚、类黄酮含量均显著高于对照，且不同还田方式间无差异；秸秆还田还显著降低了萝卜硝酸盐含量，提高了可溶性蛋白含量，其中SC+SM、SC+SB和SM+SB 3种秸秆组合还田处理表现突出，硝酸盐含量降低36.04%~40.63%，可溶性蛋白含量提升41.70%~56.11%； SC、SM和SB处理次之，硝酸盐含量降低15.15%~22.58%，可溶性蛋白含量提升16.61%~25.11%； 6种秸秆还田方式下萝卜铁离子还原能力（FRAP）显著高于对照，但1，1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力（DPPH）不同，其中SM、SC+SM、SC+SB和SM+SB处理萝卜DPPH值显著高于对照，SC和SB处理萝卜DPPH值与对照接近。综上所述，除SC+SM处理降低了萝卜产量外，SC、SM、SB、SC+SB、SM+SB等5个秸秆还田处理均提高了土壤肥力和作物产量、改善了产品品质，其中SC+SB、SM+SB在降低萝卜硝酸盐含量方面表现尤为突出。考虑到操作的难易程度，常规蔬菜生产中建议采用秸秆粉碎还田、过腹还田、炭化还田3种方式，种植根菜、叶菜等硝酸盐高积累型蔬菜时建议采用粉碎+炭化还田、过腹+炭化还田2种秸秆组合还田模式。     

添加紫云英和水稻秸秆对土壤养分含量和铜形态的影响

  目的  通过分析紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）、水稻秸秆对轻度铜污染土壤的主要养分含量以及铜的有效性和各形态的影响,为紫云英、水稻秸秆腐解还田治理轻度铜污染的稻田土壤提供相应的理论支撑。  方法  采用室内培养的方法,设置5个处理,分别为不添加任何有机物料（CK）、添加水稻秸秆（R）、紫云英（G）、水稻秸秆和紫云英质量比3∶1（R3G1）、水稻秸秆和紫云英质量比1∶1（R1G1）。  结果  添加紫云英和水稻秸秆,显著提高主要土壤养分含量。添加紫云英（G）处理土壤全氮和有效磷含量比添加水稻（R）处理分别提高了26.92%和11.46%。添加紫云英（G）处理显著提高土壤可溶性有机氮（P < 0.05）,分别比R3G1和R1G1处理增加8.40%和20.47%。添加水稻秸秆和紫云英（R3G1）处理有助于提高土壤可溶性有机碳（P < 0.05）,分别比单独添加水稻秸秆（R）和紫云英（G）处理增加32.81%和15.94%（P < 0.05）。无论添加紫云英、水稻秸秆以及二者共同添加均显著降低了土壤有效态铜含量,R3G1和R1G1处理土壤有效态Cu含量显著低于单独添加紫云英（G）和水稻秸秆（R）处理（P < 0.05）。添加有机物料（紫云英、水稻秸秆）均使土壤弱酸提取态铜含量显著降低15.45% ~ 23.19%,使土壤残渣态铜含量提高6.08% ~ 11.39%;R3G1处理土壤残渣态铜含量最高,显著高于G和R1G1处理（P < 0.05）。通过冗余分析认为可溶性有机磷和可溶性有机氮与铜有效性和弱酸提取态呈负相关关系,对铜有效性和形态的解释量分别达到61.5%和23.3%。  结论  紫云英和水稻秸秆单独和混合添加到土壤均有助于提高主要土壤养分含量,同时也均能降低土壤有效铜含量,提高铜的稳定性,其中添加水稻秸秆与紫云英质量比为3∶1对铜的稳定效果最佳。     

