开花灌浆期模拟阴天水稻群体内光质环境的调控研究

通过分析水稻开花灌浆期模拟阴天条件下,不同品种与不同栽培措施的水稻群体吸收光谱辐射能的差异,以及它们同水稻产量形成的关系,从而阐明在水稻生产实践中,结合当地水稻开花灌浆期的气候特点,选择受光条件好的水稻品种,实施合理的栽插密度与行株距,使用有效植物生长调节剂,是改善开花灌浆期阴天水稻群体内光质环境的重要途径。     

稻纵卷叶螟危害下水稻叶片光谱特征及产量估测

2020年在南京市浦口区桥林街道对稻纵卷叶螟[Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée(C. medinalis)]自然发生的水稻农田进行高光谱观测试验，以探明不同稻纵卷叶螟危害程度下水稻叶片光谱特征与产量的关系，并对水稻产量进行预测。试验共选取80个样点，各样点虫害等级根据稻株的受害叶片数量占叶片总数的比例进行划分，利用SOC710VP便携式高光谱成像仪，采集水稻主要生育期（拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期和成熟期）各样点水稻叶片的高光谱数据，调查收获后各样点的水稻产量数据，分析不同虫害等级下水稻叶片原始光谱、一阶导数光谱特征和产量参数的变化规律，并利用观测光谱与产量相关性较强的特征波段计算植被指数，建立基于植被指数的水稻产量估算模型。结果表明：（1）同一生育期内，水稻叶片近红外波段和红边波段的反射率随着虫害等级的升高而降低，而红光波段则相反。（2）同一生育期内，一阶导数光谱的峰值、红边幅值和红边面积随着虫害等级的增大而降低，红边位置的“蓝移”现象加重。（3）水稻的有效穗数、千粒重、结实率以及产量总体上随着虫害等级的上升而降低；但虫害等级较低时，有效穗数、千粒重以及结实率...     

水稻穗分化期高温对颖花分化及退化的影响

为明确穗分化不同时期高温对水稻颖花分化及退化的影响,选用黄华占（耐热性品种）和丰两优6号（热敏感性品种）两个籼稻品种进行人工气候箱内盆栽试验,分别于幼穗分化第一苞分化期（I）、枝梗-颖花分化期（II）、颖花分化-雌雄蕊形成期（III）及雌雄蕊形成-减数分裂期（IV）进行40℃高温（10：00-15：00）处理7d,以同期人工气候箱32℃处理为参考,室外自然环境生长的植株为对照（CK）,统计分析穗分化历期、颖花分化与退化及穗部性状在处理期以及品种间的差异。结果表明,(1)幼穗分化期高温胁迫可增加水稻穗分化天数,延迟抽穗期,显著降低水稻每穗粒数、结实率及千粒重,其中Ⅳ期高温处理的降幅最大,热敏感品种丰两优6号的下降幅度明显大于耐热性品种黄华占。(2)幼穗分化不同时期高温处理对水稻颖花形成的影响不同,除II期处理黄华占颖花分化增加外,I期和II期高温主要抑制颖花分化,此期高温均可导致水稻颖花显著减少。III期和IV期高温胁迫将加剧颖花退化,退化率达67%以上,且热敏感性品种退化幅度大于耐热性品种。(3)从不同部位颖花分化与退化看,高温对二次枝梗上颖花分化与退化的影响大于一次枝梗。     

高寒地区粳稻穗颈瘟的无人机高光谱遥感识别

水稻穗颈瘟作为稻瘟病的一种发病形式常以褐色斑点性状出现在水稻穗颈节部位，对稻穗颈瘟病害快速、无损的识别与分级评估一直是备受关注的研究课题。该研究以高寒地区粳稻大田试验为基础，利用无人机高光谱平台获取不同病害等级的水稻穗颈瘟冠层数据；分别以不同处理的光谱数据作为输入量，使用随机森林（Random Forest，RF）的方法进行建模，并结合水稻生理对各输入量的特征关联加以解释。结果表明：随着稻瘟病病害等级的提升，水稻冠层反射率整体呈现下降的趋势；植被指数组合（Combination of Vegetation Indices，CVIs）作为输入量建立起来的预测模型具有最高的精度，预测集精度达到90%，Kappa系数为0.86，能够解释穗颈瘟发生时所引起的植株整体生理参数综合变化的过程。该研究结果可填补无人机高光谱遥感监测大田穗颈瘟病和实验室穗颈瘟病光谱理论研究之间的空缺，为无人机高光谱遥感实现穗颈瘟病定量遥感监测与预警分级提供支持。     

利用独立变量分析与高光谱植被指数模型监测成熟期水稻中砷污染

水稻中过量砷（As）能够损害叶片中叶绿素和叶片内部结构,进而影响水稻光合作用效率,并改变水稻在光谱上的表现。利用高光谱植被指数（CARI、PRI、SIPI）和独立变量分析（ICA）模型对水稻中As含量进行了研究。结果表明,以上3种高光谱植被指数与水稻中As含量均呈一定的相关关系,其相关系数在0.67以上;而经过独立变量分析（ICA）可知,在蓝光波段（440～540nm）和红光波段（600～700nm）之间各有一个独立变量与水稻中As含量高度相关,相关系数达到0.95以上。将上述植被指数与独立变量和水稻中As含量之间进行回归分析,得到水稻中As含量的线性回归方程。研究表明,重金属As对水稻生长的影响可以通过其在光谱上的特征（如相关植被指数）改变来体现,并可以用独立变量分析（ICA）方法提取光谱中关于As胁迫的隐含弱信息,建立遥感预测模型,为大面积监测农作物As污染提供依据。     

