等高绿篱模式下红壤丘岗区浅沟坡面土壤水分时空分布

等高绿篱技术被认为是防治浅沟侵蚀的一种有效措施,然而,绿篱拦挡下浅沟坡面土壤水分的变化特征还不是很清楚。利用定位观测数据,探讨了绿篱拦挡下浅沟坡面土壤水分的时空变化。结果表明:在浅沟存在的坡面上,等高种植香根草显著影响了土壤水分时空分布特征。0-45cm土层土壤含水量垂直变化,香根草小区和裸地小区在雨季均呈逐渐减小趋势,在旱季呈逐渐增大趋势,且香根草小区各层土壤水分变异程度大于裸地;浅沟坡面土壤水分从坡顶向下,香根草小区变化总趋势是先减小后增大或持平,裸地小区呈先增大后减小再增大趋势;香根草种植增大了土壤水分沿坡面横向的变异度,但纵向坡位的影响仍较横向明显。     

陕北黄土极陡坡土壤水分对微地形的响应

土壤水分是陕北半干旱黄土区植被生长最主要的限制因子,然而受坡面微地形的影响,黄土坡面土壤水分存在异质性,从而影响林草植被精准配置。为此,本研究通过对黄土高原5类陡坡微地形土壤含水量(0~180 cm土层)的定位监测数据,分析研究不同降水年型条件下土壤水分的变化特征及其对微地形的响应。结果表明:1)降水年型对微地形土壤水分时空变化均有影响,枯水年切沟底土壤含水率季节变化平缓,雨季前下降趋势缓慢,雨季后增长趋势滞后;而丰水年切沟底土壤水分的变化呈V型变化;缓台、浅沟、塌陷和陡坎4种微地形枯水年土壤水分季节变化一致,呈M型变化;而丰水年土壤水分季节变化呈W型,2个最低值出现在5月和11月。2)垂直方向上塌陷、原状坡、陡坎土壤水分自上而下呈先减小后增大的趋势,缓台、浅沟、缓坡呈先增大后减小的趋势,黄土陡坡中的切沟底土壤水分含量最高。3)缓台、陡坎、原状坡的土壤水分速变层和活跃层在丰水年消失,在枯水年深度下移;塌陷、切沟、浅沟、和缓坡土壤水分速变层和活跃层在枯水年均下移。     

北京土石山区坡面土壤水分动态及其对微地形的响应

为了探讨不同微地形下坡面土壤水分的时空分布及其变异规律,以北京土石山区人工林坡面为研究对象,在40 m×50 m坡面共布设30个土壤水分观测点,分10 cm间隔观测,观测深度为50~70 cm。2015年4—10月使用Diviner 2000共监测土壤水分20次。结果表明:(1)坡地土壤水分含量时间变化趋势一致,大体随着降雨波动的变化而变化。(2)土壤水分随坡位变化而变化,水平阶上坡位＜中坡位,缓坡中坡位＜下坡位。(3)坡面土壤水分整体随深度的增加而增加,水土保持工程措施可有效改善土壤水分状况,微地形主要影响＞30 cm的土层,不同微地形土壤水分含量表现为水平阶＞缓坡＞陡坡＞陡坎,水平阶土壤水分显著高于其他微地形(P＜0.05)。(4)冗余分析结果显示,微地形是影响坡面土壤水分异质性的主控因素,相对贡献率达81.2%,微地形因素减弱了海拔和坡位对土壤水分含量的影响。该研究可为土石山区生态恢复对水文水资源影响评估提供科学依据。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤水分空间变异研究

以线形取样方式测定了喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面表层(0～5、5～10、10～15 cm)的土壤水分，采用经典统计结合地统计学方法分析了其空间分布特征及变异结构。结果表明：在坡面特定土地利用结构下(上坡到下坡分布有自然坡地、退耕地和耕地)，表层土壤水分沿上坡向下具有不断减小的变化趋势，坡面纵向和横向土壤水分均呈中等变异，横向上由于特殊的土壤分布和地形地貌特征使得变异程度较纵向强烈，土地利用和坡度因子是造成坡面土壤水分分布和变异的重要因素；半方差分析显示，坡面表层土壤水分具有明显的块金效应和较大的基台值，呈中等或较强的空间相关性，土壤水分总体上具有较好的变异结构和空间连续性，因此可以应用地统计学方法在该地区开展土壤水分空间变异研究。     

干旱阳坡半阳坡微地形土壤水分分布研究

采用固定点动态监测的方法,对黄土丘陵区吴起县合家沟流域阳坡和半阳坡各微地形土壤水分进行了对比研究.结果表明,微地形对土壤含水量具有显著影响,阳坡各微地形土壤水分顺序为:切沟>平缓坡>切沟沟头>陡坡>极陡坡;半阳坡各微地形土壤水分顺序为:平缓坡>浅沟>陡坡>极陡坡.0-20 cm土层土壤水分变异系数最大的是切沟,最小的是切沟沟头.最后指出在植被恢复过程中,应根据不同微地形的土壤水分分布特征,结合"适地适树,适林适草"的植被恢复原则,合理配置乔、灌、草的营建模式.     