秸秆及其生物炭对土壤碳库管理指数及有机碳矿化的影响

以河南省粮食主产区壤质潮土和砂土为研究对象,通过盆栽试验和室内恒温培养试验,研究了生物炭与不同腐殖化程度的传统有机物料(秸秆和腐熟鸡粪)单施及配施对壤质潮土和砂土有机碳储量、活性及碳库管理指数的影响,并进一步比较了小麦秸秆直接还田和制炭还田对土壤有机碳矿化的影响,以及生物炭对土壤原有有机碳矿化的调控作用。结果表明:相同添加量下,生物炭对土壤有机碳含量的提升效果优于秸秆和腐熟鸡粪,在壤质潮土和砂土上分别较对照提升了63.15%和115.62%。另外,生物炭显著增加了土壤稳态碳含量和土壤碳库指数(CPI),但降低了土壤碳素有效率(SC)和碳库活度指数(AI),对土壤易氧化有机碳(POXC)和碳库管理指数(CMPI)无显著影响,添加秸秆显著增加了2种土壤POXC含量、基础呼吸和CPMI。进一步通过室内恒温培养试验发现,秸秆可在培养前期(0～37天)大幅度提升2种类型土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量,秸秆制炭还田对土壤有机碳矿化无显著影响。此外生物炭对土壤原有有机碳矿化的调控作用受其施用量、外源活性有机碳输入和土壤类型的影响,高量生物炭(2%)对非秸秆还田土壤有机碳矿化表现出较强的负激发效应,而低量生物炭(0.55%)对秸秆还田土壤有机碳矿化表现出较明显的负激发效应。因此,从"固碳减排"角度考虑,秸秆制炭还田是更合理的利用方式,且应根据土壤施肥管理措施和土壤类型考虑生物炭的施用量,添加质量比为2%的生物炭可显著抑制土壤原有有机碳矿化,降低CO_2排放,但应避开秸秆快速腐解期施用。     

秸秆生物炭对水稻生长及滩涂土壤化学性质的影响

为改善滨海滩涂土壤结构和性质,提高其保肥供肥能力。本研究单施秸秆生物炭,并按滩涂土壤湿质量的5%、10%、15%和20%的比例将生物炭与滩涂土壤混匀,连续两年考察一次性施用生物炭以及生物炭改良滩涂土壤的效果。调查了两个稻季的水稻产量和谷草比,并监测了两个稻季土壤性质的动态变化。结果表明:适宜地添加秸秆生物炭增加了水稻产量、提高了谷草比;增加了土壤电导率(EC)和阳离子交换量(CEC);提高了土壤碳、氮含量,但在稻季休闲期,土壤中碳、氮会发生矿化而引起碳、氮含量减少;生物炭的添加对滩涂土壤pH没有显著影响。研究表明,滩涂土壤施加秸秆生物炭可以改善土壤结构,培肥地力,在消化大量农作物秸秆的同时为粮食产区的发展分担压力。     

竹生物质炭和竹凋落物对毛竹林土壤营养元素和酶活性的影响

以广西壮族自治区桂林市华江乡内广泛分布的毛竹林土壤为研究对象,以竹生物质炭和竹凋落物作为外源碳,设置对照（CK）、低添加量生物质炭（1% BC）、高添加量生物质炭（2% BC）、低添加量凋落物（1% L）、高添加量凋落物（2% L）5个处理,进行为期两个月的室内培养试验,研究不同外源碳添加对毛竹林土壤营养元素和酶活性的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,竹生物质炭和竹凋落物添加均显著提高了土壤pH;竹生物质炭添加显著降低了而竹凋落物添加显著提高了土壤铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量（P<0.05）,且高添加量（2% BC和2% L）的降低或提高作用更明显;不同外源碳添加均显著提高了土壤硝态氮（NO₃^–-N）含量,且凋落物添加的提高作用更明显;不同外源碳添加均显著提高了土壤有效磷（AP）含量,且高添加量的提高作用更明显;竹生物质炭添加对土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量没有显著影响,但降低了土壤可溶性氮（DN）含量,而竹凋落物添加显著提高了土壤DOC和DN含量;不同外源碳添加对土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）和氮含量（MBN）均没有显著影响,但降低了土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性。相关性分析表明,土壤pH、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^–-N、DOC和DN是影响竹林土壤酶活性的关键性因子。     

添加莠去津的土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮、磷对外源有机无机物质的动态响应

研究了添加有机、无机营养物质对外加除草剂莠去津土壤(每1g土中含莠去津10mg/)中微生物生物量碳、氮和磷的动态变化过程。研究结果表明,在整个培养过程中,仅加莠去津的土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均显著降低,与对照相比,分别平均降低了13.5%,10.1%,20.0%。但是,施用有机、无机营养物质的处理,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均显著增加。不同处理对微生物生物量碳、氮的含量影响程度依次为:腐熟猪粪>紫云英>水稻秸秆腐熟猪粪>N、P肥配施>单施N肥>单施P肥。而对微生物生物量磷含量的影响则为:腐熟猪粪>N、P肥配施>紫云英>单施N肥>单施P肥>水稻秸秆。     