大穗型水稻BL006和R-农白籽粒灌浆过程中源-流-库特性分析

以大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白为试验材料,中穗型品种黄华占为对照,在大田栽培条件下,比较不同穗型水稻品种的灌浆动态、群体干物质积累、茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量、输导组织特征及产量性状,探讨大穗型水稻品种的灌浆结实特性及源-流-库特性。结果表明：（1）大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白灌浆起步早、前期灌浆速率快,最终粒重高,不同部位籽粒的灌浆动态基本一致,部位间互为同步灌浆。（2）与中穗型水稻品种相比,大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白的穗粒数和千粒重分别升高16.83%、33.75%和13.19%、10.07%,谷粒充实率无显著差异,每穴有效穗数及R-农白的受精率分别降低39.48%、31.24%和10.78%;大穗型水稻品种BL006（全生育期）和R-农白（齐穗期后）的群体干物质积累量升高36.06%和6.59%;灌浆期间茎鞘NSC含量升高99.03%和70.32%;穗颈维管束数量、面积和枝梗维管束的面积显著增加。总之,大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白的灌浆速率高、灌浆耗时短、粒重高,其中,BL006的受精率更高,籽粒灌浆更优。灌浆期间,两个大穗型水稻品种“源”足、“流”畅,通过适当减少有效穗数,实现了籽粒的优异灌浆充实,这为探明大穗型水稻品种的灌浆特性及调控机理奠定了基础。     

拔节抽穗期不同时长干旱胁迫对水稻冠层光谱特征的影响

基于水稻干旱胁迫试验,采用ASD（Field Spec Pro FR2500）光谱辐射仪测定水稻拔节期和抽穗期不同时间尺度（10d、20d）干旱处理与对照（正常处理）的冠层光谱反射率,对干旱胁迫下水稻冠层光谱变化规律、植被指数、水分指数、导数光谱特征进行分析.结果表明：水稻拔节期和抽穗期干旱胁迫后冠层光谱反射率与对照（CK）相比,可见光、近红外波段反射率均显著减小,短红外波段反射率显著增加,导数光谱红边位置均向短波方向推移,红边面积和红边斜率均显著减少,复合构建的6种植被指数或水分指数呈下降趋势,四波段水分指数（SRND）、归一化差异红外指数（NDVII）下降幅度最大;与CK相比,拔节期干旱胁迫20d和抽穗期10d的水稻冠层对可见光、近红外波段的反射率极显著降低,对短红外波段反射率极显著升高,在此阶段红边特征参数、植被水分指数减少幅度最低.研究结果可为利用高光谱遥感技术快速无损监测水稻干旱灾害提供技术支持.     

环境因子变化对水稻氮素吸收及接种效益的影响

联合固氮菌在不同土壤环境中受水、肥、气、热等土壤因素的影响较大，其适宜参数是：（１）浅水或湿润灌溉稻田水层在５￣１６ｃｍ左右；（２）氮素总施肥量在７￣９ｋｇ／ｍｕ为宜，≥１１ｋｇ／ｍｕ增效显著性极低；（３）稻田氧化还原电位在１５０ｍＶ￣２００ｍＶ既有利于菌又有利于水稻的生长；（４）稻田水层昼夜温差在２．４℃左右。试验研究表明，必须选育出新的更加耐氨（即土壤碱解氮在１６８ｐｐｍ以上）的水稻联合工程固     

基于无人机多源图谱融合的水稻稻穗表型监测

稻穗表型是表征水稻生长状况和产量品质的关键参数,稻穗表型的准确监测对于大田精准管理和水稻智慧育种具有重要意义。无人机图谱数据已被广泛用于水稻生长监测,然而大部分研究主要集中在水稻的营养生长阶段,针对抽穗期和成熟期稻穗表型监测方面的研究非常有限。因此,该研究利用无人机多源图谱数据进行水稻稻穗表型监测研究,分析了不同氮肥梯度和生长时期对稻穗表型的影响,构建了稻穗覆盖度、生物量以及倒伏等监测模型。结果表明,不同生长时期和氮肥梯度的稻穗表型呈现显著差异,稻穗覆盖度与图像特征高度相关。利用粒子群优化算法（Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO）和支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）回归模型能够从可见光图像中准确识别稻穗,计算的穗覆盖度与实际标记值高度相关,决定系数（coefficient of determination,R2）为0.87,将此结果与多光谱图像反射率融合,利用随机森林（Random Forest,RF）回归模型可以提高稻穗覆盖度的评估精度,R2为0.93,相对均方根误差（relative Root Mean Square Error,rRMSE）为9.47%。融合可见光图像的颜色和纹理以及多光谱图像的光谱反射率改善了穗生物量的评估精度,R2高达0.84,rRMSE为8.68%,此模型能够在不同种植年间迁移,进一步利用模型更新添加10%新样本能够改善模型迁移能力。基于PSO-SVM分类模型,联合可见光图像的颜色和纹理以及多光谱图像的光谱反射率也准确地识别稻穗倒伏,准确率达99.87%。上述研究结果证明了无人机遥感用于水稻稻穗表型监测的可行性,可为作物精准管理和智慧育种提供决策支持。     

农作物对紫外辐射（UV）的反射与吸收

利用ＥＰＰＬＥＹ紫外辐射表（波长为２９５￣３８５ｎｍ）测量了４种作物对紫外辐射（ＵＶ）的反射与吸收。初步结果是：（１）作物对紫外辐射的反射率要比对太阳总辐射的反射率小得多。水稻、玉米、大豆和油菜对ＵＶ的反射率为１．８％、２．５％、２．８％和３．２％。（２）作物对ＵＶ的吸收随叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）增大而增大。（３）作物对ＵＶ反射率的日变程与对太阳总辐射反射率的日变程相似。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.