陕北黄土区浅沟土壤水分空间分布特征

以陕北黄土区吴起县合沟流域浅沟土壤水分为研究对象,通过对研究区不同深度、不同坡向、不同坡位的浅沟土壤水分空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)根据浅沟与原状坡油松生长量关系,将浅沟划分为深浅沟(40 cm≤浅沟深度)和浅浅沟(20 cm≤浅沟深度40 cm);(2)研究区浅沟土壤水分高于原状坡;浅沟土壤水分在0—60 cm土层聚集,原状坡则在0—40 cm土层聚集;(3)浅沟不同土层土壤水分变异程度不同,阳坡土壤水分变异性较阴坡小;20—60 cm土层中,浅沟土壤水分变异系数较大,土壤水分较活跃,其他土层变异系数较小,土壤水分较稳定;(4)不同坡位、不同坡向和不同深度的浅沟土壤水分存在显著差异;在浅浅沟中,土壤水分表现为下坡位上坡位中坡位;深浅沟则为上坡位下坡位中坡位;在浅沟内,阴坡在中、下坡位土壤水分显著高于阳坡,阳坡上坡位土壤水分则高于阴坡;原状坡阴坡土壤水分显著高于阳坡。     

基于无人机航摄的坡形对浅沟发育的影响

为探究坡形对浅沟发育的影响,以陕西省靖边县狼儿子沟无人机航摄影像为基础数据,通过目视解译得到浅沟（指瓦背状地形底部）225条,统计了浅沟条数、浅沟长度、沟头到分水岭的距离及浅沟密度等指标。利用浅沟地形分水线上的高程点进行插值得到原始坡面数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）,以此DEM提取地形曲率以表征坡形,进而分析坡形与浅沟指标的关系。结果表明：（1）以浅沟地形分水线上的高程点插值后的DEM对浅沟进行了综合,能较好地表达浅沟发育之前原始坡面的地形特征。（2）从单一坡形来看,横向凹形坡的浅沟密度最大,纵向凹形坡的浅沟沟头到分水岭的平均距离最大;纵向凸形坡的浅沟条数以及浅沟平均长度均最大;从组合坡形来看,双凸形坡和凸凹形坡上的浅沟平均长度与沟头到分水岭的平均距离均大于双凸形坡和凹凸形坡。双凹形坡的浅沟长度与双凸形坡和凸凹形坡的浅沟长度具有显著性差异（p<0.05）;凹凸形坡的浅沟长度与双凸形坡和凸凹形坡的浅沟长度具有显著性差异（p<0.05）。凹凸形坡的浅沟沟头到分水岭的距离与凸凹形坡的浅沟沟头到分水岭的距离具有显著性差异（p<0.1）。（3）不同形态坡面浅沟发育的地形曲率分布特征具有明显差异。     

陕北黄土区阳坡微地形土壤水分特征研究

采用定点动态监测的方法对陕西省吴起县合沟流域内的阳坡微地形土壤含水量进行了对比研究。结果表明:(1)微地形土壤水分的季节变化滞后于降雨的季节变化,其对土壤含水量的影响旱季大于雨季;(2)在0—180 cm土层中,随着土层深度的增加,微地形土壤含水量呈增加的趋势,变异系数减小;(3)微地形不同土层的土壤含水量具有差异,在0—20 cm土层,所有微地形土壤含水量均大于对照坡面,土壤含水量呈现:缓台>塌陷>切沟>陡坎>浅沟;20—80 cm土层土壤含水量则表现为:切沟>缓台>塌陷>陡坎>浅沟>坡面;80—180 cm土层中,土壤含水量最大的是缓台,坡面、浅沟、切沟土壤含水量相差不多,陡坎土壤含水量比坡面略小,塌陷土壤含水量最小。     

基于RS和GIS的黄土丘陵沟壑区浅沟侵蚀地形特征研究

为了解黄土高原浅沟侵蚀地形特征,基于Qucickbird高分辨率遥感影像和数字高程模型,提取了坡面浅沟及其地形参数,并对浅沟侵蚀的地形特征参数和分布规律进行了统计分析,结果表明：黄土丘陵沟壑区,坡面坡度、长度、坡向以及上坡长度是影响坡面浅沟数量的主要地形要素,而浅沟侵蚀地形特征主要由坡面坡度、坡面长度、上坡长度和汇流面积共同决定;坡面长度与浅沟平均长度呈显著线性关系,坡面坡度与浅沟频度、浅沟坡度与其上坡长度间则均满足二次曲线;发生浅沟侵蚀的上限与下限临界坡度分别介于26～27°和15～20°,临界坡长介于50～80 m;由浅沟坡度的正弦值与汇流面积确定出浅沟分布的临界曲线;阳向坡面的平均浅沟长度小于阴向坡面。基于RS和GIS技术能有效确定浅沟侵蚀地形特征,为黄土区坡面水土流失治理提供了技术支撑。     

六盘山香水河小流域典型坡面的土壤电阻率空间变异

为了解坡面土壤水文特征的空间分布,采用多电极电阻仪法(ERT),于2009年5月初在宁夏六盘山香水河小流域一个长约600 m的华北落叶松人工林典型坡面上,设置了从坡顶至坡底的1条纵向样线及处于不同坡位的水平分布的3条横向样线,多点测定了多层土壤的电阻率值并分析其空间变异特征。结果表明,土壤电阻率在纵向样线上总体有较好的空间连续性及一定的空间变异性,随着坡位下降,电阻率呈现出由坡上至坡中上逐渐减小和然后又恢复性增大的过程。由于局部特殊的土壤特征、地貌及植被分布差异,使土壤电阻率沿坡面纵向变异程度大于不同坡位的横向变异程度。在土层垂直方向上,由于石砾含量和岩石比例随深度逐渐增多,电阻率表现为随深度增加逐渐增大。电阻率与土壤总孔隙度和体积含水率相关最紧密,尤其与体积含水率相关较好,说明通过测定坡面电阻率推求土壤水分等土壤特性的坡面变化是可行的。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.