秸秆还田方式及施氮量对滴灌棉田土壤有机碳氮的影响

通过连续7年田间定位试验,采用2因素试验设计,设置秸秆不还田(CK)、秸秆直接还田(ST)和秸秆炭化还田(BC)3种秸秆还田方式和0(N0),300(N300),450(N450) kg/hm²3个施氮(N)量,研究秸秆直接还田和炭化还田配施氮肥对土壤碳氮含量和棉花产量的影响。结果表明:ST和BC处理土壤有机碳含量呈现逐年递增趋势,且BC处理增幅大于ST处理。第7年,在各施氮水平下,ST处理较CK处理土壤有机碳提高33.28%~36.43%,BC处理较CK处理土壤有机碳提高58.56%~63.25%。多年秸秆还田(ST和BC)可以提高土壤全氮含量,N0水平下,ST处理全氮含量最高;N300水平下,BC处理7年后土壤全氮含量较ST处理显著提高;N450水平下,5年后BC处理土壤全氮含量高于ST处理。在N0水平,ST和BC处理提高了土壤碳/氮,N300和N450水平,BC处理提高了土壤碳/氮。秸秆炭化还田配施氮肥显著提高了棉花产量,N300和N450条件下,BC处理较CK增产17.43%~17.89%。因此,多年秸秆炭化还田配施氮肥可增加土壤有机碳含量,氮库容量和土壤碳/氮,提高棉花产量。     

秸秆还田配施化肥对稻油轮作土壤有机碳组分及产量影响

【目的】水稻-油菜轮作是我国重要的农业种植模式。秸秆还田是目前我国秸秆利用最主要、最直接的途径。因此,研究水稻-油菜轮作系统下,秸秆还田配施化肥对水稻和油菜产量、土壤有机质组分及其养分含量的影响,有助于提高水稻和油菜产量,培肥土壤,推进秸秆还田技术的应用。 【方法】通过水稻和油菜7年13季作物的田间定位小区试验,设置了不施氮肥不还田处理（CK）、农民习惯处理（FPP）和3个秸秆还田配施化肥处理（SF1、SF2、SF3:每年水稻秸秆以3000 kg/hm2的量还田,配施不同量氮、磷、钾肥）,分析了各处理土壤有机碳及其组分、土壤养分含量、作物产量和经济效益。 【结果】与不施氮肥处理比较,秸秆还田配合氮、磷、钾平衡施肥能显著提高土壤总有机碳及其各组分、土壤养分含量、作物产量和经济效益。与农民习惯处理相比,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤总有机碳、胡敏酸和胡敏素分别显著增加了5.62%~12.08%、9.05%~22.57%和7.93%~10.23%,而水溶性有机碳和富里酸含量差异则不明显;土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高了6.74%~14.04%、134.67%~249.46%和40.18%~70.54%;水稻、油菜和周年平均产量分别增加了8.55%~19.34%、19.06%~27.27%和10.34%~24.08%;净利润提高了1651~4905 yuan/hm2,但总投入增加了1427~2882 yuan/hm2。秸秆还田配施化肥处理中,以氮、磷、钾肥用量与运筹次数最多的SF3处理土壤各项指标、作物产量和经济效益最高,与之相比,SF2处理在水稻和油菜两季共减少肥料用量255 kg/hm2,而作物周年产量减少不明显。土壤有机碳组分、土壤养分含量及作物产量之间有较好的相关性,而逐步回归分析表明,土壤总氮、胡敏酸、水溶性有机碳含量是水稻和油菜产量主要决定因素。 【结论】秸秆还田配施化肥可以提高土壤有机碳、胡敏酸、胡敏素含量及土壤养分含量,培肥土壤并提高其稳定性,促进作物增产。虽然秸秆还田配施化肥增加了人工和肥料投入,但适宜的化肥用量配合秸秆还田提高了水稻油菜轮作体系的经济效益。     

长期深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭对砂姜黑土团聚体及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作方式、秸秆还田和生物炭添加结合对土壤团聚体粒径分布、团聚体养分特征、养分库储量及小麦-玉米周年产量的影响,本研究采用3因素2水平试验设计,分别为耕作方式：常规旋耕（CT）,深翻耕作（DT）;秸秆处理：秸秆还田（S）、秸秆不还田（NS）;生物炭：生物炭添加（B）、无生物炭添加（NB）,共8个处理。结果表明：无生物炭添加时,旋耕秸秆还田显著提高了0~15 cm土层团聚体稳定性及土壤养分库储量,而深耕秸秆还田显著改善了>15~30 cm土层土壤团粒组成,提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产。相关性分析表明,砂姜黑土中作物产量的提升更依赖于深层（>15~30 cm）土壤物理结构的改善和土壤肥力的提升。配施生物炭后如DT-S-B（深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭）较CT-NS-NB（旋耕秸秆不还田无生物炭）处理尤其使>15~30 cm土层团聚体稳定性显著增强,>2 mm粒级团聚体比例、重量平均直径和几何平均直径值分别增加165.88%、62.37%和119.81%,显著提高>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,降低了<2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,使>15~30 cm土层土壤有机碳库储量、全氮、全磷和全钾库储量分别显著提升37.41%、38.99%、41.26%和9.84%,促使2年作物周年产量平均增加22.96%,但在深耕秸秆还田的基础上配施生物炭在短期内增产效果不显著。综上,深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭能够显著改善黄淮海南部砂姜黑土深层土壤团聚体粒径分布和稳定性,提升了土壤肥力和作物周年产量,保障了农田高效绿色可持续生产。     

土壤培肥过程中氯离子累积与分布规律研究

以陕西杨凌杜寨村为中心,沿南、西、北3条辐射线分别采取耕层和剖面土样,探讨土壤中Cl^-的累积与垂直分布情况,揭示受人类生活影响历史较长的杜寨村农田土壤中Cl^-的累积状况与迁移规律。结果表明,在半干旱偏湿润气候地区,由于受自然环境因素和人为因素的强烈影响,Cl^-在村庄附近的土壤耕层呈现出累积趋势,随着离村庄距离的增加而明显减少;土壤剖面上Cl^-的含量随着土壤深度的增加也逐渐减少;Cl^-在土壤耕层虽然表现出一定的累积趋势,但累积量并不高,暂时不会影响作物的产量和品质。     

Water extractable concentrations of Fe,Mn, Ni,Co, Mo,Pb and Cd under different land uses of Danube basin in Croatia

Abstract

Water extraction of trace elements can simulate the concentration of elements in the soil solution from where the plant takes up the elements. The objective of this investigation was to determine the water extractable concentration of seven trace elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Mo, Pb and Cd) and to assess their relationship with soil properties of the Danube basin in Croatia. Soil samples from the surface layer (0–25 cm) of 74 sites, having different land uses (forest and agricultural land), were collected. Samples were analysed for total and water extractable trace elements as well as for pH, DOC, SOC and CEC. The concentrations of water extractable fraction of trace elements were on average: 20.14 mg kg^?1 for Fe, 3.61 mg kg^?1 for Mn, 0.07 mg kg^?1 for Ni, 0.016 mg kg^?1 for Co, 0.01 mg kg^?1 for Mo, 0.01 mg kg^?1 for Pb and 0.0009 mg kg^?1 for Cd. Soil properties were in the following range: pH 4.3–8 (Avg: 6.35), DOC 6.1–73 mg l^?1 (Avg: 26 mg l^?1), CEC 1.3–24 cmol kg^?1 (Avg: 9 cmol kg^?1) and SOC 0.5–5% (Avg: 1.7%). The concentration of water extractable fraction of trace elements was significantly correlated with pH (p <0.001), DOC (p <0.001 – p <0.05) and CEC (p <0.001) but their relationship with total content of trace element and SOC was rather weak, suggesting that total metal alone cannot be an indicator of toxicity or deficiency. Results show that pH, DOC and CEC are important soil quality parameters taking part in the solubility control of trace metals in the soil rather than their total concentration. The difference between land uses has been observed as well, suggesting that a change in land use can cause a change in trace element solubility.     

北京市朝阳区(五环内)绿地土壤重金属分布特征及其影响因素

为了研究和分析北京市朝阳区（五环内）土壤重金属的分布特征及影响因素,通过居住绿地、公园绿地、街旁绿地以及附属绿地（包括公共设施用地、对外交通用地和市政设施用地）4种土壤利用类型分别进行了土壤重金属铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）以及土壤pH值、有机质的测定。结果表明:表层土壤中的重金属平均含量,除Pb外,均高于中国土壤背景值,尤其是重金属Cd,已达到0.26 mg/kg,超过了国家土壤环境质量1级标准;从土壤利用类型上来看,Cu在附属绿地土壤含量最高,达到33.576 mg/kg,Zn在居住绿地土壤含量最高,达到80.636 mg/kg,Cd在街旁绿地土壤含量最高,达到0.296 mg/kg,Pb在公园绿地土壤含量最高,达到24.706 mg/kg;在空间分布上,重金属Cu和Zn空间分布格局相类似,整体呈由西北向东南递减趋势,而Cd高值区在中部,整体北部高于南部,重金属Pb整体上呈由西南向东北递减趋势;通过相关性分析可知,土壤pH值对土壤重金属含量没有明显的影响,而土壤有机质与重金属Zn,Cd和Pb的含量有明显的相关性;4种重金属呈显著正相关（p<0.01）。     

Relationship between ammonium acetate‐acetic acid and morgan's solution for determining extractable P,K, Ca,and Mg in soils derived from calcareous glacial till

Abstract

Long filtration time, accumulation of salt residue on the atomic absorption or flame emission burner slot, and contamination of P and K in the sodium acetate are three problems encountered when using sodium acetate‐acetic acid or Morgan's solution (MS) for extracting P, K, Ca, and Mg from soil samples. Thus an ammonium acetate‐acetic acid (AA‐AA) solution was compared with MS for 144 soil samples which, although ranging in pH from 4.4 to 7.9, were all derived from calcareous glacial till. A highly significant linear correlation was obtained between the two methods for each of the four elements. Filtration time for the AA‐AA solution was 30–45 minutes shorter than that for MS. No salt residue accumulated on the atomic absorption burner slot when using AA‐AA. Because of these advantages, we have replaced MS with AA‐AA for samples analyzed in our laboratory.     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.     

黑土区坡式条田对水土流失、土壤水热及呼吸的影响

[目的] 探索坡式条田在黑土区坡耕地水土保持和改善土壤环境中的作用，以期为坡式条田在坡耕地上的利用提供理论支持。[方法] 基于野外试验，观测研究了坡式条田对径流产沙、土壤水热和土壤呼吸的影响。[结果] ①黑土坡面设置坡式条田具有良好的减流减沙效果，年均减少输沙率和减少地表径流率分别为78.3%和68.5%，土壤侵蚀模数为87.53 t/（km²·a），控制在允许范围内；②修筑坡式条田显著提高土壤质量含水量（p<0.05），并能显著增加植被覆盖度（p<0.01）；③研究区土壤呼吸与土壤温度显著相关，修筑坡式条田能够显著降低土壤呼吸速率，降低土壤碳素损失。[结论] 黑土区坡式条田能够很好地防治水土流失，改善土壤水热和植被状况，且能降低土壤呼吸造成的C素流失，应在黑土坡耕地上推广应用。     

寿光大棚菜地土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、pH与EC的变化研究

为防治土壤退化、促进农业可持续发展提供科学依据,以寿光地区露地土壤作对照,研究了连作1、5、8和12年大棚蔬菜(番茄)土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,土壤呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性棚内高于棚外,并随连作年限延长开始增强而后减弱,由于管理差异,12年棚龄土壤又回升。随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐减弱,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增强;土壤呼吸强度和酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随连作年限增加逐渐下降,而EC逐渐增加,至12年棚龄时,与对照比0—20 cm土层pH下降了1.06单位,其他层次变化不显著。试验还表明,该地区表层土壤pH变化于6.45~7.51,EC 0.5 mS/cm,能较好地满足作物生长需要,同时,EC是影响土壤pH及酶活性变化的重要因素。土壤EC及过氧化氢酶活性可作为反映大棚菜地土壤质量变化的参考指标。     

Comparisons of soil test phosphorus by Olsen,Bray P1, Mehlich I and Mehlich III methods

Abstract

A study was undertaken to evaluate the agreement among different university laboratories performing the Olsen, Bray P1, and Mehlich I tests for P on a diverse group of noncalcareous agricultural soils and to develop relationships among the Olsen, Bray P1, Mehlich I, and Mehlich III soil tests. For each test, the results from the individual laboratories were highly correlated (r² ≥ 0.90) and in almost all instances the slopes of the equations describing the relationships among laboratories approached one, The results indicate that the Olsen, Bray P1 and Mehlich I soil tests may be performed with a high degree of precision when standard soil test procedures are followed.

Of the three most commonly performed tests in the U.S. (Olsen, Bray P1, and Mehlich I), the Olsen and Mehlich I tests were the most highly correlated (r² = 0.87) although the Mehlich I test removed approximately one and one half times more P than did the Olsen test. Bray P1 and Olsen and Mehlich I P were less highly correlated (r² ≤ 0.72) and the relationships between these variables were influenced by the texture of the soils. The quantity of P removed by the Bray P1 test was on the order of two and three times greater than that removed by the Olsen and Mehlich I tests, respectively. The Bray P1 and Mehlich III soil tests were highly correlated (r² = 0.97) and similar quantities of P were extracted from the soil by the two tests.     

Soil organic carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus distribution in stable aggregates of an Ultisol under contrasting land use and management history

Different land‐use affects the organization of mineral soil particles and soil organic components into aggregates and the consequent arrangement of the aggregates will influence essential ecosystem functions. We investigated a continuous rubber plantation (forested), land fallowed for 10 y (fallow), 10‐y continuous arable cropping land and cropped land with top soil removed (TSR) for concentrations of C, N, and P in bulk soil and dry aggregates. Results showed that a high level of soil disturbance decreased the proportion of surface (0–15 cm) soil aggregate stability (low mean weight diameter) in TSR by 149% and arable cropping by 125% compared with the forested. Aggregate associated SOC was higher in aggregate‐size fractions of forested land‐use when compared with that in 10‐y fallow, continuous arable cropping, and TSR. For aggregate associated N, fallow and forested land‐use types concentrated higher proportion across aggregate sizes than the arable cropping and TSR. Macro aggregate fractions generally contained higher concentrations of C, N, and P compared with the micro‐aggregates. Water transmission indicators like total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity recorded higher values with forested and fallow land‐use than the others. We can thus conclude that long‐term soil disturbance due to cultivation and removal of top soil reduces the accumulation of soil C, N, and P in bulk soil and decreases water transmission properties. On the other hand, aggregate‐associated C, N and P accumulations are dependent on the level of soil surface disturbance and aggregate sizes.     

Effects of 5 years of corn residue grazing and baling on nitrogen cycling,soil compaction,and wind erosion potential

Abstract

Corn residue grazing can provide a valuable and cost effective means of feeding cattle and is a common practice in most corn producing states. Mechanical means of residue removal (baling) is also often practiced as a means of harvesting cattle feed. However, there are concerns about the effects of management practices that remove crop residue on soil processes such as compaction, aggregation, and N cycling. To study these concerns, an experiment with four treatments including control, light grazing, heavy grazing, and baling was carried out for 5?years at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Water Resources Field Laboratory near Brule, NE. Soil penetration resistance was measured after 3, 4, and 5?years of residue removal. Wind erodible fraction, mean weight diameter of dry aggregates, and soil total N were measured after 5?years. Corn yields were determined throughout the study. Results indicate that light grazing showed little or no difference from the no residue removal treatment, but heavy grazing and baled treatments often had higher penetration resistance, indicating that high rates of residue removal may increase risks of soil compaction. However, compaction did not appear to be cumulative over time. No significant differences were observed in wind erodible fraction and dry aggregate mean weight diameter. However, there were trends that suggest heavy grazing and baling may, in the long term, reduce dry aggregate stability, increasing wind erosion potential. Results also show that in the surface 0–2.5?cm grazing animals may increase soil total N and that baling residue may decrease soil N content. There was no impact on corn yields throughout the study. Overall, corn residue grazing and baling appear to have little or no adverse effects on soil compaction, aggregation, or nitrogen cycling after 5?years.